Chapter 4 – Canada’s Human FacePart 2

Economic Factors as Determinants of Regionalism

Canada’s Labour Force and its Regional Distribution

30,000 Prospectors climb the Chilkoot Passen route to the Klondike Gold Fields and the promise of instant wealth (1898-99)Each had to carry 1,150 lb., a year’s supply,up this icy path to qualify to enter Canada.

Economic Sectors as Determinants of Regionalism

Copyright Bone 2005 Oxford University Press

Identify the Economic Sector in each photo

Economic trends that affect population location Atlantic Region’s long prosperity (shipbuilding, agriculture,

ironworks, coal, fishing, lumber, commerce) ended 1920 when out-migration exceeded in-migration

Central (“core”) Regions (ON, QC) have: Best growing season Best soils (Classes 1 & 2) Abundance ofresources: wateroil, minerals,forests, hydroand human Shorter transportationdistances Economic links east/westand north/south

By 1993, Service industries are the major source of employmentin all urban areas of Canada

Canada’s Population distribution reflects human resource potentialCanada’s Population distribution reflects human resource potential

Our population strength favors the Core for ICI market, services, etcOur population strength favors the Core for ICI market, services, etc

Economic Determinants of Regionalism 1973 oil embargo, 1984 Recession

Taxes increased, small firms closed, large companies downsize

1990s Restructuring Governments downsize, budgets/funding cuts for health,

education, social services, environment, outsource to non-union US-owned firms cut staff and many firms relocate labor-

intensive operations to Mexico under NAFTA

Profits of Banks, multi-nationals reach record highs Average family income incr. in ON, but declines in periphery

Women in workforce & dual-earner families Dual-eaners 1961- 20%, 1991- 60% 2/3 Single-parent families earn below family poverty-line of $30k

¾ Cdn. Pop. Work in Tertiary Sector (2001) Ie. Finance, education, health, transport, public admin, services

Faultlines & Equity Issues: Income / Education

Income and Gender

Reporting Income / Equity Issues

Core/Periphery Employment Trends

Mobility and the Core/Periphery Faultline

The Constitution designates the following distinct and shared resource responsibilities between the federal and provincial governments

Changes in Canadian Economic Trends

Economic Factors and the Faultlines Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal Equity & Integration

Fertility rate exceeds national average (esp. western region) Population most mobile in Canada esp. to urban centres Aboriginal-owned firms, land claims settlements,

educational levels increasing

Core/Periphery Equity & Integration 80% pop. lived ON & QC (1867) / BC/AB now 33% pop. (2001) Since 911/lower dollar value, Canadian economy > U.S.

French/English Equity & Integration Incr. in % of bilingual Cdns. 1951-1996 But, English dominates in Cdn, US, world economy & immigrat.

Immigrant/Resident Equity & Integration Immigration and economic development linked domestically &

internationally – Cdn. economic growth U.S.A. / Asia strongest Immigrants generally

CSD Cross-Cutting IssuesThe following cross-cutting issues will be addressed in

each CSD two-year cycle: • poverty eradication; • changing unsustainable patterns of consumption and

production; • protecting and managing the natural resource base of

economic and social development; • sustainable development in a globalizing world; • health and sustainable development; • sustainable development of SIDS; • sustainable development for Africa; • other regional initiatives; • means of implementation; • institutional framework for sustainable development; • gender equality; and • education.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• Charts, Tables. Bone, Robert. 2004. The Regional Geography Charts, Tables. Bone, Robert. 2004. The Regional Geography of Canada, Third Edition. Toronto, ON: Oxford University of Canada, Third Edition. Toronto, ON: Oxford University PressPress

• Photos on economic sectors (Barrett & Edith Robinson. 1990. Photos on economic sectors (Barrett & Edith Robinson. 1990. Prince Edward Island. Hong Kong: Everbest Printing Company; USEPA photos of industrial activity in the Great Lakes (EPA website 2002); Canadian Encyclopedia on CD-ROM 1999; personal collection.

• Charts on Economic Sector, population in major cities in major cities Canadian Encyclopedia on CD-ROM 1999.

• Draper, Diane. 1998. Our Environment: A Canadian Draper, Diane. 1998. Our Environment: A Canadian Perspective. Scarborough: ITP PublishingPerspective. Scarborough: ITP Publishing