chapter 4: energy

Chapter 4: Energy

Unit 1: Energy and Motion

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

4.1: The Nature of Energy

4.2: Conservation of Energy

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• Wherever you are sitting as you read this, Wherever you are sitting as you read this, changes are taking place—changes are taking place—lightbulbslightbulbs are are heating theheating the airair around them, the around them, the wind wind might might be rustling leaves, or be rustling leaves, or sunlightsunlight might be might be glaring off a nearby window.glaring off a nearby window.

• Every change that occurs—large or small—Every change that occurs—large or small—involves energy.involves energy.

What is energy? 4.14.1

The Nature of EnergyThe Nature of Energy

• When something is able to change its environment or itself, it has energy. Energy is the ability to cause change.

• Anything that causes change must have energy.

Change Requires Energy 4.14.1


• You use energy to You use energy to arrange your hair to arrange your hair to look the way you look the way you want it to.want it to.

• You also use energy You also use energy when you walk when you walk down the halls of down the halls of your school between your school between classes or eat your classes or eat your lunch.lunch.

Change Requires Energy 4.14.1


• Energy has 5 MAIN forms• Mechanical – Energy associated with motion.

• Heat – Energy assoc. with internal motion of molecules

• Chemical – Energy required to bond atoms together.

• Electromagnetic – Energy of moving electrical charges that do work.

• Nuclear – Energy stored at the nucleus of atoms

Different Forms of Energy 4.14.1

Examples• Mechanical

• Heat

• Chemical

• Electromagnetic

match, food, fuels such as gas, candles, battery, Wood burning, Evaporation, liquefaction, vaporization, anything that involves the release or the gain of energy, or the bonding or breaking of atoms and molecules

Sun, oven, heater and fire

* x-rays, lights An electric motor, a solenoid, an electromagnet, an electric clock

Fission. Nuclear reactorsFussion. The sun.

Group Project

• Work in Groups of 2 to discuss the following:

-- Make a list of different examples of each of the 5 energy types

-- Make a list of some of the ways -- Make a list of some of the ways that you and your families try to that you and your families try to conserve energy.conserve energy.

20 Ways to Conserve Energy

• http://www.ecomall.com/greenshopping/20things.htm

EnergyEnergy

• Is the Is the chemical energychemical energy stored in stored in food the same as the energy that food the same as the energy that comes from the Sun or the comes from the Sun or the energy stored in gasoline?energy stored in gasoline?

• If you have $100If you have $100, you could store , you could store it in a variety of formsit in a variety of formscashcash in in your wallet, a your wallet, a bank accountbank account, , travelers’ checkstravelers’ checks, or , or goldgold or or silversilver coins. coins.

An Energy Analogy 4.14.1


• You could transfer that money to different forms.

• You could deposit your cash into a bank account or trade the cash for gold.

An Energy Analogy 4.14.1


• Regardless of its form, money is money.

• The same is true for energy.

• Energy from the Sun that warms you and energy from the food that you eat are only different forms of the same thing.

Different Forms of Energy 4.14.1


• Radiant energy from the Sun travels a vast distance throughspace to Earth, warming the planet and providing energy that enables green plants to grow.

• An object in motion does have energy.

Kinetic Energy 4.14.1

• Kinetic energyKinetic energy is the energy a is the energy a moving object has because of its moving object has because of its motion.motion.

• The kinetic energy of a moving object depends on the object’s mass and its velocity.

• The SI unit of energy is the joule, abbreviated J.

Kinetic Energy4.14.1The Nature of EnergyThe Nature of Energy

• If you dropped a softball from a height of about 0.5m, it would have a kinetic energy of about 1 joule before it hit the floor.

Formulas• Potential Energy = Weight x Height

P.E. = w x h

• Kinetic Energy = ½ Mass x Velocity2

K.E.= ½ mv2

• The Units are: – Energy = joules– Weight = Newtons– Height = meters– Mass = Kilograms– Velocity = m/s

Practice: Solving for KE• A .10-Kilogram bird is flying at a constant

speed of 8.0 m/s. What is the birds KE?

• A 70.0 Kg man is walking at a speed of 2.0 m/s. What is the KE?

• A 1400 Kg car is moving at a speed of 25 m/s. How much KE does the car have?

• **** A 50.0 Kg Cheetah has a KE of 18,000 J. How fast is the cheetah running?

Kinetic Energy

• Do all objects with the same Velocity have the same K.E?

Ex. Bowling Ball vs. Tennis Ball

Discuss this idea with your neighbor

NO

Why?• So – K.E. depends on something that

causes the Bowling BallBowling Ball to have MORE K.E. than the Tennis BallTennis Ball.

What is it ???

MASSRemember: KE = m x v2

2

Greatest Effect on KE

• Which has the GREATEST effect on KINETIC ENERGY

Mass or Velocity and Why ?

Velocity Because it is Squared

Potential Energy 4.14.1The Nature of EnergyThe Nature of Energy

• A hanging apple in a tree has stored energy.

• Even motionless objects can have energy. This energy is stored in the object.

• Stored energy due to position is called potential energy.


• If the apple stays in the tree, it will keep the stored energy due to its height above the ground.


• If it falls, that stored energy of position is converted to energy of motion.

Potential Energy

• Potential energy is not always Mechanical Energy associated with motion; for example the energy stored in food is

• _______________ energy.

• The energy stored in a cars gasoline not being used is also _______________ energy.

Chemical

Chemical

2 Main types of P.E.2 Main types of P.E.

• GPE – Gravitational Potential Energy

Energy an object has when it is in an Elevated position.

* Baseball in the air

* Water on a Faucet

* You on a diving board

• Anything that can fall has stored energy called gravitational potential energy.

Gravitational Potential Energy4.14.1The Nature of EnergyThe Nature of Energy

• Gravitational potential energy (GPE) is energy stored by objects due to their position above Earth’s surface.

• Gravitational potential energy can be calculated from the following equation.

Gravitational Potential Energy4.14.1The Nature of EnergyThe Nature of Energy

• On Earth the acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2, and has the symbol g.

• Like all forms of energy, gravitational potential energy is measured in joules.

• If you stretch a rubber band and let it go, it sails across the room.

Elastic Potential Energy 4.14.1The Nature of EnergyThe Nature of Energy

• As it flies through the air, it has kinetic energy due to its motion.

• Where did this kinetic energy come from?

Any object that can be forced into a shape that is different than its original or natural

shape.

• The stretched rubber band had energy stored as elastic potential energy.

Elastic Potential Energy 4.14.1The Nature of EnergyThe Nature of Energy

• Elastic potential energy is energy stored by something that can stretch or compress, such as a rubber band or spring.

• Gasoline stores energy in the same way as food stores energyin the chemical bonds between atoms.

Chemical Potential Energy 4.14.1


• Energy stored in chemical bonds is chemical potential energy.

• Energy is stored in the bonds that hold the carbon and hydrogen atoms together and is released when the gas is burned.

Chemical Potential Energy 4.14.1


• In this chemical reaction, chemical potential energy is released.

• According to the equation for gravitational potential energy, the GPE of an object can be increased by increasing its height above the ground.

Changing GPE 4.14.1The Nature of EnergyThe Nature of Energy

• If two objects are at the same height, then the object with the larger mass has more gravitational potential energy.

4.14.1Section CheckSection Check

Question 1

A. change B. heatC. motionD. work

Energy is the ability to cause __________.


Answer

The answer is A. Energy is the ability to cause change and has several different forms.


Question 2

What are the five different forms of energy?

The five different forms of energy are electrical, chemical, heat (thermal), mechanical, and nuclear.

Answer


Question 3

A. the object’s mass and velocityB. the object’s massC. the object’s speedD. the acceleration of the object

The kinetic energy of an object depends on __________.


Answer

The answer is A. Kinetic energy depends on both the mass and velocity of the moving object.

Question 4

• An objects Potential Energy depends on?

Mass and Height

and the pull of gravity for G.P.E.

• More likely to think of energy as race cars More likely to think of energy as race cars roar past or as your body uses energy from roar past or as your body uses energy from food to help it move, or as the Sun warms food to help it move, or as the Sun warms your skin on a summer day.your skin on a summer day.

Changing Forms of Energy 4.24.2

Conservation of Energy Conservation of Energy

• These situations involve energy changing These situations involve energy changing from one form to another form.from one form to another form.

Energy Changes

• Energy can be transferred from 1 Energy can be transferred from 1 object to another and changed object to another and changed from one object to another. These from one object to another. These changes are called changes are called

_______ _________.Energy Conversions

• Lightbulbs transform electrical energy into light so you can see.

Transforming Electrical Energy 4.24.2


• The warmth you feel around the bulb is The warmth you feel around the bulb is evidence thatevidence thatsome of that some of that electrical electrical energyenergy is is transformed transformed into_______into_______________.________.

• Fuel stores energy in the form of chemical potential energy.

Transforming Chemical Energy 4.24.2


• The engine transforms the chemical potential energy stored in gasoline molecules into the kinetic energy of a moving car or bus.

• Several energy conversions occur in this process.



• In a car, a spark plug fires, initiating the conversion of chemical potential energy into thermal energy.

• As the hot gases expand, thermal energy is converted into kinetic energy.





• Every green plant you see converts light energy from the Sun into energy stored in chemical bonds in the plant.

• Some energy transformations are less obvious because they do not result in visible motion, sound, heat, or light.

• You have experienced many situations that involve conversions between potential and kinetic energy.

Conversions Between Kinetic and Potential Energy

4.24.2Conservation of Energy Conservation of Energy

• To understand the energy conversions that occur, it is helpful to identify the mechanical energy of a system.

Conversions Between Kinetic and Potential Energy


• Mechanical energy is the total amount of potential and kinetic energy in a system and can be expressed by this equation.

mechanical energy = potential energy + kinetic energy

Falling Objects 4.24.2


• The instant the apple comes loose from the tree, it accelerates due to gravity.

• An apple on a tree has gravitational potential energy dueto Earth pulling down on it.



• This potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy as the velocity of the apple increases.

• As it falls, it loses height so its gravitational potentialenergy decreases.

• If the potential energy is being converted into kinetic energy, then the mechanical energy of the apple doesn’t change as it falls.



• The potential energy that the apple loses is gained back as kinetic energy.

• The form of energy changes, but the total amount of energy remains the same.

• Energy transformations also occur during projectile motion when an object moves in a curved path.

Energy Transformations in Projectile Motion


Energy Transformations in Projectile Motion


• However, the mechanical energy of the ball remains constant as it rises and falls.

Energy Transformations in a Swing


• When you ride on a swing part of the fun is the feeling of almost falling as you drop from the highestpoint to the lowest point of the swing’s path.

• The ride starts with a push that gets you moving, giving you kinetic energy.



• As the swing rises, you lose speed but gain height.

• In energy terms, kinetic energy changes to gravitational potential energy.

• At the top of your path, potential energy is at its greatest.



• Then, as the swing accelerates downward, potential energy changes to kinetic energy.

• Energy can change from one form to another, but the total amount of energy never changes.

The Law of Conservation of Energy




• Even when energy changes form from electrical to thermal and other energy forms as in the hairdryer shown energy is never destroyed.

• This principle is recognized as a law of nature.



• The ______ ___ ____________ ___ ________ states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

law of conservation of energy

• You might have heard about energy conservation or been asked to conserve energy.

Conserving Resources 4.24.2


• These ideas are related to reducing the demand for electricity and gasoline, which lowers the consumption of energy resources such as coal and fuel oil.

• The law of conservation of energy, on the other hand, is a universal principle that describes what happens to energy as it is transferred from one object to another or as it is transformed.

Conserving Resources 4.24.2


• While coasting along a flat road on a bicycle, you know that you will eventually stop if you don’t pedal.

Is energy always conserved? 4.24.2


• If energy is conserved, why wouldn’t your kinetic energy stay constant so that you would coast forever?

The Effect of Friction 4.24.2


• You know from experience that if you don’t continue to pump a swing or be pushed by somebody else, your arcs will become lower and you eventually will stop swinging.

• In other words, the mechanical (kinetic and potential) energy of the swing seems to decrease, as if the energy were being destroyed. Is this a violation of the law of conservation of energy?



• With every movement, the swing’s ropes or chains rub on their hooks and air pushes on the rider.



• Friction and air resistance cause some of the mechanical energy of the swing to change to thermal energy.

• With every pass of the swing, the temperature of the hooks and the air increases a little, so the mechanical energy of the swing is not destroyed.



• Rather, it is transformed into thermal energy.

Converting Mass into Energy 4.24.2


• During this process a small amount of mass is transformed into a tremendous amount of energy.

• A special kind of energy conversionnuclearfusiontakes place in the Sun and other stars.

Converting Mass into Energy 4.24.2


• In the reaction shown here, the nuclei of the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium undergo fusion.

Nuclear Fission 4.24.2


• In processes involving nuclear fission and fusion, the total amount of energy is still conservedif the energy content of the masses involved are included.

Nuclear Fission 4.24.2


• Then the total energy before the reaction is equal to the totalenergy after the reaction, as required by the law of conservation of energy.

• What forms of energy can you find in the human body?

The Human BodyBalancing the Energy Equation


• With your right hand, reach up and feel your left shoulder.

• With that simple action, stored potential energy within your body was converted to the kinetic energy of your moving arm.

• Some of the chemical potential energy stored in your body is used to maintain a nearly constant internal temperature.

The Human BodyBalancing the Energy Equation


• A portion of this energy also is converted to the excess heat that your body gives off to its surroundings.

• Your body stores energy in the form of fat and other chemical compounds.

Energy Conversions in Your Body 4.24.2


• This chemical potential energy is used to fuel the processes that keep you alive, such as making your heart beat and digesting the food you eat.

• Your body also converts this energy to heat that is transferred to your surroundings, and you use this energy to make your body move.

Energy Conversions in Your Body 4.24.2


• The food Calorie (C) is a unit used by nutritionists to measure how much energy you get from various foods1 C is equivalent to about 4,184 J.

Food Energy 4.24.2


• Every gram of fat a person consumes can supply 9 C of energy.

• Carbohydrates and proteins each supply about 4 C of energy per gram.

• The total amount of kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy in a system is the mechanical energy of the system:

mechanical energy = KE + GPE

Conservation of Energy

• The law of conservation of energy states that energy never can be created or destroyed. The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.

4.24.2Reviewing Main IdeasReviewing Main Ideas


Question 1

A. kinetic energyB. momentumC. potential energyD. potential and kinetic

Mechanical energy is the total amount of _________ in a system.


Answer

The answer is D. Mechanical energy is the energy due to position and motion of all objects in a system.


Question 2

State the law of conservation of energy.

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Answer


Question 3

A. electrical, thermalB. mechanical, thermalC. thermal, electricalD. thermal, mechanical

Friction converts __________ energy into ___________ energy.


Answer

The answer is B. Friction converts mechanical energy into thermal energy.

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End of Chapter Summary File

chapter 4: energy

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