Jewel GamsbyAP US, 2CHAPTER 4- The Empire Under Strain

Louisiana7-Years War: French and Indian War that put Britain $130 million dollars in debtCajunsWilliam Pitt: Founded Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Stamp Act Congress: A meeting in New York that devised a plan against the Stamp ActsSamuel Adamsvirtual representation: English believed that members of Parliament counted as representationactual representation: Americans believed that no English lawmakers had an actual presence in the colonies and the colonies didnt consent to be taxedMercy Otis Warren: Daughter of the Confederacy; political writer and propagandist of revolution1.How did the relationship between King and Parliament change during the early eighteenth century? What role did the prime minister play?The British Parliament established a growing supremacy over the King. During the reigns of George I and George II the prime minister and his fellow cabinet ministers began to become the nations real executives. 2.Why did Prime Minister Robert Walpole not enforce the Navigation Acts?Robert Walpole deliberately refrained from strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts because he believed that relaxed trading restriction would stimulate commerce. 3.Describe the royal governors and other British officials in the colonies.Royal governors were mostly unintelligent; appointments came as a result of bribery or favoritism and many remained in England. With part of their salaries, they would hire substitutes to take their places in America. 4.In the colonies, where did the true power lie?Real authority rested in the Privy Council(the central administrative agency for the government as a whole), the admiralty, and the treasury.5.What did the Albany Plan reveal about colonial unity?The Albany Plan united America into one general government. Benjamin Franklin wrote, Everyone criers, a union is necessary, but when they come to the manner and form tof the union their weak noodles are perfectly distracted.6.Describe the territories held by France in the 1750s.

7.Describe the Iroquois Confederacy.Consisted of 5 Indian Nations(Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida) that had formed a defensive alliance in the fifteenth century and was the most powerful tribal presence in the Northeast since the 1640s. They had forged an important commercial relationship with the English and Dutch along with the eastern seaboard.8.Who and what was involved in the French and Indian War and what happened?It was a battle between England and France for dominance in world trade and naval power. British victory cemented England's role as the worlds great commercial and imperial nation. The war brought Americans closer to British authority after the war had ended and raised the surface of underlying tensions in the colonial relationship.9.What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris that ended the war?The French ceded to Great Britain some of their West Indian Island and most of their colonies in India. THey also transferred Canada and all other French territory east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, to Great Britain. They ceded New Orleans and their claims west of the Mississippi to Spain.10.What effects did the French and Indian War have on the British Empire?It enlarged Britains debt and generated substantial resentment toward the Americans among British leaders, many of whom were contemptuous of the colonists for what they considered American military ineptitude during the war. 11.Despite the great victory in the Seven Years War, which problems did Britain face after the war??They were millions of dollars in debt12.What changes did King George III bring to the British monarchy? What were his shortcomings?He was determined to be an active and responsible monarch; he removed from power the long-standing and relatively stable coalition of Whigs, who had governed the empire for much of the century. He created a new coalition of his own through patronage and bribes and gained uneasy control of Parliament. New ministries were unstable, each only lasting for 2 years. He suffered from a rare disease that produced intermittent bouts of insanity. 13.What was Prime Minister Grenvilles view of the colonies?he thought that the prevailing opinion within the Britain that the colonists had been too long indulged and that they should be compelled to obey the laws and to pay a part of the cost of defending the administering the empire.14.Why did the Indians in the Ohio Valley become alarmed after the war? Who was Pontiac?Those tried that had allied themselves with the French had earned the enmity of the English. Pontiac was the Ottawa chieftain Pontiac.15.What was the Proclamation Line of 1763 and why did the British establish it? It forbid settlers to advance beyond a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains; established because it would allow London to control the westward movement of the white population as well as proceed in an orderly manner with minimal conflict with Indian tribes.16.How successful was the effort to limit westward movement by the Anglo colonists?It failed to meet the modest expectations of the Native Americans. It had some effect in limiting colonial land but on the crucial point of the line of settlement it was almost completely ineffective.17.What steps were taken by the Grenville ministry to increase the power of the British government in the colonies?Regular British troops would be stationed permanently in America and under the Mutiny Act of 1765 the colonists were required to assist in provisioning and maintaining the army. Ships of British navy were assigned to patrol American waters and search for smugglers; the customs service was enlarged.18.What was the Sugar Act?It was designed to eliminate the illegal sugar trade between the continental colonies and the French and Spanish West Indies, it strengthened the enforcement of the duty on sugar and established new vice-admiralty courts in America to try accused smugglers.19.What was the Stamp Act?It imposed a tax on most printed documents in the colonies including newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, and licenses. 20.Who were the Paxton Boys? What was the Regulator Movement? Which antagonism did their conflicts represent? A group of people from western Pennsylvania that descended on Philadelphia with demands for relief from colonial taxes and for money to help them defend themselves against Indians. The Regulator movement was made up of farmers of the Carolina upcountry who organized in opposition to the high taxes that the local sheriffs collected. The Greenville program was antagonizing everyone.21.Why did an economic depression occur in 1763? What aggravated the depression?The British government was pouring money into the colonies to finance the fighting, resulting in an economic depression. It was aggravated by taking money out of the colonies.22.Why were the Anglo-American colonists so quick to oppose the new British laws? Which colonial power were the British challenging?Many colonists feared that they were doomed to permanent economic stagnation and declining of standard living; the British were challenging Boston.23.Why did the Stamp Act so antagonize the American colonists? The tax fell on all Americans and evoked particular opposition from some of the most powerful members of the population. 24.Which Virginians initiated resistance to the Stamp Act? What did Patrick Henry say in the Virginia Resolves?The Virginian House of Burgesses aroused Americans to action. Henry stated the right to be taxed only by their own representatives, that no taxes should be paid except by those who voted by Virginian assembly; that anyone advocating the right to Parliament to tax Virginians should be deemed as an enemy to the colony.25.What were some of the more extreme actions taken against the Stamp Act?In the summer of 1765, many riots broke out up and down the coast, the largest being in Boston. 26.Which colonial action defeated, repealed, the Stamp Act?The boycott of British goods defeated the Stamp Act.27.What was the Declaratory Act and what inspired it?It asserted Parliaments authority over the colonies in all cases whatsoever. 28.What was the Mutiny (Quartering) Act?It required colonists to provide quarters and supplies for the British troops in America. 29.What were the Townshend Duties? The disbanding of the New York Assembly until colonists complied with the Mutiny Acts, and they levied new taxes on various goods imported from England.30.What did merchants in Philadelphia and New York do in 1768?Colonists boycotted British goods subject to the Townshend Duties.31.What was the Boston Massacre? Was it really a massacre? How did colonial leaders like Samuel Adams use it to their advantage?The colonists harassed the redcoats until the British troops shot at the Americans and killed five. It was named a massacre as a clever propaganda to raise tensions between Americans and English.32.What was meant by no taxation without representation? Why did that argument mean so little to the British? Why did it mean so much to the protesting colonists? The Americans thought that they should only be taxed with their own consent. The English believed that the Parliament represented the interest of a whole nation while the Americans believed in actual representation.33.Why did Americans see the Tea Act as a threat?It enraged influential colonial merchants who feared being replaced and bankrupted by a powerful monopoly. It revived the passions about the issue of taxation without representation.34.Why were taverns so important in the years leading to the Revolution?They were crucial to the resistance to British rule; they were a place where people could meet and talk openly in public.35.What part did women play in the protest? Who were the Daughters of Liberty?Women had played a significant role in resistance activities from the beginning. Several women had been important in writing the dissident literature that did much to fan colonial resentments in the 1760s. They formed an informal organization, The Daughters of Liberty, that occasionally mocked their male counterparts as insufficiently militant.36.What caused the Boston Tea Party?The colonies wanted to present the East India Company from landing its cargoes in colonial ports and show their rebellion against the Tea Acts.37.What were the Coercive Acts? What name did the colonists give to the Coercive Acts?Its object was to provide a civil government for the French-speaking Roman Catholic inhabitants of Canada and Illinois. Americans called it the intolerable acts.38.Why were the Anglo colonists angered by the Quebec Act?Americas suspected that the plot was afoot in London to subject the Americans to the tyranny of the pope.39.How did the other colonies react to the punishment of Boston?Massachusetts was seen as a martyr to the residents of other colonies and sparked new resistance up and down the coast.40.Who were the Sons of Liberty?A convention of delegates called by Samuel Adams from the towns of the colony to sit in a place of the General Court, which the governor had dissolved.41.What were the committees of correspondence?Adams had inaugurated in Massachusetts in 1722; they made possible continuous cooperation among the colonies.42.What was the First Continental Congress?Variously elected by the assemblies and by extralegal meetings, delegates from all 13 colonies except Georgia were present when the First Continental Congress convened to make 5 major decisions.43.Who were the minutemen?People of Massachusetts that had been gathering arms and ammunition and training as minutemen, preparing to fight at a minutes notice.44.What were the circumstances that led to the outbreak of fighting at Lexington and Concord?John Hancock learned that the minutemen had been hoarding gunpowder and other weapons.