chapter 4: group work: theories and applications introduction to group work, 5th edition edited by...

Chapter 4: Group Work: Theories

and Applications

Introduction to Group Work, 5th EditionEdited by David Capuzzi, Douglas R.

Gross, and Mark D. Stauffer

Introduction to Group Work, 5th Edition Edited by: David Capuzzi, Douglas R. Gross, and Mark. D. Stauffer

Adlerian Theory/Alfred Adler

Major concepts Humanistic: individual/society valued over the organization

Holistic: individual is indivisible Phenomenological: focus on individual’s perspective

Teleological: future orientation, goal attainment

Field theoretical: interaction of social and physical environment

Socially oriented: contribution to society

Operational: methodology



Motivating forces influencing goals Fictional goals Birth order The family constellation Style of life



Leader Behaviors Establish working relationship and member

equality. Serve as models for members. Communicate mutual trust, respect. Help members to:

Explore goals, beliefs, feelings, motives Increase insight (fictitious goals, self-defeating behaviors)

Accept responsibility Consider alternative lifestyles Enhance social interest Accept self Develop sense of community Explore alternative behaviors



Group stages Develop the therapeutic relationship.

Assess the dynamics that operate within individuals.

Aid the individual to gain insight and self-understanding.

Assist the individual to discover alternatives and new choices.


Gestalt Theory/Fritz Perls

Major concepts Holistic Field: figure and background Individual responsibility Phenomenological Existential Five layers of neurosis: Cliché, Phony, Impasse, Implosive, Explosive

Open-ended approach Individual strives toward equilibrium



Leader Behaviors Establish environment:

Leader/members share equally in process of change Supportive, compassionate, accepting, challenging

Allow members to find own way in life. Here-and-now focus. Recognize members’ blocks and boundaries. Aid members in accepting all aspects of selves.

Confront defensive structures. Address unfinished business. Help members try new behaviors and recognize splintered parts of self.



Group stages through the group leader (Gestalt therapy does not lend itself well to stages)

Help members become actively involved. Demonstrate the meanings of gesture, posture, and movement in communication.

Conduct experiments. Demonstrate the ability to stay in the here and now.

Apply active listening skills.



Group stages through the group leader, continued Help members provide feedback. Model interpersonal interactions. Use confrontation to shock members into greater awareness of their self-defeating behaviors.

Be a creative agent of change. Observe and give feedback on members’ nonverbal behaviors.


Person-Centered Theory/Carl Rogers

Major concepts Phenomenological Holistic Has an optimistic view of human potential

The need for positive regard Conditions of worth Congruence/genuineness Empathy



Core conditions: Necessary and sufficient to bring about change Psychological contact Incongruence Congruence/genuineness Unconditional positive regard Empathy



Leader Behaviors Establish facilitative climate (congruence, unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding).

Provide safety and trust. Leader and members share equally in change.

Be congruent (genuine) in relationships. Have unconditional positive regard. Have empathic understanding. Support members finding own way in life. Refrain from giving advice. Use one’s being as a catalyst for change.



Group stages (There are no steps, stages, techniques, or tools—

only core conditions)

Silence as a way of communicating Active listening Confrontation Attending behaviors Empathic understanding Self-disclosure Self-empowerment


Rational–Emotive Behavior Therapy/Albert

Ellis Major concepts

A–B–C–D–E Model Activating event Belief Consequence Disputing Effect

Irrational patterns of thinking Actualizing potential of the individual Counselor is active, didactic, and confrontive and leads client to more rational ways of thinking and behavior.



Ellis Leader Behaviors

Genuine, instructional, didactic, accepting, confrontational, challenging

Teach members about faulty thinking Separate behavior from personhood Set aside own need for personal relationship

with group Detect and confront members with irrational

beliefs Dispute “crooked” thinking of members Teach principles of REBT (A-B-C-D-E model) Provide homework Use contingency management and skill training



Ellis

Group stages (not presented in stages but in levels of perspectives)

Cognitive–explicatory Evocative–emotive Behavioristic–active–directive


Transactional Analysis/Eric Berne

Major concepts Designed specifically for groups Life scripts and rescripting Individual autonomy Redecisional model Ego states (parent, adult, and child)

Strokes Life positions



Leader Behaviors Develop therapeutic contract. Instruct members in terminology of TA. Analyze at least 4 elements in group’s

communications: structures, transactions, games, scripts.

Establish working partnership. Enhance awareness of scripts. Provide positive strokes. Reinforce the redecisions. Function in cognitive and rational domain. Challenge members to change thinking, feeling,

behaving. Enhance autonomy to reduce dependence on group.



Group examples(stages are not specified)

Establishing a facilitative climate Providing instruction in TA concepts Developing contracts that identify goals

Working through various analyses of group members’ structures, transactions, games, and scripts

Terminating with specific directives for action-oriented change


Psychodrama/Jacob L. Moreno

Major concepts A group member acts out his or her problem

Preaction, action, and integration Role theory and role playing Catharsis Insight



Leader Behaviors Establish relationship based on equality. Develop trust and spontaneity among members. Establish acceptance and tolerance of change.

Establish format that allows members to work on significant life issues.

Encourage risk in playing out psychodrama. Provide protection from abuse. Utilize creativity as a model for members. Utilize knowledge and skill in directing psychodramatic enactment.



Group stages Member scripts out a situation Preaction (warm-up) Action Integration (feedback, discussion, and closure)


An Integration of Theoretical Approaches

Relationship variables A working relationship is basic to all six.

Leader role variables Leader is active in all six theoretical orientations.

Member role variables Group members play an active role.



Process variables This area has the most variability among all six approaches.

Outcome variables This area has the greatest similarities among the six approaches.



Implementation Be familiar with all theoretical approaches.

Attempt to integrate various approaches in working with groups.

Apply theoretical approaches as they were intended to be used.

Do not rely solely on one approach to the exclusion of others.

Experiment with many approaches until you find the combinations that fit your personal philosophy.

chapter 4: group work: theories and applications introduction to group work, 5th edition edited by...

Documents

group work

david capuzzi

aid members

challengingallow members

stageshelp members

group leader gestalt

new behaviors

interaction of social