chapter 4 paracentesis and ascitic fluid analysis
TRANSCRIPT
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Du Quoc Minh QuanGroup 19 – Class Y12DUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy, HCMC
Ascites
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Chapter 4
Abdominal paracentesis Ascitic fluid analysis
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Since it’s important to follow a global guideline of diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of a disease, I want you guys to knows a lot about evidence-based medicine before we start
Evidence-based medicine
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Abdominal paracentesis
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Final confirmation of ascites is based on successful abdominal paracentesis or detection of ascites on imaging
Determination of the cause of ascites is based on the results of the history, physical examination and ascitic fluid analysis.
In general, few other tests are required.
The need of paracentesis
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All inpatients and outpatients with new-onset ascites (class I – level C)
All patients with ascites who are admitted to the hospital
Repeat on patients (wheather hospitalized or not) in whom symptoms, signs or laboratory abnormalities suggest development of infection.
Indications
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Absolute contraindication Acute abdomen that requires surgery
Relative contraindications Coagulopathy, only when clinically evident
fibrinolysis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is present.
Pregnancy Distended urinary bladder Abdominal wall cellulitis
Contraindications
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Recent studies show that no deaths or infections were caused by paracentesis.
Abdominal wall hematomas ~ 1% Hemoperitoneum < 0,1% Bowel entry by the paracenteis needle <
0,1%
Complications
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No data is supported for transfusing blood products (fresh frozen plasma and/or platelets) routinely before paracentesis in patients with cirrhosis and coagulopathy.
A study of 1100 large volume paracenteses show no hemorrhagic complication despite: No prophylactic transfusions Lowest platelet counts ~ 19000 cells/mm3
(54%<50000) Highest INR ~ 8.7 (75% >1.5 and 26,5% > 2.0)
Transfusion of blood products
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Left lower quadrant is the preferred location. On the LLQ abdominal wall:
2 finger breadths (3 cm) cephalad & 2 finger breadths medial to the anterior superior
iliac spine
Has been shown to be thinner and with a larger pool of fluid than the midline. And is usually a good choice for needle
insertion for performance of a therapeutic paracentesis.
Location
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Ultrasonography on the LLQ abdominal wall
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A 1 or 1.5 inch 21 or 22 gauge needle can be used for diagnostic paracentesis in lean patients
A 3.5 inch 22 gauge needle can be used in obese patients.
Larger caliber (15 or 16 gauge), multi-hole needles can be used for therapeutic paracentesis.
Plastic-sheathed catheters can be shaved off into the peritoneal cavity and can lead to the need for laparoscopy or laparotomy to retrieve the piece that was shaved off.
Size of needle
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Ascitic fluid analysis
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Most ascitic fluid is transparent and tinged yellow
Blood-tinged fluid may result from either a traumatic tap or malignancy
Bloody fluid from a traumatic tap is heterogeneously bloody ; Nontraumatic bloody fluid is homogeneously red.
Inspection
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Cloudy ascitic fluid with a purulent consistency indicates infection
Green or dark-brown ascitic fluid means bilious or deep jaudince / upper GI perforation
White ascitic fluid means chylous
Inspection
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Inspection
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On the basis of cost analysis, tests can be classified asroutine, optional, unusual, and unhelpful
Tests
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! Have not been standardized WBC count in uncomplicated cirrhotic
ascites usually < 500 cells/mm3
Any inflammatory process can result in an elevated ascitic fluid WBC count. SBP is the most common cause (PMNs > 70%).
Raised WBC + bloody fluid can be caused by traumatic tap => correct 1 PMN for every 250 RBC
Cell count and differentials
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Can ascitic fluid be classified into exudate/transudate fluid ?
Before the 1980s, the ascitic fluid total protein concentrationwas used to classify ascites as : Exudative (greaterthan 2.5 g/dL [25 g/L]) Transudative (less than 2.5 g/dL [25 g/L]).
Total protein
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This classification doesn’t work well. Since 1980s they’ve stopped using these
terms. Nowsaday, total protein can be combined
with SAAG to categorize ascites
But…
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The serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) has been proved to categorize ascites better than the total protein concentration or other parameters
The SAAG is based on oncotic-hydrostatic balance => Why ?
Serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG)
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SAAG = Albuminserum – Albuminascitic fluid
SAAG >=1.1 g/dL (11 g/L) the patient can be considered to have portal hypertension ( accuracy approximately 97%)
The SAAG does not explain the pathogenesis of ascites formation, nor does it explain where the albumin came from—that is, liver or bowel.
How to calculate SAAG
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Source of ascites
SAAG > 1.1
Ascites protein < 2.5
Cardiac ascitesBudd-Chiary (early)
Ascites protein > 2.5
CirrhosisBudd-Chiary (late)Alcohol hepatitisAcute liver failure
SAAG < 1.1
Ascites protein > 2.5
Peritoneal pathology- Maglinancy- Tuberculosis
Pancreatic ascites
Ascites protein < 2.5
Nephrotic syndrome
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New method - blood culture bottles - with ascitic fluid detects bacterial growth in approximately 80%.
Gene probes are now commercially available for the detection of bacteremia; hopefully, they will also lead to rapid (30-minute) and accurate detection of organisms in ascitic fluid.
Culture will continue to be required, however, for assessment of the susceptibility of the organism to antibiotics
Culture
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Normally, LDH molecule is too large to enter the ascitic fluid readily from blood.
[LDH] in ascitic fluid is usually less than one half of the serum level (uncomplicated cirrhotic ascites)
In SBP, ascitic fluid LDH level rises because of the release of LDH from neutrophils.
In secondary peritonitis, LDHascitic fluid > LDHserum , higher than those in SBP
LDH
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In uncomplicated cirrhotic ascites, amylaseascitic
fluid usually is one half that of the serum value, approximately 50 U/L.
In patients with acute pancreatitis or intestinal perforation (with release of luminal amylase into the ascitic fluid), the fluid amylase concentration is elevated markedly, usually greater than 2000 U/L approximately five-fold greater than
simultaneous serum values
Amylase
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[Glucose]ascitic fluid = [Glucose]serum
Glucose in ascitic fluid in consumed by WBCs or bacteria
=> in late spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (or other infection of ascitic fluid), [Glucose]ascitic fluid drops to 0 mg/dL
Glucose
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Have a sensitivity of 60% in detecting malignant ascites. Why ?
Because malignant ascites is caused by: peritoneal carcinomatosis massive liver metastases hepatocellular carcinoma superimposed on
cirrhosis Chylous ascites caused by lymphoma
Cytologic examination
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Cytopathology of the cells in asitic fluid
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Adenosine deaminase (ADA) levels are used for diagnosing tuberculosis in several locations.
ADA levels showed high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (97%) using cut-off values from 36 to 40 IU/L in diagnosis tuberculosis ascites.
ADA
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006 Sep;40(8):705-10.Value of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in ascitic fluid for the diagnosis of tuberculous peritonitis: a meta-analysis.
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Gram stains of body fluids demonstrate bacteria only when more than 10,000 bacteria/mL are present.
Gram stain of ascitic fluid is most helpful in the diagnosis of free perforation of the intestine into ascitic fluid.
Not useful is SBP, sensitivity rate ~ 10%
Gram-stain
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Triglyceride: in opalescent or frankly milky ascitic fluid or diagnosis of chylous ascites
Smear and Culture for Tuberculosis Red blood cell count: in bloody fluid Bilirubin:
should be measured in ascitic fluid that is dark brown
An ascitic fluid bilirubin level > 6 mg/dL) and greater than the serum level of bilirubin suggests biliary or proximal small intestinal perforation into ascitic fluid
We also do
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In diagnosis of ascitesJournal of Hepatology 2010 vol. 53 j 397–417
EASL Guideline
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Neutrophil count and culture of ascitic fluid (by inoculation into blood culture bottles at the bedside) should be performed to exclude bacterial peritonitis (Level A1)
EASL Guideline
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It is important to measure ascitic total protein concentration, since patients with an ascitic protein concentration of less than 15 g/L have an increased risk of developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (Level A1) and may benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis (Level A1).
EASL Guideline
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Measurement of the serum–ascites albumin gradient may be useful when the diagnosis of cirrhosis is not clinically evident or in patients with cirrhosis in whom a cause of ascites different than cirrhosis is suspected (Level A2)
EASL Guideline
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Thank you