chapter 4 – 1959 to 1969
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Chapter 4 – 1959 to 1969. From Mainframe to Minicomputer. Russian Sputnik Satellite 1957. State of Computing – 1960’s. Great Demand for Computing IRS: Mainframe + Punch Cards JFK: 1961 Moon Challenge Great economic growth & prosperity New computers – the MINI. IBM. 1960 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4 – 1959 to 1969
From Mainframe to Minicomputer
Russian Sputnik Satellite 1957
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State of Computing – 1960’snote: driving forces – pg. 110
Great Demand for Computing IRS: Mainframe + Punch Cards JFK: 1961 Moon Challenge Great economic growth &
prosperity New computers – the MINI Technology already obsolete
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IBM
1960 70% Market Share stability
Research Labs (US, Europe)-slow payoff Could control market, releases (usually) Philco – transistor production Others need to find area unserved by
IBM
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Government Influence
Dept. of Defense - needed computer technology
Researchers began defining work
Demand for computing was heavy Govt. had funding – to lots of places
See how this influenced the development
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IBM 7000
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Massachusetts Blue Cross
1960 - IBM 7070; 1401 for I/O 6 months- transferred 2,500,000 records
from cards to tape (150 file cabinets) AUTOCODER (not FORTRAN or COBOL) 1965 Medicare established
Won job of administering for Mass. Fall 1966 - fully computerized - 1st state Also rented another 7070 (drove cards
daily) 1969 - 3 IBM System /360’s + COBOL, 24-7
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NASA- Ames Research Center
Mountain View, California, 1940 Soviet Sputnik 1957 & JFK Moon
Challenge Became part of NASA in 1958
Honeywell H-800 for wind tunnel - real time + others for dedicated purposes DEC, Scientific Data Systems, EAI, IBM
Demands on central computer grew 100% per year in 1960’s
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NASA-Ames Research Center (cont.)
Direct Couple System - 1963 7094, 7040 (I/O), 7740 (Remote
Terminals) Replaced in 1968 with System 360 model
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1969- System/360 model 67 For time-sharing, not a success 1971 –connection to new ARPANet
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NASA-Ames Research Center (cont.)
Timesharing not a success Design problems Incompatible work patterns No longer “real time” for wind
tunnel Table 4.1 p. 118 – computers at
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IRS- Internal Revenue Service
During WWII – need $ Taxpayers from 8 to 60
million Withholding
Punch Card – 1948 IBM 650 - 1955
Kansas City regional center
1.1 million returns – test
1959 - authorized to computerize fully IBM won bid 1401 @ each
regional center 7070 national
center Still 400 million
cards a year Changeover complete by
1967: cards to magnetic drum
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IRS (continued)
No NW – flew tapes/cards around TAS - Tax Administration System
Late 1960’s – implement new ideas $650- $800 million Distributing computing to 10 centers Direct access via 8,000 terminals Network Lot of work in to security plans
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Honeywell H200
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TAS (continued) 1974 - Nixon resignation / IRS records Public questioned security 1977- Computerworld – GAO report
“Proposed IRS system may pose threat to privacy”
Congress held hearings – IRS no trusted Jan. 1978 - IRS dropped TAS 1985 - IRS system collapsed, bad press
Congress approved change
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Put a Man on the Moon
Batch would just not work Needed lots of money for real-time Mercury Monitor (system software)
Data could interrupt processor to note life- threatening situations
Trap processor: checked levels of priority; saved contents of registers
Evolved to real-time version of System/ 360 O.S. a significant advance in system software
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Minicomputer
New, Not a competitor to mainframe
Driven by technology Factors defining Mini
Architecture Packaging Third parties Price Financing
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Architecture of Mini
Short Word Implications
Small addresses, values, instructions
Instructions more complex Instruction “modes” With new transistors, processor still simple inexpensive and fast
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First Mini at CDC 1957 - CDC (Jack Norris) developed
1604 Seymour Cray – CDC 160
1960 – CDC Model 1604 Designed model 160 for I/O
Word = 12 bits 8,000 word memory Fast clock
160A sold for $60,000 (stand alone) 1963- Jack Scanllin, Scanllin Electronics
2-160A’s to provide online stock quotes to brokers 15
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Digital Equipment Corp (DEC)
Founded 1957; K. Olsen, H. Anderson Olsen: MIT Whirlwind;
MIT’s TX-0 (transistors) 1957-Most advanced in world
1959 - PDP-1 designer Ben Gurley Designed to take full advantage of
transistors (not a “re-fit”) 100,000 adds/sec; 4,000-6,000 8-bit words
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PDP- 1 features
Transistors DMA: defined mini architecture
No I/O channels (with own memory) Fast, little effect on 1717processor Cheap and simple
Interrupts: up to 16 levels circuits to handle in order
1 IBM channel cost more than PDP-1: $120K Sold about 50, only moderate success
financially, but very innovative. 17
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DEC’s Policies
Customer Relations Contrast to IBM Sold Computers Encouraged customer modifications
Had sophisticated customers Necessary - small company
Manuals “A Sears- Roebuck catalog” for DEC
products Sold cheap or gave away 18
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PDP-8 -1965 Sold 50,000;
plus single–chip versions 12-bit word Germanium transistors - faster Indirect addressing; Paged memory; innovations DECtape – portable, r/w both directions, like disk Price??? $18,000; down to $10,000
Very low; shocked industry Model 33 ASR - Teletype Corp.
Used ASCII, ctrl & esc Keys (Photo Pg. 134)
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PDP-8 (cont’d)
Term: Minicomputer Tendency toward assembly language OEM – original equipment mfg.
Added specialized equipment Early use LS-8 (by Electronics Diversified)
Contained a PDP-8A Controlled lights for A Chorus Line
PDP-8 on a potato picker (P. 136)
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DEC Culture
The Mill, Maynard, Mass. 1965- $15 mil. Revenues 1970 - $135 mil.
Proud of differences – IBM Eventually competed with IBM -
VAX Read P. 136-139
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Chapter 4 – 1959 to 1969
From Mainframe to Minicomputer
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