chapter 4 notes-agriculture

44
Chapter 4 Agriculture and Society

Upload: duncanpatti

Post on 17-Jan-2015

11.281 views

Category:

Technology


1 download

DESCRIPTION

 

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Chapter 4

Agriculture and Society

Page 2: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Agriculture and SocietyAgriculture basic part of every society

•Everyone has to eat

•Societies that can’t feed themselves can’t do much else

•Advances over the last few thousand years have resulted in more food being grown on less land

•In United States: advancement over only about 200 years

Page 3: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

US Farmers produce enough food to feed more than 280 million people of US PLUS millions of others around the world

•Only 1 % of the world’s farm labor force

•Produce 25% of the world’s beef and 15% of the world’s supply of grain, milk and eggs

•More than 25% of world’s food exports comes from US Farms

Page 4: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food and Fiber SystemPA plays an important role:

•About 59,000 farms•9 million acres of farmland•18th among 50 states in annual income from farming•Leader in milk production•Cattle •Many poultry farms and leader in production of eggs•Ranks first in the nation in production of mushrooms!

Page 5: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Production

Much has changed in farming in the past 200 years

Page 6: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food ProductionChanges over the years:•Small farms: sell less than $250,000 worth of crops and livestock each year•Small farms still outnumber large farms in US•Bulk of food produced in US comes from large farms•Corporate farms dominate the US food and fiber system•New technologies have made farming efficient but expensive •Numbers of farms have decreased but the average farm size has increased

Page 7: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Production in Industrialized Countries:

Page 8: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Production in Industrialized Countries:

The Green Revolution

Uses scientifically produced varieties of grain, fertilizers, pesticides and water to increase crop yields

Page 9: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Production in Industrialized Countries:

The Green Revolution

•Until 1950, farmers increased yield by increasing the numbers of acres planted•The Green Revolution allows farms produce more food not by planting more acres but by coaxing the land that is already planted to produce more•Now countries that are using these methods can produce enough food to feed themselves AND export to other nations (make money from it)

Page 10: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Production in Industrialized Countries:

•Irrigation systems: food can be produced on dry lands that would otherwise be unsuitable•Modern laborsaving machinery to prepare fields, plant and tend crops, and bring in harvests•Modern facilities and machines that help raise livestock, giving them food and water

Other tools that increase productivity:

Page 11: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Production in Industrialized Countries:Benefits

•Food is cheaper•People spend less money on food, more money on other things•Raises standards of living•Provides jobs and income for people•Surplus food and fiber to sell as exports which helps the economy of the nation

Page 12: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

From Farm to Market

•Farming local and personal•Raised food for families and friends•Work done entirely by hand

1000’s of years ago:

Today:•Few of us grow our own food; or raise our own animals for meat•Small percentage of people provide food and fiber for the rest

Page 13: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

From Farm to Market

•Can take weeks to get from farm to market•Not possible 100’s of years ago; food could not be packaged or frozen

•Had to be eaten right away; canned; dried or cured

•Not Anymore!

Page 14: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Production in Developing Countries:Varies from place to place

Green revolution technologies used in some areas….

But too expensive for most who must still practice Subsistence Farming

Page 15: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Production in Developing Countries: Results

•Crop yields are lower•People do NOT have money for other things•Lower standard of living•Higher instances of starvation, pollution and death do to diseases•Countries must import food

Page 16: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Production in Developing Countries:Some methods in tropical areas:Shifting cultivation:

•Farmers clear land in a forest•Plant crops for a few years until the soil is used up•Move on to clear another field

Slash and burn agriculture: •Farmers cut down trees•Burn vegetation •Use ash as a “fertilizer”•Plant between tree stumps

Page 17: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Production in Developing Countries:Can lead to ecological issues

•Cutting down tropical forests to grow crops depletes the soil•Heavy tropical rains cause nutrients to runoff and causes erosion•Land becomes hard as it bakes in hot sun•Must clear fields every 2-5 years•Trees do not have time to grow back, or can’t because soil is destroyed

Page 18: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

The Food and Fiber System in the United States

Page 19: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Steps in the Farm-to-Market Process1) Production

Farmers produce fruits, vegetables, grains, livestock or clothing fiber

(Used to be the ONLY step)

2) Food ProcessingTransforms the raw foodstuffs from the farm into the food that you consume

Page 20: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

2) Food ProcessingRaw foods are: dried, canned, frozen, pickled, powder, juicedRaw foods are put into other products or mixed together with additives to make other productsSome processes improve food quality

Some processes also slaughter livestock and fish to make meat products

Page 21: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

PackagingLast step of the processing

•Protects foods from spoiling, spilling or breaking

3) Transportation and DistributionFrom farm to processing

From farm to market

From processors to wholesalers

From wholesalers to restaurants, bakeshops, cafeterias etc..

From processors to retailers

Page 22: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

•Most consumers buy food from retailers

•Supermarkets, grocery stores, delicatessens, butcher shops, vending machines

Marketing•The advertising, buying and selling of products in the food and fiber system

3) Transportation and Distribution

Page 23: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

RegulationsUSDA: United States Department of AgricultureFDA: Food and Drug Administration

•Food safety inspections

•“Grading” foods for standards

•Ensure truthfulness of information on labels

•Inspect imported foods

•Ensure that farm and production practices are safe for the environment

Page 24: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Research and Development•New crop and livestock varieties

•New food products

•New methods for processing and storing food

•Carried out by universities, government agencies and private companies

Page 25: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Major Agricultural Regions of the United States

The climate, soil and landforms of each region determine the agricultural products it

produces

Page 26: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

The Northeast•Cold winters

•Thin, stony soils

•Ample rainfall, moderate climate

•Close to markets containing millions of people

•Fruits, vegetables: New England and Mid Atlantic

•Dairy farming: PA, VT, NY

•Poultry: MD, DE, PA

•Fishing: New England

•Sprawl taking over farms; Over fishing hurting fish industries

Page 27: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

The Lakes States•Northern part too cold and soil poor

•Other areas excellent for farming

•Many dairy farms

•MN, WI leaders in milk, butter, cheese

•Michigan; 2nd US producer of Christmas trees

•MI Lower Peninsula; fruits: apples, blueberries, cantaloupes, cherries, peaches and strawberries

•WI: beets, cabbages, snap beans, corn

•Eggs, hogs, field corn, soybeans, wheat, hay important in region

Page 28: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

The Appalachian States

•Thin, rocky soils; eroded hillsides, mountains

•Some parts productive

•Peanuts, cattle, hogs and tobacco main products of region

•Many dairy farms found here also

Page 29: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

The Southeast•Plentiful rainfall

•Mild summers, cool winters

•Livestock: beef cattle, chicken, hogs

•Many dairy farms

•Georgia: peaches; Carolinas: tobacco

•Florida: semitropical climate; citrus fruit and sugarcane

•Florida also supplies North East with fruits and vegetables in winter months

•Peanuts and cotton also big crops

•Carolinas, Georgia; leading production of wood and wood furniture

Page 30: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

The Delta States

•Fertile farmland along the Mississippi River flood plain.

•Plentiful rainfall, moderate climate

•Major crops: chicken, rice, corn, sugarcane

•Gulf region specializes in shellfish

•Shellfish industry endangered due to fertilizer runoff from farms causing algal blooms

Page 31: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

The Corn Belt

•Fertile land; favorable climate

•½ of US corn comes from this region

•Region also ideal for raising soybeans

•Also major producer of hogs, cattle, and dairy products

Page 32: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Northern & Southern Plains

•Plains are grasslands; wheat, corn barley hay all grow here

•Amount of precipitation decreases from east to west

•Since west is dryer, it is better for cattle and hay

•3/5 US spring and winter wheat produced in plains

•Southern plains produces cotton

Page 33: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

The Mountain States

•Cooler and wetter than plains

•High meadows in mountains suited to cattle and sheep

•Northern part: Wheat major crop

•Hay, sugar, beets, potatoes, some fruit and vegetables grown in valleys with help of irrigation

Page 34: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

The Pacific Region•Variety of climates

•Farming aided greatly by irrigation

•WA, OR: Wheat, fruit, potatotes

•CA: leads US in fruits and vegetables, milk, dairy, cheese

•Hawaii: rich volcanic soil and tropical climate good for pineapples and sugarcane

•Alaska: hothouse nursery products in controlled environments

Page 35: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Safety•Many ways that food can get contaminated

•Bacterial (Salmonella, E. Coli, Campylobacter)

•Chemicals

•Foreign substances

•Foodborne illnesses usually follow the eating of foods that have been contaminated with bacteria during processing, improper storage, or improper handling

Page 36: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Safety•Can happen at the factory

•Can happen at the store

•Can happen at the restaurant

•Can happen at home (and does!)

Upton Sinclair “The Jungle” exposed the world of the meat packing industry and made many changes in food safety

Page 37: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food SafetyNow three agencies that keep food safe

•USDA•Inspects meat in slaughterhouses and processing plants

•Grades meat to indicate quality

•Enforces regulations to protect animals and plants from diseases and pests

•Conducts research

•EPA•Chemical residues in food

•Pesticides

Page 38: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Safety•FDA

•Truthfulness in food labels

•Safety of food packaging

•Maintenance of sanitary conditions in restaurants and other public eating places

•Administers programs to help ensure safety of dairy products and shellfish

•Nutritional labeling

•Investigates outbreaks

Page 39: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Food Safety•At Home:

•Clean: Wash hands and surfaces often

•Separate: Don’t cross contaminate

•Cook: Cook to proper temperature

•Chill: Refrigerate promptly

•When Out :•Watch container dates

•Examine packaging to make sure undamaged

•Pay attention to holding temperature

•Be aware of cleanliness of area

•Watch utensil usage

Page 40: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

Agriculture and Technology•Some Important Agricultural Advances•Cotton Gin

•1793

•Eli Whitney

•Mechanically separated seeds, hulls and other unwanted parts from cotton fiber

•Cast-Iron Plow•1797

•Replaced wood plow

•Allow farmers to till soil better and faster

Page 41: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

•Reaper•1831

•Cyrus McCormick

•Horse drawn machine for harvesting wheat crops

•Some Important Agricultural Advances

•Steel Plow•1837

•John Deere & Leonard Andrus

•Heavier plow easily plows thick, sod covered soils of the Midwest

Page 42: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

•Chemical Fertilizers•1849

•Allows farmers to enrich depleted soils

•Increased crop production

•Some Important Agricultural Advances

•Transcontinental Railroad•1869

•Opens up new areas for agricultural production and trade

•Barbed Wire•1874

•Farmers in the prairies and plains can fence off property to protect cattle

Page 43: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

•Pasteurization•Mid-1880’s

•Louis Pasteur

•Controlled heating of foods to preserve them longer by killing bacteria and other harmful microbes

•Some Important Agricultural Advances

•Tractor•1926

•Farmers worked the land faster

•Increased production

Page 44: Chapter 4 Notes-Agriculture

BiotechnologyThe management or manipulation of living organisms for the benefit of people

Genetic engineering: allows scientists to alter the physical characteristics of plants and animals by transferring genes

Gene: The part of a cell that determines the characteristics that living things

inherit from their parents