CHAPTER-III

III. TRANSLATOR 1 S GRA1•TII1AR ·

Vergleich der beiden Grammatiken

Deutsch - Marathi

The comparison has been made with a premise· that there .exists a translators. grammar.

The comparison may not be exbaustive,because of brevity only most striking differences/

similariti~s hqve been listed~ In the very outset we find the difference in the

alphabets of both the languages. The German is written in Roman script mainly in the

19th century and prior to that the same was written in Gotic script, whereas from the

very beginning no such changeover in script has been observed in Marathi which has

always been written in Devnagari script. The information has been supplied to facilitate

a translator to compare the Phonetic resemblances particularly in poetry translations.

The alphabets are:

German

a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,

s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z, - i.e. 26.

In addition to the above there is a po­

ssibility of modifying the following

vowels and also their dypthongs.

Marathi

the

vowels and the rest of the consonents are

arranged in their phonetic discription as

they are uttured. They are in all 48 letters.

a,o,u, would be modified as a,o,u.

In otherwords a,a,e,i,o,o,u,u, and

y are the vowels and rest of the

letters are consonants.

The vowels in German are eight

including the Umlauts. The indi­

vidual sounds have quality, quantity

stress, pitch and they have variations.

The same letter or combination of

letters ~.g.~, ch, ig, etc. has

different pronunciation depending on

its position.

iT q::; d <}.T. Tf ""'I ' I ,

'"Lj- I 0, 51- I ¥., .:>1 Itt T (...;- c;r QT , ""\ , , J

z-, 0 I s. (p I OT

The main difference in both the~anguages

in question is that in Marathi the consonents

have to be mixed with vowels otherwise they

are not comp0ete.

However, there are twelve vowels in Marathi.

The same is also applicable to Marathi sounds

The same letter can be pronounced differently

i.g. LT, gr.

Note: It is not claimed here that this is an exhaustive study of German and Marathi Gramme.r in totality: only those grammatical aspects relevant to translation have been compared. The entire comparison falls under the perview of translators competence.

176

Word Classes

Verben, Substantive, Adjektive, Pronomen,

Zahlworter, Artikel, Partikeln, Adverbien

Prapositionen, Konjunktionen, Inter­

jektionen are the word classes in German.

1. Das Verb

a) Zustandsverben: sein, bleiben, wohnen.

b) Vorgangsverben: fallen, wachsen, erfrie ran, verblliben>einschlafen.

c) Tatigkeitsverben: kijmpfen, pflligen.

2. Transitive und intranstive verben

3. Reflexive verben

177

Verbs, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, quanti­

tatives, particles, adverbs, conjunctions,

interjecktions are the word classes in

Marathi. However, it must be noted that

there are no definite or indefinite articles

in Marathi. Likewise the function of prepo­

sitions mostly is taken over by various cases.

The indefinite notion is indicated by No. 1 (~~

and the definites by demonstrative pronoun

corresponding to

der, die das, die (Pl.).

1. The verb

a) the verbs of state: ·~~~'~T~ ·~~~~\-- ~~ b) b f ~ ~ ~ ~S' )-. i-j . ~¢,-· -'~~ V' ver s o process: 'J-.::;·,j,,, ~·.Ji. , · 1.51 '· ':_;)'<~·v , ._:,·,

c) verbs of action: c;!J ·2,'01··, ~ {r::n ~~--

2. Transitive and intransitive verbs are also in l-larathi.

3. Possibility exists but the use is seldom. Reflexive verbs in German may not be always

, . translated by equivalent reflexive verbs in Marathi.

4. Vollverben, Hilfsverben und

modifizierende verben. Aspect can

be formed with certain verbs but

they are very limited in number.

5. Trennbare und untrennbare Verben.

6. a. Ingressive bzw. incboative Verben

bezeicbnen den Beginn eines Gescbehens:

erblickP.n, erblAssen, entbrennen, sich

setzen, losrennen.

b. Rasultative V erben bezeichnen das Ende

eines Geschebens: aufessen, verklingen,

erschlegen, finden, durchscbneiden.

c. Durative v·erben kennzeichnen das Sein

oder Geschehen als unvollendet, als

dauernd: schlafen, wacben, frieren,

essen, wohnen, blliben, sein, bleiben,

andauern.

d. Iterative v erben drlicken eine stete

Wiederholung von Vorgangen aus: fliegen \.

(standig mit den Fliigeln schlagen) ~~

graben, sticbeln (immer wieder stechen)

4. Full verbs, auxiliary verbs, modifying

verbs are also existing in Marathi, in

addition verbs can be used for aspect

building, which is very common.

5. The verbs in Marathi cannot be separated

as in German.

6. The ingressive or incboative effect of

verqbleaning is taken ca.re of by using

aspect in Maratbi. Maratbi does not tave

facility in all the cases to bring about

such effects by adding prefixes to the

verbs as is the case in German.

178

e. Intensive Verben kennzeicbnen die

Intensi tat eines Geschehens: !'l·Chnitzen

(kraftig echneiden), echwenken, scbluchzen,

liebeln {oberflachlich lieben).

f. Eine Aktionsart wi~ haufig durcb zu­

satzliche Worter sicbtbar gemacht:

Perfektiv: tiber den See echwimmen ••••

imperfektiv: er ist am Scbreiben(Statt:

er scbreibt).

iterative:

intensiv:

er trinkt standig.

er irrt sich (statt:

er irrt).

Die folgenden Funktionen fallen dem V~b

zu: Zeitformen, Handlungsricbtung (Aktiv,

Passiv), Aussageweise (Wirklichkeit,

Irrealitat) Person (1.2~3. person), die

Zahl (Singulr.r, Plural) Modus: (Indikativ,

Imperativ)

179

In Marathi, all the functions enumerated

for the German verbs ~re also ascribed to,

however in addition to these, a verb also

indicates the gender of the subject (Agent).

In translation this will have to be appro­

priately included from the co-textual or

contexual references.

Im Deutschen gibt es schwache und

starke verben und nocb eine gemiscbte

Gruppe wie beim bringen, brachte,

gebracht. The following tense formations

are possible in German.

ASFECT

In Marathi also this kind of division

of verbs is found. In Marathi all the

basic tenses can be formed and in addition

to this continuous tenses are also existent

However, the helping verb ··3-l-t-TJI-- meaning

both 'to have' and 'to be' is used while

forming the compound tenses.

Webster's IIIrd New International Dictionary of the English Language defines 'aspect'

as follows: a) a set of inflectional forms of a verb that indicate the nature of the

action or the manner in which the action is regarded especially with reference to its

beginning, duration, completion, or repetition and without refrence to its position

in time used first of the Slavic languages, later of many others, compare COMPLETIVE,

IMPERFECTIVE, INCBOATIVE, ITERATIVE, PERFECTIVE.,

b) the nature of the action of a verb or the manner in which that action is regarded

especially with reference to its beginning, duration, completion or repetition and

without reference to its position in time, whether indicated by a set of inflectional

forms (as in sense a), by the meaning of the verb itself. 'as in find, expressing

momentary or completed action, by contrast with ~' expressing continuing action,

180 .

by an adverbial modifier (as in sit down, meaning 'get into a sitting position', by

contrast with sit there till the doctor is ready, where sit means 'remain in a sitting

position') by such devices as the so-called progressive tenses in English (as was eating,_

which expresses continuing action, by contrast with left, which expresses momentary or

completed action, in 'he left while I was eating'), or by some other means.

We find that both in German as well as in Marathi, the aspect plays a great role in the

formulation of Samantic content and apparently we find difficulty in the tran~lation_,. --· ·--- .------------·-

but in reality, it is not so because it exists in both the languages, but the forms of

its realisation are different •. We 'fould like to enumenate some of them belo,l:

i) Er hPt "S bundertmal gesagt bekommen.

The device used here is the use of two

verbs. This kind of aspect formation is seen

with verbs like: bekommen, kriegen, erhalten,

ftihren, bringen, nehmen, gehoren.

ii) by using infinitive after helping verbs

and modifying verbs like: Der Schmerz ist

kaum zu ertragen.

E~ bleibt abzuwarten.

Das Bild geht nicht zu befestigen.

9...;,t} ~~ cd l -~ )~ \ " . ~

(f.~ J f.:.:.{ >1 oRl C\ ti ~ ( \"-C'{~-x: f{ (11.)

lBt···

. ......._

'3-tTr-T·

iii) by employing verb + noun

construction:

Da.s Gescbaft kam-· zum AbschluB.

Die Bucher gelangten zum Versand.

In German there are three main uses of the

verb forms i.e. Modes viz. indicative,

conjunctive and imperative. However, in

the daily use of language a structure

has no bearing on the meaning. The modes

used may have different pragmatic meaning.

All the tense forms, statements, confir-

mation, neeations questions and exclamation

fall under indicative.

The conjunctive mode is used mainly to

express possibility wish, irreality,

condition not going to fulfil (hypothetical)

indir~ct narration, uncertainty, doubt etc.

The imperative mode indicates command.

However, the most important factor for a

translator is to see whether

Er s agt, daB ~r ko~t: · _ ~--~~- 'J :~ -~ . _ ~­t~'1- }1_1J~\ Cl-;1- en· _:l'f{(:j I til -I\~ cj J' ~-'\ tH ~ l)\ rll .

The conjunctive form is also present in

Marathi, but its application is relatively

limited i.e. not in the indirect narration.

tuel 07 -<._ I

tut r11-{ f

Three forms as in German

:182

l._ tun/Sie(?1~) ~-oc1

the corresponding modes in Marathi

also have same pragmatic meaning.

In addition to this the questionlmay

indicate a command, a statement can

.9lso indicate command, hence we cannnot

always translate a question for questio~

statement for E.ta tement and command for

command.

The verbs are classified under transitive

and intransitive however, the verbs have

separable prefixes in German.other syntactic

possibilities of expressing command are:

1. Du

Du

LaB

Ihr

sollst sti~l sei~! e . C\ · r:::L .:~-rw-f -<ThT) &J, ftJ ;.>iT.! t~ :ZT.

'"'\. ' . _/ -

muBt jetzt stillsei~! r~ <:{ '311 tf\ "''< 1 1 cT ;..~ <:1 VcTI[ST -<T

uns tanzenl LaBt una gehenl -----r::rr, o-fT,3f .1fT , .:sfTJ.; ~rr.~

durft nicht so laut schreienl (_j t-i( Q C\ (.j~r __;Ti ~\ d · ~:r, ~-.s"' y f'l;l ..

Wir wollen lieber zu FuB gehent "\ ' ~ \ ~ ·31\UVT \.xn:tG.-1 -~~ (~ t•\ C1' -

Mogest du den ersten Schritt tunl

Marathi verbs are univalent, bivalent,

trivalent etc. but the prefixes of a verb

are never separated in Marathi.

The morphem (!) is indicative of imperative

sentence in German but no such sentence sign

is observed in Marathi.

It is worth observing between th~se

sentences that the construction of both

the SL and TL are statements but they are

orders/commands in garb.

183

~. Other possibilities.

Ich bekomme einmal Bieri (zum

Kellner gesprochen)

Du siehst dich vorl Du gehst jetzt!

Kommt ihr bald?

Wir sehen uns jetzt immer vor, nicht

wahr, Peter?

Wir tun so etwas nicht wieder, Hansl

Sie sind so nett und nehmen bier Flatzl

Du wirst diet vorsehen! Wirst du still

-,::,--~·,,./ -~-·"-..) \ '

s ein 1 Ihr werdet Euch hliten! cJ1~\-- -)-'·\ cr:: "~~ Er s ehe s icb vorl Er komme 1 Man nehme drei Eier ••• ' (fq- -.,(<i.<f::

Seien Sie still!

Du hast dicl:(vorzusehen! Die Tur ist sofort

zu offnenl

Jetzt wird sich vorgesehenl Jetzt wird

geschlafen.

....., c .\

~1'1 .;· 3-r:s·,

-------- . _\.--d,,'<:~_'j!'

-~i~~-

(_ .-· --:.. __:_'; •• ---;-- -: ~-~-:-.· -.. -. -. ' fl --r:_.;- ' r·...: n ··!- : ~~ :::r . .,._, 1: ' - --- '.... .· ~ .. : "' - . ' ) "\. . ._i_ ... " - . -~I.

<:;,_' -0 :, ! (' \

Vorsehenl Antreten! Langsam fahren!

Einsteigen! Stillgestandenl

,--{)Tc.l:) -~~- ~7j C· l( I J .. -T i~C( ,-..

Vorsicht! Achtung! Vorsichtig, Vorwarts.

Wenn du das noch einmal tust.

.184

-<~i -::~ fi:, L~ f -.- t'Tc-:~~T I (;(q}·i' ·

Ich wlinsche, daB das geschiehtl

Impersonal subject as required in German

Es regnet, blitzt, donnert. Es ist 5 Uhr.

Es ist 12 Uhr.

NOUNS

The German nouns are classified under,

Masculine, Feminine and Neuter Fram the

point of view of grammatical gender and

with some exceptions, all have plural forms.

The function of nouns in sentences, phrases

is indicated by their articles, possessive ...

pronouns etc. 185

,. 1(t~t,. 4 <.i..:_t\

Marathi sentences do not require impersonal

construction and as such impersonal subject

does not exist. (;iTh-~-( q ~~ 1- c-·f!.·w z I J1 ~-, c:i12{-c:~ J't~"!:!ji2r~ q r~f ciT.5i·d.r~--i .. 6•fi~ i · ""<.:~f ;··-J· ;{

Maratbi expression can be used figuratively

and also causatively as c:>~~)i, L\~~-m o;-IT-<f

q !W~; c_:i.t'A ";:t s~ («· ~ MT~ ciTSD~r\ .

Er ist im Examen durchfallen, Er hat die

Uhr kaputt gemacht, respectively. This ba-s

no relevance to the grammatical category

of verb but the perception of reality i.e.

segmentation.

The Marathi nouns are also classified under

Masculine, feminine, and neuter genders

and most of them have plural forms.

However, in Maratbi, the syntactiv functions

of nouns are indicated by the declensional

endings attached to the nouns themselves.

Verb will form a congruence with the

noun-subject. The nouns are again sub­

divided into proper, common, collective,

abstract nouns.

Persons: Nouns referring to persons are

masc. or neuter depending on the natural

gender of the person, however all dimi~

nutives are neuter in German. The names of

Anim~ls hAve grammatical gender congruent

with the natural gender where necessary.

A foreign language student finds the

allocation of a particular gender to a noun'n

·German having no base, probably because

of his mother-tongue bias.

The names of seasons, months and days are

masculine exAeption, die Woche and das Jahr.

The directions, winds and precipitations

are masculine in German, exception: die

Bora, die Hichtung, by Virtue of -Ung.

The unidentifiable plural will be

specified by the verb-form.

The sub-division of nouns is similar.

There is a close connection between the

gender and phonological representation of

nouns in Marathi. Persons have the same

grammatical genders commensurating with theix

natural gender, no exception, diminitives

also according to natural gender: ;n:.,~ - d I:; ;-:; ;- . CJ_J{ :.,-~: - ~J.{ I rl ;:.:-_;-;-

.· . It seems that male, female and off-spring of

animals are masc. fern. and neuter respectively

however, where no such division is made,

a tendency is to group them under neuter

gender. However, the allocation of grammatical

gender is not logical but arbitrary and

therefore the genders are to be remembered

individually.

The names of stones, rocks are masculine

exceptions: die Kreide etc.

The names of currencies are masculine and

exceptions are: die Mark, die ~rone,

d~s Pfund.

Names of trees are feminine and those

of flo,.,ers also: die Tanne, die Buche,

die 5elk·e etc.

18?

The names or seasons, months and days are

masculine in Marathi too, but Woche- 3fn·a5r

is masc. and Jahr- qrf- is peuter.

All directions are feminine, wind is

masculine and precipitations are mixed

' I'

(Schnee) c~ masc. -~,T

;rau is neuter and :nRr (Hagel) Plural

is feminine.

The names of stones and rocks are masculine i'

in gender: Exceptions: J IIZ!l (Boden)

(Sand) are feminine.

The names c£ currencies are masculine

"<~ lfj_{ C c{l$· s'-iz-._,:;,_ H1ri; etc. The names of trees / I I ""

are mostly masculine c;-;r {~~LirJ, 3-i~6if but -~ -.·-·-. ..,J ( • "

l~i I ~i I 'JJ,tl,

The names of flowers .are masculine or feminine

as ~-(;fiG!-.-(.,( ,E1Jt~;, J··(l.rf-<r,·-dl4-~ etc. ~,;~-fl ,5'1rT >J't feminine depending on the phonetic ending.

Names of metals and chemical elements

are neuter in German.

Diminutives abstract nouns from adjectives,

collective concepts with Ge-, and collective

processes with Ge- are neuter in German.

The grammatical gender of a compound noun

is decided by the gender of the last

component:r. Kindergarten, das Worterbuch.

!be grapbalogical indication~ of genders are:

All nouns ending in -ich (Teppich), ig

(Konig), -ling (Scbmetterling), and -s

(Schnaps) are masculine.

Also foreign endings like: -ant (Aspirant)

-ar (Kommissionar), -ast (Kontrast), -eur

(Ingenieur), -ier(Bankier), -iker (Fanatiker)

-ikus (Musikus), -ismus (Realisimus), -ist

(Optimist) and -or (Motor) ·are all masculine

in German.

~ ·. .

188

Metals are neuter in Marathi and most or the

names of Chemicals are adopted as such in

Marathi and there is negligible translations

of scientific and technical literature in

Marathi, because English being the medium of

instruction in the universities.

The same rule applies in Maratbi as well. . .J....r:::r:- (::I ~.::.n:::_n__ -...( 1 a~ + 3r11qcr.:~r ·..== :-<'l=-tlc::;<' 1 Feminine because last

component is feminine. There is a high degree of

redundancy in Marathi. Once the subject is

selected, the adjective and verb form will also

indicate gender as well e.g. ~rr~tJrr.rr<--n~-1>,,, itr ~~ ·-c-tP r c~ ~ l c-18 . In Marathi, the nouns referring to animates are

natur~lly masculine or feminine in Grammar

depending on the natural gender of the person/

animal concerned. e. g. v, ,.·"' ~~ 6J.:, :n. ~"t f; cf~t- ~ ,....::_J:o . I I

f 0 ""- (\c•• <-vrv' ..&:-1 1 ~flsl, ~-"('\i .... l etc. but there are many

exceptions also. Wber0 gender difference is of

no consequence (because of its general, common

use) the nouns are mostly neuter e. g • .1-lfl~F~f, ~\- \ -~:.:,_ r __ .::,_

~-( t.S,jJ>"i ~~'lJ{ etc. but here also many exceptions

exist.

Nouns ending in -ei (Bticherei), -in

(Lehrerin), -heit (Einbeit), -keit

(Kleinigkeit), -scbaft (Freundscbaft)

and -ung (Achtung) are feminine endings

showing that the noun is feminine in

grammatical gender.

Nouns with the following foreign deri-

vations are feminine:

-a (Kamera), -ade (Ballade), -age (Garage)

-aille (Journaille), -aise or ase

(Marseillaise, Majonase), -ance (Renais­

sance), -ane (Fontane), -anz (Arroganz)

-ellP. (Zitadelle), -enz (Audienz), -ette

(EtikPtte) -euse (Masseuse), -ie (Folie,

Kolonie), -(i)ere (Portiere), -ik(Musik),

-ille (Pupille), ive (Defensive), -ose

(Tuberkulose), -itis(Bronchitis), -se,sis

(Base, Basis), -ur (Natur) -ure(Broschure)

The offspring of human/animals are neutet e.g.

jf('S- q'( :.r '2,--rq ('~ - t:i(i ("-~-- /.\~ I f -J r.h cl I .,I-{ -.1 ~ 1 d\. 1 I f I I

{~;1~~ 4J~.:r ,~}c.~ c-rs+~-, ._, I 0..

The nouns ending in nasal sound are also neuter

A bs tract nouns ending in t{ u 1, and c1 1 .

0 '\~ ·- - - - :-.,. - -:". - ---- rt ~J are masculine e.g. ·r.-u~(J<n'rlr, ;; \ l -<_r.q 1

9 Lf!-) -~ - . ,.~,...,"" .

.. I d 'l !-,....... • ·,-'J""'7""T ·-::;r ~ T IJ AT .. ;,_; -.J 1:::.-::J ~ ,yl : ·:-? '.) \) ! .r . "'\ '-'-'--' -. c

r~ - , ._/ ·' • J : : ~--": i _., . - I ..,~ ~ - ...._;;· , A f' Abstract nouns formed with -5- d~ c-iT PI-<T ---:}_ r . r r

ending are feminine e. g •. ) P!Z' .s1-; / LTT .::I c~<1?~ / ~ ;;:;u_ t1T cr=z:~n ';I -E\ c'-r~-

/ .:.., .

Nouns ending in a)-=3-iT ~ifC( are masc. e.g. c?-t.:£'1~ s{ .>\:; ~~ J(-(~~ -, ..i\ ,~HcC, o'~~\3;

~

are neuter e.g.~ol;v 1 -~r,:svr, •<:f(( '[{o·{

1 (~ ..(t{•r\ c{-:)'U:

1

E.XCt-'p·h~·.··-' -d &l'i ~-<TC·I- Cl Yt' C 1c ·,-.-,l ''- ·, ""(' . · ·-

b) 1::[ ~T I

-ine(Mascbine) -ion (Nation), C) f are f~minine e. g. ..,. -~- cit--jf-- q·--·Trr--

-isse (Kulisse), :;, 1 1i 3-ntU'\ ·.g- IJ .:JS'_, :3 _, (J() (l,

(-~" ~n ~~ (icT. -ti, tat (Fakultat).

189 .

The following endings of nouns indicate

that they are neuter:

-chen, lein, le (Waldchen, Fraulein,

Mariele), -icbt (Dickicht), -tel

(Drittel) -tum (Eigentum but der

Reich tum)

190 ' ,.

g) '3-ITr are masculine e.g.

h) f? are feminine e.g. '-LI -~ ~n'Zt, .;fr(~( <Jfl~ I r~ ~~ c-(Tr~

i)J:f and c.tf are neuter e.g.

Cl) 1 ~~ c~ (~ ~ e-Ll J ·-/~ c;-i-ft

j) ~ are neuter e.g. +1 ?f I r!i:t;;;r M ?r q-,·-==1 ,~T~T fiF >r u; '? -·r~

k) •"" ~ 1

" ~ >i 'tJ=f>T ~T! 5r ~~ 7l co~J-.~Oh are feminine- e .'g. / '

·::-,.._ ,..., '-U '3 -rPT;;-~ ,ff~T'h ~-=n ~i-< 1 ~ t~.5' ~-· .

I /

l) ~H'l are masculine e.g.

m) River names in 311 ~

and ~ are "' . .:L----0..

f eminin e e • g. JIJTT, ~ ~ ·:-( 1 , MTLfl, t> 1 H ~~-! 1

~ Gt .:> i-.( .

Das Nomen

Sing.

1 • a 1 df'r Lehrer '

b) der Boden

2 .a) das Heft

b) der Satz

3.a)das Kind

b)das Wort

4.a)die Antwort

b) die Frage

Plural

die Lehrer

die Boden

die Hefte

die Batze

die Kinder

die Worter

Plural endungen.

Jl

-e

.!!. e

-er

ller

7riT

~ '<

t ·:r .....--j)

tr -~ ~

die Antworten -en --.\._,_ 011

die Fragen -n '<;+-,/ .1;

191·:

There are also regional, socio-cultural

variations in genders e.g. ~ can be

used both in fem. and neute~.

There are also meening changes according to

gender change e.g. der SeeM<~!~/'!~,~ die I> 0

f) -2, ~.\ Gelegenheit, _, "-

m .... ~ Kompo_s i tion, Zusammensetzung,

a- . ~ ~ ;-i\d,f -~

:r ~ ~-~' ~~str s:. ~-~ ~ ~ -~19\ ~ q-~ 4 , '

:;- . b- ? ()j 51--.,j .. . ( .) ( ,

~: t-i'lS 'q-~ h ~ I .... , , .... ':\ I ~l-6.;: -,-niT

:"\

~kZ ~1[1.

'?.,-i. -~ . 1 - 2 i~ ( • . 1 •. I I I , .'-',

··- .u.. --... iT J&f/ :

I I

The following fo~eign derivative

endings indicste that the noun is

neuter:

-ett(Ballett but der Kadett), -in

(Benzin, Nikotin), -(i)um, (Datum),

-ma(Plasma), -ment (Argument).

All the nouns are written capital in

German, irrespective ef their position

of occurence, which also serves as a

signal for the translator while

decoding.

The change in gender associates different

meaning e.g. das Gehalt, der Gehalt;

der See, die See.

The Article.

The articles, definite and indefinite,

have function to denote the gender, number

CP.Se and function of the noun they

accompany.

192

There is no distinction made as capital

or small letters in Mara thi a.s such there

is no question of writting a noun capital

or even the beginning of a new sentence

or line of poetry.

.Marathi:

The~ are no corresponding articles in

Marathi, however there is a device-to use

the demonstrative this, that i.ecfr-1 cfl.~ as de~inite articles and number one i.e.

qq; is used as indefinite article which

has the same anology in German i.e. it is

The definite article (declension)

mask. fem.

Singular

Nom der die

Gen. des-(e)s der

D,~t. dem der

Ace. den die

Indefinite Article

m. f.

Nom. ein eine

Gen. eines-~s einer

Dat. einem einer

Ace. einen eine

neut. Fl. for all Genders

Plural

das die

des-(e)s der

dem den

das die

n. Pl.

ein

einem

ein

There are nouns which form no plural,

some are used in plural form alone e.g.

e Welt, e. Aktien respectively,.

The nouns are declined in three

groups a) strong b) weak (e.g. der

Mensch) and c) mixed (e.g. der Bee.) 193

de roved flbm ' e j_ns ' i.e • one

There is no exact equivalent of kein in

Marathi, however the translation is

possible by using other possibilities

Er hat k eine Tochter: c2:fTCJf (c;[Cf1?[)~~cr-nF kein mensch tut so etwas.3-R=f ~~-~ o-nfr

This means the translation of kein

is not possible at word level, but at phrase

or sentence level.

Cases

m. f. n.

Nom. der Mann die Frau das Kind

Gen. des Mannes der Frau des Kindes

Dat. dem Mann der Frau dem Kind

Ace. den Mann die Frau das Kind

The nominative is exclusively used for

subjects and complements of verbs. The

Pl.

die Kinder

der Kinder

den Kind ern

die Kinder

genitive is used to show possession It is interesting to note thnt the subject

and dative for indirect objects refering

to persons and accusative for direct

objects referring to things, however,

there are some exveptions also e.g. sie

liebt den Mann (Direct object). In addition

to these basic functions of the cases, they

are employed after prepositions. The

function or the case is indicated by the

form of the article/adjectives etc. in

German and are prenuclear in position whereas

the caseendings are attached to nouns them-

selves and are postnuclear in Marathi.

in Maratbi sentences is in the nominative

case in present and future tense and their

forms, but it is in the ~~tinstru­

mental ) in the past and past perfect

ffi \.17/ 1 R f€ ;(, J c~ 1.{51 ,-B-ft~ 31-q-.

Adjectivo.s

The adjPctives can occur in an expression

in thr~e fold manner in German. a) Pr~dicate

adjective: Der Student ist fleiBig. b)

attributive adjective: Der fleiBige student

arbeitet zehn Stunden pro Tag. c) adverb:

Der Student arbeitet fleiBig. There is no

difference between the predicate adjective

and adverb in German and as such important

for the translator. The adjectives are

declined in German i.e. they must agree in

number, gender and case. However the end­

ings of attributive adjectives when used with

articles, or demonstrative pronouns, posses­

sive pronouns etc. have no value for the

translator when Gerrran is the SL. However,

they are important whe.n German is the Target

langunge. Attributive adjectives used without

articles carry ease, number and gender indi­

cators, and h~nce help in the translation

process in decoding a German text.

In German, comparative and superlative

forms er, (e)st can be added to the

adjectives and then declined if required

depending on their use. The a, o, u and

their dypthongs except au are modified.

The superlative is used in the form of

am besten, am langsten in predicate.

There are also exceptions like gut,

besser, am besten. The adjectives can be

used 8S such as nouns e.g. der Alte, die

Alte, der Dicke, das ~este.

Other syntactic possibilities of indicating

degrees:

The comparative and superlative endings of

Cl\ and c-n-r are used in Marathi. Besides

this the:re are other possibilities

~' ~ sf!:r-fr, ~- ~~iT Cl?J11 , ~~~ s-11<-ti' ~ s-fT.fH/ 3-t~""i- q,~~ or'+}·

In Marathi also this kind of noun formation

is possible e. g. tTI mct~T r-tST- J"~t-iil~ / M'r 4~7, I

"~=rc:Rrr -vrr.JT(?.;-r "3-n~ ~"'Tf~ r ~It. I

a) zu, allzu ·+ positiv .),._~-

Sie war allzu schon: c-fr '31-sti\~ tj"4.~· c 1 c-11.

b) comparative+original

c) ueber + adjektive

d) mehr als + positiv

e) So+positive+wie(als) m o glich:

Der ist kluger als klug: cTI-· ,S~tl>(ft:f ,~ '31W-iiberreif, ubereifrig, '3-1rHQ'*l, 31~-~an,~~6{~ ubervoll, iiberwacb: ~'IT~ 01, 3~~~r~.

Er ist mehr als durchtrieben: H~~;..:f\·2t~s-fR~1 cg-~T(~IlfU!l) 51~· So groB wie moglich! ~-c;;-r tr:r., ,Q T~ M' A-- t:r<;;~ t" -iT~

moglichst+positiv or its:moglichst groB: ~ !q:JT Rr ( ~q~ )_ 3"iT ... ~--fr.ctfi-M" Si"RIT c 3~) compound GroBtmoglich:

:moglichst bald~ wenn moglich

:wo moglich nacb 1toglich Kci t·

19G ~ct-~ Mcr4T ( ~ I~R"i ) C -Tc{%={" RTGt5\ 3-Ri-~ ~ ~or-Jf' ;T:n- c rn ~ \ ~Fc~R"

f) Immer + comparative : Immer enger ziehen sich die Lebenskreise(Th. Fontane) ~ 9~ ~-q- ~c=r ~c£1-.

positive + comparative:und ihr Hals wird lang und Uinger. fFi~· J..fG.i cii<i'f:er Jra-~L compa.rative+c.omparative: Sie 11urde scboner und s choner, je nahcr man vor ihr stand

(Wieland) g:p:r·~~ TH~ Ts1~- siT~ ~1-Hi!/iT tft· '3-=fpo~r.b-e.J -@ l{.( r~-.J.ltf .?rr~:

g) mebr und mebr + positive: Die Sache wird mehr und mehr bedenklich , , r=n~ 4T~ ?rn~ <t;n~q,- ern~ <01) cf!Fr ilc~T.

b) maBig or ziemlich + positive:

Er ist maBig groB, ziemlich reich: C'f)- Jl't2:f}f :5;-.£,-:ar ~ ~ , rl!- 67--~-it~~- .. ,~~~q-R e-:r '111T)-.

' \ ~ i i) double negation Es is t nicbt unmoglich: N ~lcf.i.f '3--iT ~ "3-f~-\. o-1T6 I~

ein 8 chwerverstandlicher Text ..[-TJ{5Jo2{\~ siT"~-fr of3-£-)-or .:rrq.

ein noch schv~rer verstandlicher Text '? ·r~~"""· _. :J"" .-.r:- .J.'I ur ;:rr u-.[-1 J.(si 02{1 :&1 :::<1 ""'\ - b '- I'"\ '-'D 6 ~ \

der am schwersten verstandliche Text .[JJ-r sl IS~ 1-,g -.Hc.J:\(J $11-;::~ / 3-r-RT4;n q ofJi1 v ,--- ST q ·.

Following division of Pronouns exists in German

· 1. Personal-pronomen ( ~~L'-1~1-v{Ch -.A~dn~ 1

2. Fossessiv.pronomen ( ..__L<.fiiR(ClC-f~Ch ~\.':;.::rr"R 1

( . c__ ,,_,S;'- --~ )

3. Demons tra ti v -pronomen q~ (l1-) "':--n<rt 1

(- ri.-: .4 t:j-- o.R~'I ~ ) 4. Relativ- pronomen '«c.., .__.,

5. Interrogativ ~ronomen ( .>-T~Lq:; ..!=f£ .. ~ I 6. Reflexi,._ pronomen ( 3--tl()=·fc:H~ch .JTclC;J-1~ 1

197

.-B~:r Q-Of. J.TI-

?tf. Of • 311~(" (!_·or. 3.f.Cf. ~DI

-z{.

t'5l I•

1. Das Personalpronomen. )1.g. (\,·of

;;f. Jft

R· ,~. CJ .or. o ·ti'. u. q-.

1 •. Ferson 2 Person ~ Person fi N

Sing. Nom. ich du er Sie es

Gen. meiner deiner seiner ihrer

Dat. mir dir ihm ibr ibm

Akk. mich dich ibn sie es

Pl. Nom. wir ihr sie

Gen. unser euer ihrer

Dat. uns euch ihnen

Akk. uns euch sie

cr. JfJ,Hl,·, Jrsrm -a. RMT', J-T:510T

q. Iffr~.., seiner "'

lSI. JTTW

)!f. '-.

3-T a-·T oh 51 . '?y-f\~-~~~-

<:1-· 3-rr~i\,31,:r~f3_lf ""l:-1-; 31 ~ '-1:1, '3-it"F~Tr-ol

ti-· '61 T fH£:-rf

Uf 3-tT>f-i7T

~- ~JT~irr

cr d, ~' ~-~~. 31WI,311 \_\,umS) I

I I [fiT; ~(.l;j vmt31K\VTITJ,f)

~6:_~( 3{fC{1.!~-t

tj~Ef-l{ g"Jlrr.J;

t~1-170

G[Ji-c:{T

rjJ~TF(

3-1\C{(d/

'"3-rf C\U 1\rf

o"":::f .•

3-tiTfur , u

?rlt'"C\\J~3-!IU:VYRili

~{Uut·l~~~ ~UTY~i

3-rlyi!JT

,, I I I I i

I

·I Note: 'du' form is used in G~rman for addressing The u.se of ft. is not identical with

all the members of the family, relatives,

friends, youn9People, grown-ups to children,

funeral oration, religious bodies (personel)

r r' 6:>rrq;r

~~·'-tf;· . ( . . ~0 10·''1 .....

)-.()"1 ("OT-

198

that of German in all the respects.

Seniors use this form of address to

juniors, husband to wife but not vice-

versa. Elderly persons are never

addressed by ~ in Marathi. God

is addressed by this singular form

very often.

'wir' is used sometimes to show majesticity

in singular and modesty in plural in G~rma-n,

and also can be used for single person.

The polite form 'Sie' can be used in singular

and plural as well in German.

In German there are many verbs Jich can be

used reflexively.

The possessive pronouns are derived from the

personal pronouns and are declined in all the

four cases.

199

'31rJfr is also sometimes used in highflown langu­

age to denote social status of the speaker and

is also used like German usage.

Ho~.rever, in Marathi twq'polite forms viz.~Jir

(ihr) and "3-ti\J.-DT (Sie) are used to denote polite.

ness to the addresse~nd there is a difference

of degree in politeness, the former is less and

the latter is extremely polite.

In f'larathi also the reflexive can be used by

using forms like ~e-r: 1

"""3-(fl:\:vl etc. But its

use is not like German where it can also be

used as an alternative to passive construction.

So also possessive pronouns are derived from

their respective pronouns and have declension

in all the seven cases. The declension of

possessive pronoun will be as follows in

:Marathi:

The declension of possessive pronoun is as

under: m f n r1.

N mein Freund meine Schwester mein Buch meine Bucher

G meines Freundes meiner Schwester m:: ines Buches meiner Bucher

D meinem Freund meiner Scbwester meinem Buch meinen Buchern

A meinen Freund meine Schwester mein Buch meine Bucher

1. Nominative _5i'Z..frr\-

2. Accusative fc;~-B~ ~,-

Instrumental cJc{\~\

4. Dative ~~f3{f

5. Ablative q~

rn-~ ~cc.i~l.{~ ~T?~2..iT­

.~.j:.'l~~ Jil'{--lff

5C13l.{\ ~ <11

6. Genitive ~ 'ffr-

J11 ~~ ~JTiTI/ FfR:.){j .~-~ H ~~~I <~ \. ~-~_:-'--zf'l 1 -4 · -ztl, -a- f~~ \~l,"t... :j t0 I""{\ ,

·7. Locative -.T-Tctfm

8. Vocative

~~~~- J1T.P~~~fn H~F-,· &1\.~l l]:c~ "'.l.t 1 r1 ,~ :J:fl'Cf. ~c.fl ff

200

m~~{-i

~-;J~.-f)-

J1l~~·iJ --.. Ll..'---.::~ C-:\1"1)

.).{1~-:.ul

tt.;J\~oi ffi{.--4\ ~c-:f\~1

r"'TE.~\

:n/f~(_~

XIS:.~-• !"

<Jl;;;;!(li'fl'

,Hf~.ii\

':Ji?~ ~

~>1{1~"1

h~ ~

~~~~\

cr:::rn.~r

:f'77~

mein Betrieb may mean either it is my own

or I work in it.

.The demonstrative pronouns are (only masc.

forms are given here): der, dieser, jener,

derjenige, selbst, selber, der-selbe, solcber

der, diP., das are used as relative pronouns

in clauses.

There are two catee:orir-:ations of adjectives in

Gerrr.an viz. an attributive adjective and

predicate adjective. The former accompanies

the noun either as pre-nuclear or post-nuclear

specification lbf noun andthe latter comes only

201

But in l'larathi.' the sing. plural

dichotomy would bring _out the

difference: JTr41- q~~:Z\-/ J-fl~T chio.(;;ro{lcT(1

i.e. I am the{owner whereas·~ rw'bi- ~~~-:?...~lf

'31\H'?:.t!. cf)R.r-cft;n"would suggest, place where

I only work. This ho~1ever is not always

true e.g. mein Zug=RT~-~3fT~-h} 31Pc.:~-n~l

or simply .}1'~~- because we know the

raih.ray is a national organisation but

this only means that the train by which

I am travelling/going to travel.

The Marathi demonstrative pronouns are t-:-n, ~~,AI ,sll, <><':C-ii:T: .~~,, -Ft~~·, ~r (~C{"""chi!

- c.l G

In Uaratbi their equivalents are -<1~-'tfciTC:f%:

sft r _.A:'; -, -~ ( ~~ ?lf:, ~~~)

The similar categorization of adjectives

is observed in Marathi. The attributive

adjectives are ·inflected and the predicate

adjectives are not except they also

indicate the gender of the noun they

after the verb and therefore remains uninflected.

In addition to this it is worth noting that an

adjective can modify an adverb or another adjective

also. TherP- is no apparent diffsrence between

adjective and ad\,:erb in German. There exists

an alternAtive to genitive specification. By

employing a preposition 'von' in GP.rman as in:

der Ankauf von Kleidern

The genetive possessive equivalent to an

adjective can also be realized by using

prepositions e.e;. Die f'Iuseen in t1Unchen; die

BrDcken uber den Rhejn, die Keller im Hause

etc. D~eree: das Buch der Bucher, das Fest

der Feste.

Noun attribute with prepositions e.g. meine

Freude, uber den Sieg; mein Beitrag zur

Unterhaltung;

Die Luftangriffe auf Kassel waren besonders

schwer.

202

quali~y. It is further observed

that there is no post-nuclear

specification by adjectives in Marathi,

even the genetive specification is

placed before the noun e.g. Dies ist

dep Hut meines vaters tfm~i ~r?c~i,~ ~c:- ( ~ fl ) '3-\1~ .

Bo\-Iever, there isfno alternate syntactic

method to avoid genetive construction

and 'von' will be translated by pure

genetive case alone. All adjectives

are uninflected except those ending

in 3T\ e. g. 3-f-Hr. ~t1-c;fJI·, c-1~1 ~ fficr2f_;r: s~Y, TrlMil, a;.,qf, f~~c-~c:t:JT. There is possibility of using

prepositions to bring about the effect

of genitive e. g. 0~rrf!M ffc.jO~ ~c~;~r"cfrc~ C\~r1-1~ 1 c:;~, -Ffrr~· gy.;-, ~~T~\-. etc. resp. also degree: ~-mct?·, r:ttG:r ---tT::>u~ · 3~:(=(q;, -fDJTrmr~r .;rrt)j

Nominal attribute with prepositions e.g.

fq:~m6f~CJ;-q 1 J-·il~~~3--fla=f~, ~~=n~i5f!Ff';o;- m@ ~j~ ~~·Tr4R:r ~aT~>~)- rb1~\t<;fn: if(cjf·itir.

Re l-9. ti vpronomen

Nom. der die ·das

Gen. des sen der~n des sen

Dat. dem der dem

Ace. den die das

Fragepronomen

Nom. wer? was?

Gen. wessen?

Dat. wem?

Ace. wen? was?

die

deren.

denen s.!f~T -~cJT I

die

:?03

0

'{T.

rq. .fi·

srrr<t;;:-r ()

"Cj". lSi. s-4htl'' -R . sY.f' t=r

~~~~~~-"'~-

q. ,sl{i~,~­

.s,. ,5"2{,1-'d I'

Q~'rii -c-t "'I c:f)l0T

'i)TuiT ~ru11.~\\ ( ~-~ 1 ' ~un:R' ~ 011 r6T

I

~ ~(Jn.T:n

~oT\t{ --...

-2,.:r;\ 4~ict <:..\ jl .>r. . e>i~l \Jr c-2· ~~.~·cr'i!DTl~l

~ • I

0S i D'J R.:.f1

cii1 u1T(6T

cf)ftYJT~(

~I OllT:(l'

~itffitf

Relative Pronouns -<-nTr.

',...-.. ..ffi, '

~~. &tw,m-m-. C" A1 ::.f=r r-f-1 cd_T.

I

sfl~ .. :~r r~·.:r{ ~-

('· if\~(-

_s· .. '?.jf

c~rT~11-R~1-(-. '

~._~T e;:F' t\,ClrtilTI

. ~Ti

i1-~1~~f«~­~fl~~T,5lJt-tb"J.

Interrogative Fronouns.

~PT

cf~rB--: ~~~~rt (,ct:J!.MJ:TI)

4:>~ I l-et c:1;'~11<d I , r

c>l->1~ ll6,..."'

. ch!z 11 'C.{ T e>hcDrn

d)0:f

""hA.. I I ~T, dj 4: 11kF1 . . o~TR-f, cf:J~iT~-,,vfJ~Tt~l

,~-.c_,_~ 116,:.-T

c{:}~ 1 tul ch'411C4'

Demonstrstivpronomen

Nom. dieser Mann

Gen,. dieses Mannes

Dat. dies em I1ann

Ace. dies en I1ann

-a. ~ kCf ~:I! i ("'- ~'!lc::-rc;;, f I '

.ll.\~1, ·='TH-\ I ,~-ir::jT

~ ' (~lil E.:•·r, ~-f«~ ,f I .lDt,-1"

w. AI~ I, xt··f"<-{T

.f-A, • ~dl-c:r ; ..rr; -rr Reflexivpronomen

diese Frau

dieser Frau

dieser Frau

diese Frau

"(_t>",jf.

tT ~'ii 1 ) ~ (:\ I ~ fi: '>! (:\;i"

~~~, ~-'CIT, ~}1 c~T I ("

/r.R, (_?i::J,T, ~~~r;:J;-~-r . . ~rr~T,~1c4Y ~ft €:~ ,f€ r,-1 I ~Jr<!_~ I~r, s_ <i, ~r, 4~ ~""«"~ .. Q =t::tl" I ~~~ t!Jn- -f:·-c: , ~(-/

dieses

dieses

dies em

dieses

Kind diese Kinder

Kindes dies•3r Kinder

Kind dies en Kindern

Kind diese Xinder.

Demonstrative Ironouns "-._~· ~-

~. "3--{.;fi:'h~~<::;=t

4hfr

0

(JT~,-

ft o:n 4,!-:..R J-ttJ:1~\ 6-ir.ffi·

I

.z\ t .fi , ..!:i:T~fy 0')' f.C~ ·, 't:f L\. ~ ~ ~ r, · cr. -c:r '· ~T&.z;;nr -;.;-. c.f.

. '-

~~[\~-( '-\l"i:rl(" .L(ffml ,(2;j;1J I - I ' I....__ I

.Lj~ 8 I ..!:Ti(..t, ,-·, .1!i ~i:;f ,4.f<11T

\._.-

_>{1-{ToT. Sf:i7TV1-

. . . ..t{l£1

1 ~~1-;T~ri, ~-ls\l.._•--f, !:1\,.:._-;f

. . P-1-r.:c::u·, -<=f1~r

,:iZ:fi-c:=~ , .r/, c1 Reflexive Fronoun

"- "· Nom. ich du (er,es,sie) wir ihr Sie sie

Q0>cf --c.-~..--T c;:r '?,.--f;r'F4--iZ:.r-.::< ;;:r --H1 ~.rei:..::":\

311 • .Z---oi r--< : Dat. mir dir sich uns euch sich

Ace. mich dich sich uns euch sich

204

rJ. ...s~ M";, -<--ir-r: 41~-­~J. ~J n-; <--I , -<--c:rn: ~-

0 -q. .)=c{ ,. t: <f..--;...r·· ..,

./-cf'Ff: :.~ 1

._f"{.

In German 'wer' and 'was' are generalizing

relative pronouns e.g. '...Jer wagt, gel-vinnt. Was

du sagst, stimmt nicht.

The quantifiers (i.e. quantifying pronouns) are

all, jeder, jedermann, jedweder, jeglicber,

samtlicher, kein, nichts, niemand, ander, beide,

einer, einige, etliche, etwas.

205

c~rur a- cfJIL! are the e qui val en ts in die tionary

meaning but cannot perform the functions

<:-1s their counterparts in German e. g. ~-rl'!..til@f Cf)~~ AI m~rir; c=[ §r c~p;~;~, i1 ~T.J:r~· ~. \olhile framing questions the similar dis-

tinction is made in both the lansuages e.g.

Her = ~1 or refering to

persons and things respectively.

In Marathi they are:

'- " ' ~q, .STc=rt-'11-, .JTc-T!.:or~.s1ur We will have to

select depending on their use. der andere=

' ..( ( e in paar= .5ilsl' ~{l; ,-'

etliche= o~,--";i*i·

jemand= .q:;1o1r • d \ ri. ~ • '· ,..... n n1eman = cr,·ilTI1'"1 1~ 1 kel.n= cif?HY/To-n~J man= JT;-J~-{·

~

Hi?X<><'_-{,.'?·{\Ulif mancher= ~ <>iT ~T I &f~-'-it-.:( c.m~r)

mehrere= d'f-:c . .r, ~cr nichts=0~·c) o-tl~i------ _ _ .Cr~J~T<.f.crt-.Ri.;)! _ '~-- -, ,

c{)-<llc1,cb~flct-< . samtll.ch=-<4.>t~ .__,,\~ii<'l.fi.;T I

viel= ~lf, :J~a; wenig= ~:~JctJ--Ri-welches= ('

ci)1{!f.

An adverb can describe the action of the

sentence in detail or it can also qualify

an attributive adjective a noun or an

adjP.ctive e.g. das Bucb dort, ein besonders

schones Buch, Dein Bruder kommt sehr oft.

a) adver.bs of place are gPnerally enquired

about by wo? wohin? woher? But the

answer to the last two is combined with

bin or her.

b) Adverb of time in German are answer to

',.!ann? 'vlie lange? (seit wann) Bis wann?

wie oft?

c) Adverb of Modality

i) Manner and quality: question by 'how

does it happen? e.g. gern, kopfuber,

umsonst etc. 206.

An adverb i.e. f~~l ~~fe'il OT has functions

as detailed in its German counter-part but

it will often come as pre-nuclear specifi-

cation. e. g. . ~ ~~~r~-$-kt~, f!.~ r~]-GJ··rxc:n~- i.f~-r <-'if-li-1'1 ,

0 ' ' ~~~( J-n3:., on .rar~ -1TH"r·.

In :t1arathi the first two can be translated ~ \ by only one and the last one by Ci116 ";r 4Jg:;('

However, there is no practive of adding

equivalent of bin and her to the adverbs of

place in Marathi i.e. the direction of

action hns no relevance in Marathi construe-

tions.

The adverb of time in Marathi can be an

ansv;er to questions with

c:k;~ ~· ~ r~c:R- ,}06· ~ o~a~rcn=?--1..-J 9 ~-;.:./( LP-l._ri_ ? I c>._ '

r[~· ci) '?T :

' ·' ~' These r11.ay be translated as "'-3--t!Cffi''-'-r (-<-'!~~~-)

--<.C1Tc~-1 ,?r~~ of.< . . i:cTXf, q-.;cf!cT Cl~\-.r- ' ~ 4cl.!.~•vr, ~<f<!)fi..J~if.ri, -~-Rob o,~)

ii) Number, measure, quantity: etwas, mehr

genug etc.

iii) Degree, intensity: so, gar, sehr, zu etc.

'207

Their equivalents would be

'h#!(dl),S(T{i,->fmr/ p ~{-

They ,,rill be represented by

~~~ 3-f:5t/i'~ I ~I ~ qsrt.

Adverbs

Adverbs have function of indicating the

place, time, manner, number of action,

about; vrhich they give more information.

'rhes e i-Iords are uninflected like conjunctions

but in Jliarathi they may take case endings

and in German they can follow prepositions

e.g. von dort =~ in der Nacht

~~~.They can also I

qualify as adjective

e.g. sehr weis, sehr schnell, wenig leise=

~ ~~~lOIJ, 3-ffrr s1r~~~, $1"<r ~ opr.}--The adverbs in Marathi can be divided into

two classes depending on their form and

meaninG• The adverbs recognizable from th~ir

form can be divided into three subclasses

viz. original, derived and local adverbs i8e. ,.o,._ <' " ~ I -<-1 t4 .(-fiT'UC:f 3-frfUT" ~I\~ '"h

( . .

Rf~ !~(original) e.fS. ~ leise, . 00..

c.~4i'{·. schnell, friib, g;f: wieder etc.

@~(fl~.fot. (derived) are:

208

a) from Nouns! ,A4\\obc~J fur Morgen, ol"fl4fi~l-:.

Fersonlich~aturlich etc.

b) from Pronouns: ~~ irgendwie,~~

darum., etc.

c) from adjectives: {4~14~ besonders ,~~~

laut, 5ct51lti~ stillscbweigend etc.

d) from verbs: ""Z.-IIc.3r1lcr1l .$11Cii-1T wabrend des I

Ge.hens ,~~~liegend, etc. '

e) from conjunctions: 3-1lc1f4ic1, bisjetzt,~.(rf wovon, .(ct lc~ -1 von unten etc.

6'.

f) from compounds: .>rf-r ~--0;- jede Minute,~

taglich JIH~'h liebevoll etc.

g) ..)...UT]:i~ ~(special) a) cfr-q,-nr .HIT-fi-~~ ~ q;7f c4\ 4:5TS q 1--z..{ rt"-1 ?

Here ~ and c:prs nouns are used as

adverbs and have no parallel use in German.

209

b) from adjectives:~ _,rfir,- gut singen,

~ 4; t~J, siiB sprechen etc.

c) from present participles:

~ ~~M ~~. Sie spricbt lachelnd,

r~~~·r J:{'(;f4,{.,.1 Q""IT. versuchen Sie von

neuem! (nocbmals)

d) from prepositions:

c~ ~r1 c{~ ~ Er bob seine Hand hoch.

The Adverbs can be formed in l'-1ara tbi in the

follotving manner. Their equivalents are given

in German \fhicb itself explains the position

and the appropriate word-building strategy in

German:

Wissenschaftlich geseben, angesichts der

Geschichte, in Anbetracht von, im Hinblick auf,

mit Rucksicht auf ::."\

gemaB, nach gebrauch, wissenschaftlich etc • .[!~,: (~14)~ ~I ~ II:P~ i( Clfi. I

Voll: liebevoll, gesetzmaBig etc.

absichtlich

~~ AI!'Hs:4'~·

'j'l~ ~~: ~ -<

den Umstanden gemaB. O(kllr!. · ,.)OI'ff,(c:ll~llr[

gemaB, zufolge, nach, laut: nach Lage der ~·~(lo{ ·. ,...q~-?llj-Hio{ 1 o6tc11j~l'<

Dinge, mit Zeit,

qualitotsgemaB, ahnlicb, nach etc. ~ :

zufolr,e der Umstande. 3 41"11 ·

Von persanlichen Zugen rl-;

einmal ~

vielleicht, Doppel-e. Zweitracht, der Reihe ~

nach, reihenweise, wortlich,zusammen, ~;

irgendwo ~

Sonst, ·~

wie zuvor ~

gar nicht ~ ,...__

vielleicbt, einwenig, selten. \~c1

lacbelnd, unwissentlich, im Gehen, ff,cil

im Rommen, beim Tun, beim Sprecben. c-rr;IT ·

im Stehen, s tebend, s i tzend, indem er saB etc. ( .. .J.ilf-2(1.'

v;rendend, nach wenden, von hint-en, aus Ferne. ~ : j

210

. \

...4 :tj.,) 19 \ 1..-\ IT1

.,l-q <" 4 c1·:

l!..~{r

6\Jsqr, ~

7bJ.t~l: I ~c4 ~\!

~ <>i-'l~r, 3-1;:J:l ?i

3-1""4 2:\ j'

~, ~cf4r( . ,...., --

4~d)'""',)..t,.:,..l.,-?--; onls , R r ~

on41i"Q~, ~~~ i"i_, cf4 ,:z.d_ · - . t .Rrl, <rfcf?o(;; t·f , siTCiT

~ '\ . ......_~ ~-t"fl 4)'<_ tOft rf j t:Yj I C·H-1\ C"\ \ , '

3 6 1....U i 6f..C-f c~~n I

,4; i"' '1 cRt o5.J. rf- 4 ::{"'rf I f "'-.

von heute an, Rb heute, von " f aU ang an.

bis dahin, bis bier,

bis Morgen, wieweit

a1s daB

einerseits ••••••• andererseits.

~..Jenn •••• - r • daiin

in a1ten Ze1' ....... · h 'J'='n, rlngs erum,

hierher, jenseits.

Vor der Seite, von jenseits der

bis bier, jetz, so 1;:Jnfe

irgendwie

einmal, vie1ma1

einmal, zweimal

I" l1W' . :,..nff . s~\ ~ •. cG{\ ~<:itT i ~ .ff}(\q(11

4; 4ff' : .fd,4cJJ"t). c{;Sr( ~. r';l&q_;r, ~~

"'I (

cr.< ~GK" s1~ot-:( I

~4:.~"'"1 t!._<>'h ~ 1", 3 ~" ~ I

ein bischen, vor kurzem.ein we · ~ ~ " nl.g. &,<11, o(-1

Schne 11, plO' tz1ich, auf einmal

F1otz1ich, auf einmal

oben, unten

heute

3fT ~

ohT 4;;f , I

)~~Tl

211

'3-{IS1 c~ I

bis jetzt

• p ~ ~- • t J u8 ; lllU ,e, jeden •rag, tiislicb

z·11eifellos

bis Tod, sterbenlan~,

Tap; u. Nacht,

stadt zu Stadt.

zu Haus.

taglich

von

von Haus

jeden Tag, jede Zeit

einwandfrei, obne f'ebler,

unentdeckbar, unbedenklich,

unverzuglicb, bedenkenlos,

abwesend

gesetzmaBig, nach

einfacb, scblicht, flach, eben,

glatt etc.

)k

61o[

~ ~~

212

Q~lrfl

• ,_.q"~"1f\ I >1 k1 ~

. " r(t?l 14C(.g­

. ~ "~i,.) TiC(

(. i""·kx)

(.ih~i){)

~I{ 4~.(,S1 ~ r--!nl n , R"t:f31

~~~{ctrt' 1~-1 iJ..~

• ~}jl(l);q ~..fl"h ~ I

~~~ . ~-<sj'R ~

I~ :rct I ,:;"ff

iv) Modality of expression: vielleicht,

moslicherwise, wohl etc.

d) Adverb of reason: v.jgrum? 'l'ieshalb?

Wozu? Wodurcb? Woriiber? etc.

D "').. '>, In Marathi we prefer oh\41)1;('!_ , ~~~ f1,, <Pf,Sr1"J; etc.

In Marathi questions with.:if!~JR1tD ?Dfi4JJ!P141~/II{-(? etc. will sive adverb of reason. The word

formation in such cases appears to be identical

in German-Marathi.

The adverbs can have comparative and superlative In Marathi also the degree of adverbs can be

forms on the analogy of adjectives e.g.

oft-ofter-am oftesten or can be enhanced

or reduced in intensity by using other

words like sehr, wenig etc.

Ich komme spatestens um 8 Uhr. Meistens

~eh~n wir um 10 Uhr zu Bett.

Prepositions: The function of a preposition

is to indicate relation between a noun or

pronoun and some other word. The most of

the German prepositions precede the noun

or pronoun they govern or some prepositions

like entlang, gegenliber, nach etc .. fol·lo\-r

a noun.

213

indicated by suffixing tiT and r:fJi to

the adverbs or can be strengthened or weakened

by usinc; etc.

m- ,-~fRirt 34lT-{\ '3{)6 oll>tt1l a-Rt. a:~~t{j s-tnfr {F 4\Jinl ~~cTr.

The function of prepositions

in Maratbi is the same BVMkRX as assigned to them

in German, hm'lever since there are more number of

cases in Marathi, most of them have to be ren­

dered by appropriate cases. The prepositions

come in a sentence only in the post-nuclear

positions/suffixes.

Das Bucb liegt auf dem Schrank, in

dem Schrank, unt~r dem Schrank.

durcb die Stadt laufen - preposition .;}le"l/;{ rf ~Tcr&t. the preposition bas changed into

die Stadt durcblaufen -prefix of a verb. RTl{" ~ tC.IlcJU'J. case ending here and comes after

A preposition establishes a relation

between a person or a thing and a

circumstance, then it follows an adverb

or adjective. e.g.

Er geht nach oben, Das reicht bis morgen.

The prepositions are used in German to

express time, place, modality and causal

relationships.,

214

the noun.

the meaning bas .entirely changed

and hence translated by adj./

adv. and a verb.

The same is the case in Marathi, however, cases

will also come to help. - I ("\ .:r-<rr \.....2L e.g. au.f etvms achten .. ch.t?Ji4j5 e-Ric"""' .sqo1. . -

bestehen auf ct;"!<?l\-c.tl c-1-:fr '3-11-;.li -<::..{o{J, · etc.

There is a firm bond between certain

verbs and certain prepositions which then

form a single segment and a translator

has to find equivalent of the entire seg-

ment.

German prepositions govern genetive, dative,

accusative and dative or accu-ative cases.

Er geht in das Zimmer.

Er arbeitet in dem Zimmer.

215

In the first expression German Accusative has

not changed in Marathi, however the accusative

in the second·expression has changed to genitive

in Marathi. Such changes are integral part in

the translation process due to different

segmentation.

This aspect of cases of prepositions ia irrele­

vant in translation from German into Marathi as

it has a limited role only in decoding the SL

text i.e. recognition of cases is most necessary,

whether it is dative or accusative bas no much

t "b t• . t 1 . " ~ " ~ con r1 u 1on 1n rans at1on. (1T~1d1C1 ~lrtt. and

c-t-~41cMC1 ~~~1 o~o-i11-t~-r!)I'his is so because

Marathi does not make a distinction between action

and no-action indicated by the verb. However, if

we have to translate from Marathi into German,

the above irrelevancies become very much relevant

without "~Hhich no correct translation can be

exeuuted.

In German it is possible to strengthen

the preposition by adverbs. e.g. eben

3Uf dem Berg, rin~s um die Stadt, quer

durch d:Js Feld. ·

Following the nouns: auf dem Berg, eben

aus dem Loch beraus, durch das Hohr

hindurch, von Kind an. etc.

Such grammatical devices to strengthen the

prepositions are rare in Mara thi: 2an:slct~ ~TRT-'

~but ~rtlfl1 (_~.>t011C{1) olR:i:SJ fn~ Following the nouns: « ~ }f'T~(«nh-),

1 I

~C"j\ .. ( 31'RQI"'{ I rJel<r~"{OIPH'Jj.,.{ cf~t:r.

Two prepositions: mit vor Zorn funkelnden

Augen.

!'. \ • (\

..(_I_S_II_,_rt_,_, ~~~011/:::Ji J5'Ja;lll£ibut this would not be Marathi

Conjunctions: Their function is to join

parts or sentences. Two main divisions:

eingliedrig: und, auch, denn, als etc.

mehrgliedrig: wowobl-als aucb, entweder -oder,

nicht nur-sondern auch.

Kinds of conjunctions

a) corulative: und, auch, wie, sowie,

auBerdem, etc.

21f)

' ~ ·'J., expression at all, hence .[PT 3-i\4>0tJ:::J:{I ..5)'oo41eo-t,,

.(1, ;~ c! ~~ CWl4; ... [r , ~ The conjunctiom in Maratbi also have the same

function of binding together words or sentences.

one v1ord conjunctions:~' ~Nt ~(q,"T.[VT) ¥ Clft-t". I .

many vro.t ... d conjunctions: ~ 3.1-n:?r- ~cit/ ~ ~qT Ff, {!52-c.f o-i* M-=f 1

(=r ~' ( ~cfu:\)

b) disjunctive: oder, entweder-oder, sonst,

andernfalls.

b) ~. t- fcbc(, A'-,~~, j'A~' (tr~1"1tt~rt) ... err, 3i~q1, 31~ ei}"(crr7)

. I

c) adversative: aber, allein, .iedoch, nur c) crcrr, {~), ~ 1~;:;,{\, « (tRT) 0(~.(-etc.

d) rlace: bier, da etc. frot:J.

e) time: glsicbzeitig, wahrend, indem etc.

i) Simultaneous: wabrcnd, indem, solange etc.

ii) V orz<:>itigkeit: nStchdem, als, wenn, sobald~tc.'li)"3-fi-ro{;c~l~d'Z, c1<5_.rlri-t, ~*'~···(~*'. iii) Nactzeitl·p·,k"'.;t·. b.;s bevor eb"' etc ,.,(r.:~c~) ~~ -'..L .... ' ' l~ • '-11~.

Ill) t.6fc:r, -· .. 3-f~ F) Modality:

i) ·er trat zurGck, indem er erbl8Bte.

i:i) compar·a~l···e·. so w1'n · 1 1 ~_, v - - " , ·,.; 1 e , a ~> , :,: s o ,

I) c.~~~~~~ ~'t:r 31~4"PrtRIT~.;t;q?(f~. ~b~nso ,ii) :it1'1,1- rrlC14Jf,.s17-f' ¢~. ctSt-:t

f,enauso: ili) proportionGl: urnso, d~sto

iv) restrictive: (in) sofern, (in)soweit

geschweige (denn)

obne daB sie es merkte

v) degree: ja, geradezu v) ~ trfC} lfT 217 ,

~) Cnusal: denn, namlich, ja, doch

i) consecutive: folglich, infolgedessen,

daber, daB, so daB.

. j i) purpose etc.: dazu, darum ••

Interjections are used to express sentim.•?.nts

etc. and therefore are important but not

very essential to study and compare in detail.

Word building: Methods used.

composition: das wilde Scbwein- das Wildscbwein

t-1utterspracbe, Kalbfleisch, Jung­

geselle,Kuhmilch, Milcbkuh/

a) determinative composition: The basic word

and determining word ce.n refer to adjective

.~ r \ " _: ·~ g)~~' ?U/Sf (~) 1 ~if-ll-i&/f2/~1 'hf 1 cf>r"hl

i)~, 3-fr{(!Cf, .J41~cf, ~t~rll, ~~~ cl.fW, M"Mtrl .::1;;1:(· ·

oh9- ~· . ii) (~1<:-1 1 fi I ~I~~ ~l~offq I .1V4;t~rl/, of;Rl!Tefi-,

~-67·~-:r- . 0ubo:rclinate Conjut\Qti~

.s-R"- ri-< I SRT- lf·<.l I ~fJTiT- rf~

sf~~, ..(1~~~~

.H I f2 >1t ~II, ofR1'21~ J.i-1-:R ,

Jtlf:J" ftr, ~~ ~rDt.

(Co nc1i tio n:-:11)

e.g. Edelmann, Vaterbaus, Dornbusch, Seebad, ~~~I'{ cf~i_i) tiT (k-rh- Jr 41'2'.[1 ~14, -H~-Julihitue, liebeskrank, Freudentrane. ief;...,l ... ~leilftllf ~d'f{~Jc!~, ~~u( 3rJlt!61~ ,!{~~~ Handtuch, Regenscbirm, handgemal t, (.{'7JIT~1, ~, ~,}:f!C).I, ~?I~, t:.~ .fsn~'i:r, himmelblau, Hundekalte etc.

The determinative word can refer to an

object or other part of speech: ruhmvoll,

gottergleich, Kriegsgefangen, schwimmSahig.

2) Possessive compositions: only one quality

of the person or thing is projected and

magnified also figuratively. They do not

refer to actual words used but to ::.ometbing

bP.yond them e. g. Dickkop~ S chafskopf,

Lowenzahn=dandelion 0Bot.), Faultier,

Spottvogel, eine Schlafmutze etc.

We do not find the same kind of composition

while finding the equivalents of the words to

the lect in Marathi

While translating compositions like langbein, They could be translated in Maratbi asc-3~<S~iflt, \J._ ~ :illiBitt ( I (

scbwarzkopf, Hotarmel, a translator will ' \vhen hey denote surnames or peculiar

have to be innovative: The adjectives turned qualities of persons or animals; fortunately

into nouns are barfuB, barhaupt, today such

possessive composita are formed by -ig.

and -er e.g. blauaugig, Doppeldecker etc.

219

these t..rords have equivalents in 31"1ctluTf and

~~resp. but the semantic associations will

be different, however by using them very often

their semantic field can be broadened which

'>~ill result in enriching the TL i.e. Marathi.

The corresponding possessive composita·with -ig

and er l'lill be ,;t-~ ~~,;., or jl1J1c'?t (41?).~

~~.

In Marathi also additions of words are fashion­

able e.c.4li~I:AI,..Il, 1~5fH?irf/ mft~ '31~4~s~ 06101 ui a.ff ~ " ~

(but not used extensively)~~ t!._~Ol"Rr "'"'~ ·

3) The copulative composita: i.e. additions

e.g. Strichrunkt, Hemdhose i.e. both;

taubstumm, SchwarzweiB, dreizehn, neun­

zehn etc. Gottmensch, Koniginmutter "{ct~I!U'8, ~Jc17(two different qualities use together

. 4) eclipsed composita are those whose origins

cannot easily be traced. e.g. Beispiel,

The translations woulctbe 341~~bf, ~ probably

not traceable to the basic word in Marathi.

Mitgift

In compositions like Sonnenstrahl etc. In f1a:ra thi either genitive is pre~ferred or

infix is required. words are formed without any infix. e.g.

The nouns are formed in German from verbs by

adding suffixes like-e, -ung, -nis,-ei (-erei),

el, -er, -ling, -sal, and -sel: in addition

to these foreign suffixes are also added e.g.

-ion, -ur, -age

The abstract nouns are derived from adj. or nouns

by adding suffixes like -e, nis, -ei (-erei),

-ling, -beit, -keit, -igkeit, -schaft, -tum;

foreign suffixes like -tat, -ismus, -asmus, -enz,

-al (ien) -ie. ···220

~

Tbe suffixes -er, -ler, -ner,-an~inc show

the agent profession of a person.

Diminutives ar~ form~d by -chen, -lein.

The adjectives can be derived from nouns,

verbs, adjectives and adverbs by adding the

following suffixes: -en(seiden), -ern

(halzern), -ig (haarig), -isch (kindisch),

-lich(koniglich), -sam (E' riedsam), -bar

(lieferbar), -haft (vorteilbaft), -haftig

(wabrhaftig) and foreign suffixes like:

praktikabel, nation~ hum~, kulturell etc.

VERB

Verbs can be derived from other verbs, noums,

pronouns, adjectives in G9rman. For this

purpose various prPfixes and s.uffixes are

employed. The verbs can be weak, strong

or mixed.

The adjectives have been translated by

equivalent adjectives in Maratbi. They are

respectively: ~niT, c~, ot~HC&, 41:t"h2: ,-.!IJII-QCi,

Q~ ~- 4,1 .ll~4rl~. (llAiq~) ,~-ci~'"!Gl{, ~..,: (' . ~ ~ Jic:tEilf, -<~~~~ • .Ht:tq,, .c-1'¥rcn c(.:>•-<.

VERB

Marathi verbs can also be formed from nouns,

adjectives, however it is our general observation

that mostly nominal constructions are used with

the basic verbs like:~, [itrr,~ J·iT{m-4tt-.

The stock of the basic pure verbs appears to

be limi tr_:;d in I'Iara thi and therefore by making

noun + basic verb construction, the same can be

2 21 E:nrichr;cl/ en.h'3.nced e.~· arbei ten= ~~

The followinG_suffixesfrom verbs Form no~ns,

3djectives ~.g. -eln (bettelnl, -ern (wiehern),

-i~en(reini~en), -sen (grinsen), -schen (feilschen),

-c~en (horchen), -zen (blitzen), -enzen (faulenzen),

-stern (f lustern), -ieren (addieren), -isieren

(pul ver.is ieren)

The verbal prefixed are be-, er-, ent-, ver,

zer-, which form many verbs and arF· still in

the open group and ~e- and miB- are two

prefixed which belong to the closed group and

tbere~ore do not generate new verbs any more

in German. The prefix be- appended to a verb

makes the new verb which will be transitive

i.e. it would not require any more prepositional

object e.g. an.tworten auf - beantworten. This

only a syntactic arrangement an~as no direct

bearinr- on the meaninf of the construction.

........ but no verb like ci)}SitJI in Maratbi,

betteln = ~ ~ wiehern =.iii-~.

reini:ggen= ~ ~~ grinsen=G·Ic11C1~1,

feilschen= ~14'<-1 ~ horchen= .,.,-;;r & ~ bli tzen= c:fu=r -eC>ic:tillT /O't}3J¢; faulenzen= ..-.. _ _c_ '\ _ ......... ':-.. Qu;JAuT :>. r;;r~~ a-a; <f~.su1 I flus tern= i'St~.s1o1

addieren= ~.$1 ~ pulverisieren=

414301\; fZ e~,<or ( tj?d T!, :.>

The classification of l'1arathi verbs can also

be done according to whether they require

object complement or not; as such there·are

univalent verbs like "3-t~ ~. ~&r etc.

'\'Thich exactly correspond in valenvy wi tb

German corresponding verbs; l-1m ~q,~-REkf o-nft. ~~ '-fl~ 31~. -~"'fmm ~ R;~. are verbs requiring dative objects and such

s~vntatic construction can be comparable to

German dative verbs like gefallen, belfen,

scbaden etc. There are bivalent verbs in

Marathi likeJr~~~ ~. ~ etc. The

next group l'iould be tba t of trivalent like

~' ,a:~,~'frr,~~. ~j~~~~,c:[R=T~.

The prefix !£- indicates setting in of

an action or the attainment of the purpose

e.g. erwachsen, erlernen etc. inchoative

and e~itten etc. resultative.

The prefix !E!- indicates opposition,

separation e.g. binden - entbinden,

separation: entfliehen; in e.g. ent­

zuenden, English de- e.g. entscheiden.

The meaning of the prefix ver- is mostly of

perfective kind e.g. verbreiten, verdienen

etc. The meaning can also be factiti~e often

with the comparative form of adjectives e.g

verschoen~rn, verbess~rn etc. It can even be

effective and ornative: e.~. verfilmen,

vergolden etc.

The Prefix zer- indicates separation and

in pie~es e.g. zerbrecben 9 (from brechen

verb), zerlocbern (from noun) and zerkleinern

requiring two objects; one referring to

persons and other to things (cases would be

~ and~ respectively)c;b~ir,.iiSt~ 3JIJ~fJ,- etc. are verbs making constructions

without subjects comparable to German impersonal

constructions with 'es'.

By adding trr we can derive verbs from nouns

e. g. Rat= 3 q~~ i rat en= 3U~~1Jy like

. 3-fj!TI{ -3-i~/ ~~,-~ q*}

From adjectives c~-c~ (lang-verlangern)

3-t~ _ 3-1T~)r (kurz-verkii rzern) from adverbs:

s-tc.q,rt- s--f<4,"1;/ c1"":lrt.z-c1o<Ci~)r etc. (blank-blanken) ~R{"- -lcvt=<:C( { b'r. . .

~--c.{610')"iQ4lt?t. causat1ve verbs: (s1.tzen-

s e t zen ) ~~ cS:i :(01 iiq cit , f.T~ -I~ 11 fc?t>'r . ...tf~ lib) 1 :.~+Ft<N I · (sich be~exn-bewegen); q;gq;~)l- q;S%!1~1: ,ITiJJ-=>\lGiC{Jh C{ ~ ~ C( I eH~ 1 • • \ ;c-.

' ( trinken-tranken) f2t-t.rr-4lSi I" . ~-C{13Vr

(fallen-fallen) some actions of this kind are 1...

translatable by using lassen sicb, lassen + inf.

constructions in German.·

(from Adj. and Adv.). Generally double . 223

The finite and infinite forms of verbs

do exist in both the languages, however,

the infinite forms are often inflected

in Marathi to denote gende.r.

As in German , Marathi also allows the past

passive participles to be used as nouns,

only difference being that the gender

will be suggested by the noun form and

not by its article, which does not exist

as such in Maratbi.

Infinite: Das kind ist erwacht: . ' ·r··, --...- ........,.__ _., ··- "'--·

C'-"; '') .5"1Pl ~-';{~

Sie kann klavier spielen: "' r, -~ -;r.:::,.,-

CIT i1~.L{\.,I\- ~i l.,!j1'1_ ~l·n£1.

Sie antwortete lachelnd: .-- \ - ,....__ :\ (rl ·;.-\·- ~· ·ht{ .~ rtfTc.~ .

No change in the present participle

and infinitive forms of verbs in

Marathi & German.

der, die, das Geschlafene, ~;ni.\~dT{c~~-(c't.

der Betrunkene, ,_il 1 ~); (1 1

di S hl f d -~ .~ ./\ -~~:J_ e c a en e- ~ 1 <..fUll-{ 1

1 '\!:1\'J, C.j <:.,1

pr~fixes can occur in the verb having

first prefix with be, ver e.g. beur­

lauben, beunruhjg en etc.

Double prefixes can also be seen in verbs

with prefixes e •S. anerkennen, einbeziehen

etc.

'Ehere are also foreign prefixes attached

to German verbs which themselves can be

traced back to foreign language e.g.

adoptieren, pradominieren etc.

The prefix ge- indicates union, multitude

but this is not always true e.g. gebaeren,

gelingen. The prefix miB- is used for

indicatinf some tting that is not right/

correct not proper e.g. MiBachten, miB­

denken etc.

225

In German there exists a possibility

to convert adjectives into nouns e.g.

der Alte, die Schone etc. The verbs

as such can be written capital to

convert them into nouns e.g. das

Sterben, etc. Fresent participle from

verb e.g. der Reisende etc. der

Allmaechtige.

Certain verbs require impersonal construction

with subject 'es' e.g. es regnet, es

blitzt, es hagelt etc.

It bas been claimed that there are only

three basic forms of German sentences

which can be traced back to traditional

grammar viz. depending on transitive, in-

226 ..:~ . .'

In f1arathi also this facility has been pro­

vided e.g. tbe corresponding nouns would be ~,...r...Dl- • (\

J:f(ffl-tl, ~~ etc. Likewise in !'Jarathi also

verbs as such can be used as nouns e.g.~

as in ~ 31140t~Ur ~~ Reisende=

)fe.t t:ot.fr der Allni~ htige= .R·t~J.lciti ~H

In rrarathi such corresponding impersonal

constructions are not possible e.g.~

~,Jrsr~'*"'~, JTRT 4$cflgtv. Some times the

impersonal 'es' is equivalent to {("'h({ 1•

in t1aratbi e.g. Es ging ein Jager jagen~{i

~ I~ l~i:fil:fi<[:'{ ~ ist notig fur kinder, . 1' __ \_ - ~ ("' ~ ~

scbule zu besuchen=~dicrfl ~~S11 1 ~.nl~.

No translation equivalent ·-(}.f 'es' in

.f'Iarathi.

In Maratbi also the principle of valenvy

can be applied and the similar results are

obtained because Marathi also has/ or can

be subjected to verb categorization on the

transitive type of ca t8gorizat;ion of

Gerl'lan verbs. By using the method of

strikinf out the complementary infor-

mation units we can arrive at the Kernel

basis of tmivalent, bivalent and multi valent

verbs. The Kernel for~can be arrived at

by eliminating the complementary information

-rrrk-r ~ " . ). ft

form of sent~nces which would leave only

e.c;. 3-1'/' O'f'J'f" 3dl"f (3idnli1 t'hql ~lrlZbl

~~3-i~ ~ cn\.)r:&f. .

essential information e.e;. Dieftv;:;en

bluhen in unE:erem Garten or Der Bauer

pfltigt in der Fruhe seinen Acker.

In the modern linguistic approach the

cate~orization is done on the basis of

valency of a verb i.e. univalent, bivalent

or multi-valent verbs. In the same fashion

we can reduce elliptical senterc e to its

natural kernel form by using the above

method although mentally; hence there would

be three types of basic sentencial forms viz.

1. die erganzungslosen Satze. 2. 3:atze mit einer eingleidrigen Erganzung 3. Satze mit einer mehrgliedri~en Erganzung.

Am Samstagmorgen - vier und zwanzig Stunden vor

dem Bohepunkt der aufregendsten abenteuerlichsten

und phantastischsten Fahrt, die je ein Seemann

22'7'

\..Je can note here that the building blocks

of the Harathi sentence have different order

of occurrence.

mitgemacbt bat - (fuhren 116 Menscben) in

ungefahr.400 FuB Tiefe mit tiber 20 Knoten

Geschwindigkeit (auf Kurs null Grad). Those

shown within the brackets deliver the

essential information and therefore cons­

titute the kernel sentenue. (Examples from

Duden: Grammatik P. 434 and 436.)

The complements of verbs can be in nom. ace.,

gen. or dative and also with prepositions with

specific cases (propositional objects). Cir­

cumstancial complements like !ime, ~lace,

manner reason etc. can also be found in -sentences functioning to complete the meaning

of the sentence. Following instances of

combinations of case-objects and prepositional

objects can be found as complements of verbs e.g.

1) Karl schankt seinem Freunde ein Buch 0 d+Od);

2) Der Richter beschuldigte den Augeklagten des Diebs tahls (Oa+Og); . . ·

3) Er verriet ibn an seine Feinde (Oa+Opr.);

4) Ich hange das Bild an diE\.:H 3.nd ( Oa+O pl. )_; · · ... 2:?R

Marathi corresponding complements would be

onr£ C~l~l· iR~IIdl ~q, U<:" ~-IT41liil~~ ~~J<Dq{ ~-t-cm~.

err (c2f l'i41

m- ~ ,:Q>I

5. Karl legte seinen Freunde dieHand auf die Schutter (Oa+Cpl+Od)

6. Er zog das Gesprach in die LanBe (Oa+ct)

7. Die Mutter mach~die Suppe warm. (Oa+Cm)

8. Ich machte ibm die Beine lang (Oa+Gm+Od)t

9. Der Richter sprach diese~ f'1ann des Diebstahls schuldig (Oa+Cm+Opf)

10. Mein Freund machte mich auf dieses Madcben aufmerksam (Oa+Cm+Opr);

11. Er nennt mich einen Lligner (Oa+ equalisation ace);

12. Herr Meier lehrte uns die franzBsische

c~ (~) ~~ c·it~l~

~ ol£Cf SR"Ji ~ · ~ c~ 4n:r' c-5.,&f ~ c.~ ~lOI<=ftc~i a-olfi4Tl~~l))r ~-iiiT '31~qi'i'f{"\1 rSTtrr r~Rr( ~ ~.-~fchrr-

JiiA\ rit~ c.ZIT~~ ~ c~ 6l>t~iL

c.-fr ~ .:l~\ C! Fd>l ~a, AT· ~n- <Htll :f s-TT 311 r-~ td ,- ~-u

Sprache (double ace.) · ~

13. Karl bor.t seine Schwes ter s ingen (Oa+Inf.) ~ c.lf 1"2.2{ I .Pr~IT .;yll t1rr:t r -Q:q.,n I. " ' . ......... ~~~ ~I 6>1- ~SiGff

14. Ich rate ibm zum Nacbgeben (Opr +Od); c~(Qf'tilt41-c..() ~uror -, ... "'<~ Q 11_ rq '3--1~ ~~ 34~~( ,~,;, ~ciT

15. Der Forscbungsreisende sprach zu den ~~· ~ ~ \~ ot,;~ul\{\' ~ 3-nl..[i:!.(\ Scbulkindern tiber seine Afrikareise 1 1

-.,_ ~ q ~ ...-- . ~ '·~_......,.. (double Opr.) 3-tl~ffiv ..-Y<=tt'AI~~ ~~~c=uc:r §711'~6. tSfl"cic:; 1.

16. Icb Klo:pfe meinem Freund auf die Schulter m ~ ~..;n- ~ ~~ 42c;t I c~IUIT ~~:r m-4/ (Cpl+Od); ~......,._c.. c. · ·

-"\1 Y.C.\ ).-t\~(?\.

17. Ich bin diesem Mann freund (Cm+Od); ;:R-.2fi moi~IW ~M""5-t~/€1 J.{~Hm ~~'"-t4~ /-1ct 1

18. Er ist des Diebstabls s~huldig (Cm+Og or oa) ~r-1~~- L.... ~ c~(f:f ~~-q\ ~ /«.'~ 3'\'C. ·

19. Icb bin auf deinen Bericbt gespannt (Cm+Opr} Jtt-<1"Al" 31l2tl<JJ~~ 3"c~~ 3 .. n}.

229

VERBS

230

In Haratlli a verb is used in three voices

viz. active, passive and~~ • When

the verb adjusts itseir according to the

subject of the sentence, it is known as active

voice; 'I!Jhen it is ad jus ted according to the

object, then it is passive voice and when it

it in accordance with neither the subject

nor theobject then it is called ~~4~~~· ~~\ . rl \

e.g • .[fR"'~SJlc:\rt(, t1 csttr1ctlr1, c::C~ c'3rll*'i~ (active)

cmt ~~ ~&\, cl:i~ ~ ~. rf-f~ (passive) ~ 3-1-1"-Ol:fi ~ 2 <-4 \ .s1Tt1Tt1 . :>.. c~ ...nrn-, rj:-~, c.2.t·1.4 ~c~l-l1 .r.fiRJ.., <f)&.H~ n, ..!=tiS14a ~ ~~ 3~1~{\tr" il-ff. The tense forms are highly inflected and

hence we give them in detail:

German verbs - conjugation; ?nly III

person forms are given

1. Present tense:

Indik

2 .. Past

3. Fresent Ferfect

Er hat geliebt

c~k~~-

4. Fast perfect

Er hatte geliebt

5. Future

Er wird lieben

e-n-~~.

6. Future perfect

Konj.

Er babe geliebt

c~Jhr~~

Er hatte geliebt

Er werde lieben

c:n-c 4l?in~c1) ,.W:r 4.i•flcr.

231

Er wird geliebt haben Er werde geliebt baben c.~A-H-~ 31~~ c~(&t~.-q;,·~-M ~; .

Present tense Fl for all

m f ... n " ~ 1st person I J.tToh~ 4f~-ffi'- ,Jilc::t,~ "3i~ ·Neuter forz '' .:f- eoh~ d'-4,~ r:(~~ sing. is

II ·c.-t ~rtlff '.J. . . .. ..._ · rarely ~ .......4- ~ ~. ;;,-..,-$ 2r." c.~, ciT use d.

III t1t ~-te-O· t1l o(.1:0Ci11i'i

I cih'2141'

II olit{[C(FH

Imperative -'1atlcfi

~0{1&

Habitual Fast C1hff~~) ~~. a:;q. '"M.a-. I ~ ~,orr II~ ~ 1T( ~-ft ~ref

. 7. Conditional: Wurde + infinitive(Present) for conj., II

Er wurde lie ben >tt c.fr JrR- on?cr I q,-fu.r FR"· ..

Conditional: Wurde + P.P. + haben (Past)conj.

Pl. perfect.

Er wiirde geliebt habensR ~ ..... ~-o);~~C1"""-f···

8. Imperative

Geh!% Geht!s;r Gehen Sie! 3-tUWf S1l (siTcn)

232

Irf.5i.

II rfm III ~

Imperative 0HI~JiF)

Sing. Pl. (31TQ:U\) ~~

&er fr6rn

LaB uns Scbreiben!

Scbreib! Schreibt!

LaBt ihnen schreiben!

Future L~l~ 01,1 ~ )

sing. fl.

fsr4;"c=fut, c::r' e-fT c:;

ASPECT.

There are normally possibilities of using only one verb for

the subject but some times two or more verbs are used to

indicate tenses mood etc. in both the languages in question.

Hovrever, Marathi has a special application of double verbs

which is called aspect. <~t"~-tr -,jH14) \';;(_.or~~ ~l ~ ~ISlet.{ ~ .:>\1 \ (i ().; • . .

In the first sZ'eence the main verb is ffi~ and not~-

that is why we talk of double verb. In the second sentence

~ is the object of the verb ~-r~ and th1verb~~

is intransitiv.~ is a participle. Hence there are no

double verbs in the second sentence. Although ,g~~ and

~~- are both participles, a difference is made as

indicated above. Following are the components of verbs

r~~tfcftf::~~·,ffhe:d as double verbs in the aspect:

C1 o+;"fu,-, {rr, arr c11• : CfRm

1 ~FIT 1 ~

c=rr : ~ffffi/ {cTI I ~ ciT·.~. ~,tCTrffil

incomplete action

sho·dn; subj cct

nho·.··ins action

complete action

df : c:t,{Jc:ti,OJCfl, f..U(q'l' imper:~1tive ~~ tncii, ~ c~~

c:J)~)C:Uit~ ,4>=2J'i<l1ll11 ~~1ctl1~ imperative(moclal).t:;"'lJCiflH'H ~' ' 233 Ot;iiGfllic!J c~,~~/C{~J~ mm-.

The following helpine; verbs are used to form the aspect

in Marathi :

Er pflegte zu studieren.

Kommen Sie doch zu uns!

Du kannst diese Arbeit tun.

Du muBt diese Arbeit tun.

Ich will dortbin gehen.

Ich batte schon gemacht.

Range die Kleider zum Trocknen!

HilF mir bei dieser Arbeit!

LaB mich arbeiten.

Er studiert, Er studiert jetzt/schon. Er ist im Gang zu studieren.

Repetitive:~·~ "31~ ~o M~ ~~ ~:fhr 31-tr. Consistency: .JOII~tll~<t\41 ~ 3-1~~: ~.fir, ~.~-m--,~~. ~.

) • • • ~1 ~-{i"UT 5"{To, 3-11 i'f "il04 \ _g. ~ ..S'I~· 1 oss ~b~l1 ty: ~l4iu~C~4): :ir, ~-;c;J;, ~ m~ e=f t'.,W~~"' ~IOf.,ct1H,

· ~ t.rr..ri=tr~ ':loiT ...,< 1 J:t ,;; 1 .ttc=f . Compulsion: q,-fcitfddl;' : 41 ~. c~m, us. 37tfe. ci t"h~ ~ ~,

fl"*" '-"irci" c~ ' ~ usc;rr. Wish: :S"'~it {l[fq;- : <1q 1 -« 11", :('ig : 3~·r:r~~ stl'l, ~~iflin,--< rim-, emphasis: Ll~IOi'itf! l({llC)c, Fri,~ ~ -r&: ~~ lT~, q, .t. tSQ:f, ~.srr

'*'~~.str. ~~ J:ft-~-r-:::3~· c1~~~ ... "1 tq.~· ~~~. ~ ..m-~ ~, !li"'"T(TT ~r"'k rt ~

help/t;ss is tance/ .Z;c l:tl:i~.Q.~Ch ~err ~cdr.,:;. ~TtJ c.mT 3'{1. c=f""~ start1ng . · ' ·

~c=rWCJ.mn{-q,-rr:{ ~ cWf c~mn ~ c~, ~ • • 6'\ I d) k·~ i .iter: 4.-ll"Cr ·

1

~ .~.erm~ss1on ~~ ~qr ~.(fT~:t ~1• <}~a4CITch-f ... c;.

In addition to the tense formation already shown earlier

there are some more tenses that exist in Marathi. The

tenses with their corresponding syntactic structures in

German are given below:

Present continuous:

Er studierte; Er stuctierte damals; Er war r,erade am Studieren; Past continuous:

Morgen wird er studiert haben, Morgen wird er immer noch studieren. 2 3]Jtture continuous: 3{[1 t-r\- r 4;U:f a,ftM ~-

VOICES

There are two voices in German viz.

active and passive. The active formation

has already been mentioned earlier. The

different passive tenses are· as follmo,~s:

Indicative Subjunctive

Fresent: Er wird geliebt Er werde geliebt c:Jl\"21( I C\{ AA ~.J'f IT1 jefillrJirrr Jiir.

Fast: Er wurde geliebt Er wurde geliebt ~ ;h:r-~ .,1tt /4,~'3-t~. Fr. Terfect: 'Er ist Er sei geliebt

geliebt worden worden

c~ttr ftH-~'3-irT· fast " : Er war geliebt Er w~re geliebt

worden worden c~''iiiR{ ;h:r ~g-.,~ M. Future I ~ Er wird geliebt

werden c~t-r..:t.LlQ. {~ ~ Sfrfu-I

DS;i{04lf1 .:z\ ftd . Future II: Er wird geliebt

worden sein

c2:1 cmt~{ ;h.,-~ -'hr 3-t~ I ~Tcr ~m- >-1~.

Er werde geliebt wprden

Er wurde geliebt worden sein.

235

Hov1ever in !'lara thi there are four voices viz.

~ (active)e>~,--rf;,f(· (passive)).(~~ and ~

While givinG the tense formation we have

already compared the active tense formations.

The syntactic signals to recognise that the

:Marathi sentence is in active voice are:

the subject is always in nominative and the

verb adjusts itself acfording to the gender,

p.erson and number of the subject. The object

may be in nominative or in dative with or with·

out inflexional endings. Now let us consider

the passive voice in different tenses. For

the convenenience only 3rd person singular

forms are mentioned.

Iassive Voice

In passive voice the verb in Marathi changes

according to the gender, person and number

of theobject and the subject of the active

sentence will either be in instrumental, dativE

genitive or with preposition. The helping

Present Er wurde geliebt (conditional): . ·

(~ ~-~ ;>tr c1Z .•.

Past Er wurde geliebt (conditional):worden sein

~ ;h-r ~ f,-i;r . 31<:< (:li l ~ c=r< ...

Er wurde geliebt werden.

23G

verb m gehen, ~ kommen but

semantically they correspond to German

'werden' only. It is possible to use some

transitive verbs intransitively to give the

effect of passive e. g. m- "1'!·f\6h~' ~~~~m iJiJQd\Cf. .... Dieses :r-resser schneidet Kartoffeln gut. By

us in::. third person plural with present tense

verb: 'e. D". 3-f*.Hm-cncr ~'3·nr.e" . .Hn~V;-.nfff, / ~U~fcl ~ ..er·- -· , man sa.gt ,4JJ4'li:i7i"'tfln mr.if.:e:t Jt-rr{q~n benuzt

eine andere Art Tinte in Druckereieh. By

using a semantically equivalent intransitive

verb in place of transitive verb t1-T crofu mrj cRI-<.cJ\ ~ Er fiel auf die Front. Passive of

conclusion or completion: c~ q;>r 1~ .ffm. Er hat den Brief geschrieben, er hat

vollcndet) den Brief zu schreiben. Sein

Briefschreiben ist zu Eude gegangen.

Possibility in passive:c.~(.nriT"~J1~4o,ncriW. Er kann eine so hohe Summe nicht geben/

bezahlen. Er ist nicht in der Lage, eine so

hohe Summe zu bezahlen.

(Future/prediction) weft I '-11~-/q:tfl;lJ

In this voice the main signals of r~cognition.are that the

verb is inflected neither acc·ording to the subject nor

according to the object, it is always third person, neuter,

singular e.g. c~--?ar ~~&f~[_nri,r Er soll gehen/sich setzen

komrnen.

~~o~.,-r (I1ixed voice) This is a combination of active,

passive and prediction e.g.c=(){(dT~%1~,c:Pif~c=A-~ Of~t:fat1 ~

Du bast mir ein Buch gegeben, wieviele BUcher habt ihr

c:elesen? res:pectiv:=:ly. In I'lara thi sentences the verb ending

of .fT and c=f .::1.re 2~ccording to the subjects ct · andcpti

but the ear] ier ending of the verb c} and <.ft- are

according to tbe. objects~ (sing.) and~ (plural);

that is why this is considered to be the mixture of active

and passive voice.31Wc.~ '1.-1~ c.~~ JtRri/AHCJia-t. =..

Heute priigel te ihn seine f'Iutter viel. 'rhe verb in Maratbi

is neither according to the gender, number of the subject nor

of the object. This is an example of the mixture of passive

and prediction. Both in German and Marathi' which are highly

2 3 7 infl~cted languages, the rules of word-order in sentences

are flexible because the cases, prepositions etc. have

pre-decided scope (reachl and as such can be understood

easily. In certain languages like English however, the

rules otfword order have to be rigid to avoid misinter­

pretation of syntaQmatic relations and inter-relationship

between the different parts of speech. Inspite of this,

every language has a general set of rules about the

sequence of word occurence. we have already mentioned

earlier that the attributive adjective comes before the

noun, and the predicate adjective comes after the noun, the

adverbs also stand berore the verbs in I"Iara thi ,and prepo­

sitions come after the nouns as if they were case endingse

We find that generally the entire preposition stated with

the help of a sentence is enclosed between the subject -

the starting word and the verb/form,the end-word in Marathi

sentences.

N8 + N + VPr is the normal word order. N °N

2.~~ ~IIT.IT~- ~Nc, + N0 f N0 VT t ~''~'''~'~8 ON ·n N + raS

3. The uninflected ~-ft¢t,.M-~come in the beginning in

place of (in r~rathi) wenn •••• auch (in German)

238

4.~crur used as compulative conjunctions stand in bet-'

ween the words ~r sentences connected e.g.-(W 3-IT&r ~{f ..\....i__ )..._ 3-t;::co:#l 3-ciZ-. . ' E . . t 11 . t ..>\Ctr, H 1~:fiT-[ tfUT Ram ana Gov~nd g~ne;en; r ~s t ~n e ~gen

aber faul.

5. The coll~ctive conjunction ~ is generally used as

demonstrative word to denote the connection and it is

wri ttenJa t the end of the words to be connected • .[i:41,

~~ or .:11~\t~ 4 I ·~ ~ ~ 3-trtcr. Hama, Krishna and Govinda

sind intelligent.

n ll 6. The conditional conjunctions sR"-~, sRI 7'"c-RT

come only in the beginning of sentences .s--m- rlT ~-uri '"' ~((rcH c~ ~~q;c;f;=c{ ~ ~CHSit4-·

~~~~~HZ! Obgleich er vor dem Examen wieder

gesund wird, ist es sicher, daB sein diesjahriges

Examen versaumt 1·1orden is t.

7. In dec-isive questions the interrogative oi;Tifabbre viated

~ stands at the end of the sentence in Marathi e.g.

c-=IT- '31 rc:rr e>1,1IT ~ Is t er gekommen?

Ist er gee;angen? C1~ 31--crr~ r 8. In complementary questions the interrogative pronouns

stand at the pl;:-1ce in a sentence where its noun should 238 have come i.e. lvhere tbe subject, object would have

~.romit bast du das geschrieben? ci:-'t of?~ 1-B"~«~riT~3:ft~ Wo ist er? tlr~t1~~~Wann wird er in Bombay sein?

nach Bombay kommen/gehen?

Botb in German and l"Taro.t:hi the sentences are divided into

simple, complex and compound sentences. Since the verb

forms are always at the end of th~sentences the question

of sending th~cOnjugated part of verb to the end of

sentence like German subordinate clause construction does

not arise in Marathi.

240

Praposition"'n Prepositions (~~lfu 3-iaf~-)

It is interestin~ to note thnt most of

the following prepositions also prefer

genitive in Marathi.

The most striking feature of prepositions in

Marathi is that they follow a noun whereas

most of the prepositions in German precede the

noun they govern. It is some-times difficult to Genitiv:

absei ts={'tn~)F abzliglich=cfSiT/~ anfangs= n distinp;uish the adverbs from prepositions in - ~ ~tttadT

angesichts=fcr"'r.f-;:riq~r,~ anhand= c::f.W1 Marathi - as a thumb rule it can be stated that

· anlaBlich= ..... ITI=im ans te lle= ?.ZIT ~) f6%tDlr · ausgangs= tFctlC"il-z.t\,

auBerhalb= ""Z.2lT ~w

beidersei ts= 4{~4{ 3--t~ I

beztiglich= ..H&(m . c

e 1n fr,Cl np.:s = . "tl'<~l d tr;\ i

exklus ive= .(.,rr~ -.

hinsichtlich= ~~

inklusive= ~

innerhalb= 3-f\e::r

kraft=~'~ ,e+;l=<ui"A

langssei ts= ~ sf'lcrsf't~ l~u t. - = ~~ "?.1~ ~ mangels= .3'"0'~ &~

oberhalb= c..lfi4{,4fu ~Wi(f'

ans ta tt= -:u.tT c[t'ls=H

aufgrund-:."3-imft

ausschlieBlich= Lhcki ~ 1-4-behufs= "2.2ll.uTn olfll

I

betreffS= fq~~

diesseits= ~41~~~~

einschlieBlich=~~~~

halber"' 2.2:(1 ~W

the prepositions are placed connected with the

nouns and adverbs are uncon e ted ~ £ n c e • g • \1 I Ji llct~

~Tct er ist oben, Er ist im oberen Stockwerk,

andc~ f(c1 off etl\1: er hob seine Hand hoch.

Follm·ling are some of the r·iara thi prepositions

with their German equivlents. However, it is

difficult to determine their equivalence in

isolation. Their co-oc curence and collocations

infolge!! ~' ~l.f<f.:r would be a great help in deciding thf/exac t

~~~ l.• nm1· tt·en """·" r£f equivalents. ' = ~ cH 1'4<'4

I

jenseits= -urr~l~

langs = "'<~ r1 , <Sf~~ mi ttels= .t-:f(tl~~ j)1~J';~· namens= -u:rr o1~/!rf'1 cj 1 -q{ rlicksichtlich== ~l'iflfi: ~·t>,jtdt

241

sei tlich=«"fJ~&tlst_ Temroral: 31'1M ~

ln

s ta tt= -z..u--r It-~ ("'\

um •• willen= '7..lfi -HT6T

of( i.il)or ,auf;

~~vor; hinter;

oben;

vor; tr1~~ nach

auf; . ~-is;31~ ~jenseits, diesseits;

'Jochenende.

~C((t~4 Vo" unten;

b) Dativ

ab-= 41~;>:( a us= c-fi,HfJ:f auBer= l~t:t/~1 ~~-:-~~ "' b~i= ct;-3~~ binnen= ~ 3·rn=fig

dank= ~ entgegen= ~

fern= ~ gegenuber ~~

gemaB= ~.\.{WI 1 mit= ~{1-q-\, ~

mitsamt= l!..~ur nach= ~"""t1{~~ nachs t=- ~~ nebst= ~cii'CJ

ob=~,~ samt= ~7 eeit= 4l<1?f vor= l.fR.ff/ ~ zu= oti-, c:R:,~ zunachs t= ...... ~ zuwider= 1~.~.3Crr

c) Accusstive

d) D~tive and Accusatjve:

Bn= ~ciT o(~ I I

hinter= t..Hir~,·~-t"i'.r

u be r= c::{'":f

exchange:~ ~W.trcffit ~<(c~l,.$1~ s ta tt, ans ta tt

Ability etc: .wr C~) ,Jt-1-Sir, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ &(:("~ )'\O.t-h. .

opposition: rot~~~ 3C1r, 3747:- gegen, trotz

comnany: &t~&f"{ -.!-i~ -to:i~IC"fl .Ai'llrR- CM),..fP6T, ~ J::' ' , ' a ' "-t ~ ~~,.ftR~t1, HW- )'Ttl •

collective:~,~~ fr, \{lff, c-Rt auch

s ingul~ri ty , ~ cR17i ~~ CfiJT 6f-~ emphasJ.s : ' , · ' ,,,

...:t~. C(:)Oki nur, allein

effect: as in tagelang

direction: rr:c1-,qfct c-w?r, ~ ,..-'1 C I '

bin, her, zu, nach

voll, genug

dee;ree: t-~-ir, q&·als 31'~e1 Ji~Superlative) I

as in das Buch der Bucher

interrogative: ~. 4, e1\

completion: (_~) ~ arT auch I

243 in= &-tTi=f unter= -<_~

auf= ~

neben= $'1<;00

vor=~ zwischen (~t:{tU{t )~

etc.

It seems that in l'larathi, the particles have also

been categorized tinder'prepositions. This entire

question requires a detailed study to establish

equivalence be~1een the German and Ylarathi

prepositions. It is also clear from above that

a preposition of German langua~e cannot alw~ys

be replaced by an equivalent preposition in

Marathi. i.rJe have to adopt a different syntactic

category to obtain the equivalence. Before a pre-

position is applied to a noun in l"'larathi, that noun

under-goes a change i.e. it is inflected e.g.

{1[4 ~:(IH7~, ~. 4HIA~ This means thnt the noun or pronoun becomes a common

noun with old genitive form. This also clarifies

that the case endings are also applicalbe to

prepositions e.g. ra~Ttsl·~ The function ~) .

of cases and prepositions is complementary in

Marathi i.e. they can replace each other e.g.

err c~l clVJ«l ~ ~ ~~ ~~I rt-~n-F ~ c:i,"'*~

244

Sentences(Satze

The functions of cases are predefined and

they can be as follows in German.

1. Nominative is used for all subjects and

complements "Die Rosen ·bliiben . .:>J&l~ ~cJ Hlrf.

Karl ist mein Freund ~ll~· ~ ~ ?sfrt"

2. Accusative is used for direct objects,

after certain prepositions and certain verbs

require their objects in this case. Der

245

Word-building

In Marathi there are four different ways of

building words a) prefixes 3 Li+PY b) suffi::z:es ~ c) compounds ocYm*i

d) combination by reduplication ~~

The examples are a) 3-:f-tjtr-=- 3-1~ b) cfcr+

~:: cid;Vll0ii6 c) ~ + ~-::. ~~ All such formations

have identical structures in German. However

d){Ci1U'IT~,<HHIRI( 1 •PL!l':itJg etc. are plenty in

Marathi.

Sentences

The nouns appear in sentences in different cases.

Now let us define the function assigned to each

case in I'1arathi.

Nominative is used for subjects, objec-

ts and temporal or location adverbs (nouns) e.g.

~*~I~~~ ~rilrl. t'ft ,z..,~ :V1T ,-g--mr, In these sentences ~c), 3-1~ and~l1{' are in

nominative shoHing the above functions. The

subjective use of f/,.s:fr. r etc. are peculiar

to 1-Jarathi and are used as subjects and therefore

Gartner bindet die Blumen ~tiT-~Ji~ /

~ Inge acbtet auf ihre Schwester

rr- rn-u:rr sfj~O ilq ~ C~ ~.

3. Dative is used for all indirect objects,

after certain prepositions and certain

verbs require dative of their objects. Der

Sohn dankt dem Vater.~ ~c~\~ ~~~ '\

)4lo1r11·

~ Genitive is used for showin~ possession,

ownership etc. and for certain prepositions

0.nd verbs, das Haus des LP-hrers ~~"'~c! ""l

.· -24G

in nominative e.g. ·crtls-~1 4JS~r!T J.fm~ (rcrr, * .r,~ ~ 4>~1113 T s-rri, ? YiRf ~r&r JriA'c;t l ~~c; ~. The time, distance, measurement, price etc.

are in nominative \>rhereas they are in accu­

sative in German. Example:~fcc~·~ ~ tiT!' :rfrT, « ~ ~ 4~ ( ~{f01" @; di:T c-1 rr '31~ ~c:;T ~JT.st-. 2.c2~1~t:Certain verbs require this case,

particularly in the past tense to indicate

su1)jects. HO\oJever Germans prepfer nominative

alone. If the action requires an agent then

this case is preferred e.g.~IH~ xl"lOtt~,,lfiRc1, c_~ $1~ ( 5 ~ j UMt.~Ve) In such cases only ;:;-,.,..n- endings are used.

The second use of~~ is instrumental. i.e.

the indication of instrument used in the

action. e.g.c~-u$ ~!fl,~ M~,c~c~'* c-1u;~1:f1~ ~ ~~ Here~~ and c-tcJ41~~ are in the instru-.., mental case. Location is also indicated by

.),._ !""\ ~ -umm this case e.g. c1 1 o-'\41 =ilt\ "'hl6lof This case is

also used for words indicating the purpose or

l "~.L \_ '"' cause of the action e.g. C"'fl l'"ir-1 ~lC'Irf .,..,~

ttr .)fl:t~ ~~ ~~. rna t e r i a 1 : rlT (..! ~ i :rl t> Ia. <-.-::t 1 ~ IS{ rP; l{Stbf,

measurement: -q~ csttzirR 5--e:r c{i"l:.f c(~.,fi e13Tcir'. f

time: Jr -eH{" C1b4~·R 3·nm measure: ~-c:..m ~ c>3 ~ ~ '"~~ n . ~ -.!C\!n J~trr comparison: ~ttl9· -,;..{""%~ ~ cfi•<tll i1 •

closeness:~ t,.RI~~ RTit W 3-ttl-. manner: BT .H\~ct~ mental state: tfr~I<II~·~:;(JJ

opposition: c~r:u:wfi\ ~ according to: ~I'<Jf ·cf), zt:a r4 r%«T c#rtm:r.

3. Dative: Subject as incmciTOJ->1>1 ~~~~r11 ~?Pff.·· ~ \ IT!\~~· obJect: ;:ft~ 3-t1i6<tct,1.1, (<{\ ind. obj .m ,~

..dnii~.\11-l~~ablation: ~l"f;(cllt i.crtcJ~, c.~ c-I'iTT<lTt.t7zf fi\4;Cl{r\r qtif-~ ~

247 . . . ~ :

Location: .(T?rcJf cbfr ~rF,~lU-(1 ~le-t('~' (JI.)H.,-,

. HT ~fu.,)rn-. purpose, need, occassJon: C'fl~l~ it-crt H0T $121 (<'PH~ ~ 61 t'qz; 3-ni-. J:l !Dil'H J.IT0r .tum'r 1~,rror;IT .rt~· abil:i. ty: ~ cbJ~\ c"5 :l;JI 4 l '3-t nfr price, measure:~

.J-1cq(it"\ ~-~elation: c."l.t\ c:! 1 ~ ~-fi<IT

ownership: c~ f.t<{l~ .r1161· limbs :~tc1l~l Ld~ ~ '?ri'HHtt1.separation: ffi-~ ~ 3-frWr ci~tJi ~<"Jif(" .. Expect:.~tion, pu1.'pose~~xq1<.<c'IT~~ '3.1-h-qtJ"J ~m

. ("\ . (""\, c~- _L_ -r.{T;ITc;f~ Limit: <rl<:lflf'J QT~ IS11<r1 s.-t~rr.

., I')

q 'i:(Jil : 4. abl8. ti ve: cfro-·fPl'l\{~ ... 4 3-frm" instrumental: c4-ft"U4"T

€>TffrF ~'trlfdis tance: cj>i~t ~-l/('1 t~1411rt) ~ ~~J,t;clec;ree: r-IT- ;:.~~.1~"1 e,~ 31~.

difference: sri.sot ~ ..... ~ ~le.&l '3-t't-? ...

.248

Genitive: Subject: c~ Jc5E=.,Pf ~ instrumental: c:li1"4 1 ~1-c~m--i:t'r -lPT 31m .

ablative: l'ffi:rrcJ.llutr ~ <r'h~ ~-m-:

Location: cfr~ ~ .rtTlr ('remporal) ;cfro{f>lf"t.(Lff~-

purpos e: -ht lrtl-e?l ..J~ change: :'S 1{{S¥1~ hft-Kcim· ' price or commodity: .('"''"tl'lll~ cttr, G 41-c.( 1'-h'<~i

cause,. effect:~~.:h~~f,,:J~ relation, ~

subjective genitive: Jj.,..c .... J...,.J"'C(-id:fTlf, ~lltl~t ..sflf'

posssssion:~~' ~:rreiT ~ pa'rt and whole

e(a=c:t'f-ct'l l.{'ili" ~ ·nr=cff carrier: ..:>113J!£r~Jr?.T ~T{ ~ ~ ~~· ~ '~

-z..t l'<!fir·cn- ., rrn carried: ~~ref[- o">~ container:d~~

\:UtloJU "t:( r ~. quality: ~l'4A"iiT ~IOJ..~ , ~tiJj~,~~ -2-4-1-...,~.

qtwlifyinc;: ~ (;::{ 1 3-tlRTt:r, 3-1 jc;:q~ ~ t.S

pro J)Brty: M-\:ffi{T'4\V~c:r, ""b""f~"t:!T I~IT, !HI~I.l.f'?;.

ability: c~is-11-Jl ~c~Jn totality: *T~~~~·

~~ ~Cfl-e{l 3.-rc\T 1 . .I- "'L_ '\......!:L ~ -'\ I'""'

ret,'1.l arl vy: 01 06~ c::<c:OI, ...H l i1ztl {""Ul r -<=tl"s::rcfRT

but im IIaus selbst. unaffected: 4...(~mf ~ 4~,~~~4~~

I

Freie Umstandsangaben:

6. -HE1Jff: locative: Location (temporal/local) ffij~e~csff-

. ~ l1T<in1~f£11ct" ~.n-cr. a b la ti ve l..fl4T ~ tmrr ~tf-~ I

Er ist mir ein lieber Freund=

Die Zeit verging uns schnell:

purpose need, occasion~

subject: cfrSiltrfcnM"c4-,~ 3-lrt-. degree ~~c=r ~

manner: C.T054l"iA I =>I:S'H I r\.

c:fr- .HlH\ 1ft.a-I 31tct$ t1 r r>17r s-t r~-.

3--t)}r-£(1 ~ c6+~ .;>rn. Karl tragt seinem Freund den Koffer zum Bahnbof:

a+)~ c:£t vun \ Q' 7"1 1-~n ..!"";(<! ~0{"1~ ~~-r;;:r~ ~6\ s-trHr. Inge singt uns ein Lied: ~ '31i11=ut\~lll t.B' ~ ~)~. Ich hole mir eine Fabrkarte: J:it -<.4A: *·U~ j J.ll~l~ tfl fr?Jf;,z(f~~~vfHI

Du bis t mir der Rechte: cf"" .HI ?ttl <Hill .xt\::s;q ?s1~.

Die Sonne scheint heute besonders warm

~~31151 ~ ~ c:s(12ri'l.

Ich rate dir als guter :Freund zur Annabme dieser Bedingungen.

~.z.q.;rr \H::>I ~ m-~@W~~ o~,~o11,~, ,3q"{~,·~.

24U

Der Arzt schrieb den l'atienten wep.;en seines starken Hustens krank.

~ ~-t~4)r~fe\O{"'Wi' err '3-1~ 31ft 31~ .:!f..yn;fl ~~~. Karl kam kranlt in Fronkfurt an. J 3-tTJ'tl~·l..(5rf' _!,l-,.\Oh3i£'k-tir 3-ff(IT.

. ~

Karl ha t/J-a ut urn Hilfe gerufen. onnf J.T"4c1i:ctlal ;n-.rrrr W~S"rn" · Ruhig im Sessel liest der Vater ein Buch.

"31 r.m1 ~M ~ria-um I~ o<:ftc-; l..~ ~ ~T-.:.I'"ff '31Wc1· Die Attribute des Substantive: an adj. or participle: das liebe, das geliebte Kind.~~

Das flektierte Adj.:

Der Infinitiv als Attribute zum SubstPmtiv:

.~""' I" ...... accompanying a noun: mein Hut ~~~~ 6c ~ ("' • () -.,) ( ..l.....n...-noun in Genitive: der Hut meines Vaters ~lA\ ctr3)81-ql ~ c:::"((.{l.

• ,..._ <"' noun with preposition: die liebe zur ~usik ~rll~\ 3rl~

an adverb er blickte nach der Burg dort drliben. ~

c~ _i"iq I C1( ::[i'Cf (.?; c::::U I% S UT1 ~ c ~ -

infinitive with zu noun in the same case. die Kunst zu scbweigen . ~

~ ~J 1201'i:tT q;csi

~~~tell( e{t~lo-1 Nathan der ·weise

Sie war die schonste aller' Frauen.c:fr~~ l.£12-t,);(ur 311~ ~7{{ ~. Er liebte alle Kinder, vor allem die anst~ndigen und fleiBigen •

. C.~~¥ ~IC(J>Cili9, quf cJ:i\Ci(;llk~lti -rrOtc-ff- Of" trR-~(~).smtf 3-ii"'Bei\~.

Die Kunst zu scbwPigen sollte jeder beherrschen.

~ltc:r-< (1 14 =Jl c Rt;:r~wt J:( '"<1-q ) q,CJT ...q M' a 1 3-t~ c:>t.' 12-t c~ , crcrr. Die Lust z1.1 essen nach mo{Slichkei t z~hmen.

-<"'~\COt{\ ~.n ~~ .l.{ ~T~ e>l-,~ on'"1G ..tq tO!i 1"i:X4 1 rn 2j { 3-f c.as, I "1 ~ Seine Fahir,keit, die l"le:nschen zu begeistern •••

J{iU);R.IcrtiA--<1Df ~ c~ ~) ~ (rjJ/-<-tiR~~YJ. 9~()

Apposition:

Di~ttribute des Adj. (Partizips)

Die Attribute des Adverbs:

·Karl, mein bester Freund, ist gestern verreist.

J1'TlTf ~ ~TdT rlt;r c:11 Tfr cnTCr c.t TR-~- ~1-m- · Der abscbeulich. kal te wind blies durc*ie offenen Fenster.

3(f3li I r;iq !)2'1"'4.( ~ ~~ 3;:( sOli{ i ~tf ~ · Er ist leicht erkaltet. c~tc.rr~ ~ ~ ( l::fGhlft.

r> '"' ~ Ich bin sehr miide. '1T'Yf"Tt=R"P::r 4Rc ll:f.

Er ist so groB wie Karl. rlr-q;-rcf ~~ .j-""t..(- 3-1lf· Giesela ist schoner als ihre Freundin.!SI~rr fff--iln~~ ~. der mir vertrauende Freund • .):l'l?lilc:t{ ~~-m- Z4bll{f fit7f.

der mich innig liebende Vater.JT(.n' 311C1<,Ii13"1;C1 ().( 41 !'-lt~1);:0:r-~ o[fu.

den micb einen Ane;sthasen nennenden Spielkammraden. J=l"IT(. ri=\?1: 1 -<=RIT ~ 0 I 01{=-li \ HI~ ~ OAoi "'1M 1-=i I

Er besucbt uns sehr .oft. ctr '311~J(d\ c:o('{~"'f~ ;efT"{~ ,)z<~<df ~­Du gehst noch heute zum Zabnarzt. c==(3-1t:sref {!ciT~~~~ iii. Er sitzt weit hinter, rlT 31~ l..['i6rnm ~w. Schweigen wirkt mehr als alles Schelten. ~ ~-

.(P)-~ #-..:r 5-(T~ CfRt!T11r ~ 31~. · · Er lebte zehn Jahre lang in Frankreich. ~ __.l._ '\.__

· tiT r1 <&itt; ~ ~r ~ ).{'Ul · ~ RIT. Der Stall liegt nabe bei dem Hause.f.Ht~J di>J..-t"?!..( ~'3--t.q-:

Die Burg lieg t noch s ehr \:Jed t von hie r. 1~{~1 ~~ '3--1SjS1\ .:q ~ l::cQ c.ficif 3-1~.

251

Andere Verben+Inf.+ZU;

Gle icbsetzungs:

akkusativ

Rela tivsa tz:

Er pflegt jeden r'Iontag ins Theater zu gehen. c?r « ~c:rm cr1 tc<>b><~, sirc:h-.

Er scheint meine Vor,'i'lirfe zu entkraften. ~ -~~ . cfr ~ C(ZICfO~I-<.-1 ~ c::b{C1 J:f ~-{1 1"1,-<itl·

Er vermap: m1ch zu trosten. c-t1- J..tC31 l~JT.ff\ ~~ ).(~ <=h~·

Er.verspricht ein tuchticer Kaufmann z1 twerden. , ~ "\~ "): ,_. "~H e-n- ~ .3 u P 1 1 I ::s 4 % JO:t r cl.{---n.fRT O'f "1 Olll::c:t q "(..., ·

Er verspricht, mir diesen Korb zu bringen. "'- . ~ rlT J.{S1 ffi fr tr ~ '31111J1'2f-TT &{~ 4 efT.

Icb gebe singen. cM1-.:mrf"s1~/'l:(l~trr.Ich pflege zu singen. :>lPWl J:R-., ITFf '3+•Hm .

Icb kann singenJf(-~Illj)~~,Hc~r.,,~/ Ich brauche nicht kommen.

J.«jf~~o-fTlr Er bat zu g~~chen. ~ 'U-<>ht~ ~. Das ist zu prlifen. c4- c1qFHl2.t~ /c-itli:({Ol{t~IM $1-,t-.

Karl nennt mich einen lrlisner. ~ J{(.IT -.2..W-rsT d-!u-ifrr · Das · nenne ich arbei ten. ~~ lf1l- ~ ~ ~u?ci,·.

Ein I'1ann, der bisber still auf dem anderen Burgers teig

gestanden ha tte, spran5 pJO~tzlicb vor ein' Auto- das aus einer

SeitenstraBe gekommen "~dar. 3-ffill~ ~ (f>Zttl't:fl1-\ q-rft:r ~ "3-fficJ c.-L\.1 ~ J.i(O('<'{~ ~ c:'>TfflCJ:•'f "31t~m .ff,tl-.1~~~ Ql%1\.l~ ffi ~~~· Der, welcher den I1ann kennt. A- c2f\ .)1 lOI'<il:fi ~e&~ M\ & ·- ·

252

Der indirekte Fr~cesatz:

I

\. . \tJer die Krebskrankli-ei t besiegt, dem Manne wird ein

Denkmal gesetzt werden: sfr ~:(-<1.,)11~:( ~ ~~c~T l·{l~Yf<i~ ~ ~fcl--Rnr ~ ~0'·

Das ist das Scbonste, was ich je geseben babe.

if 3-tlH I q:Ji.r UJ\~aT ciT -'k ~~ ;> rt-~ 3i rt-. Kennst du das Land, wo die Zitronen bluben. .

rB~ r[{OJ;:t o II~ ( {-~ ,....r-;n ~I [\ c-1 '?rt It-Ohn1 ~ fihl-. lfi ~ I q..,;ct Iii ,?r '..!J ._, \ · ~ ~ ~ ..ffiU I ffi t"{ ~""Tlr ~

Ich gebe Ihnen den Dolch selbst in die Hand, womit ..... +-~ ) ~·'3i"ttroT~tRT~~~7JTci'r~ .RT~cr: ~~~\tt\~rt\(~.

Sie mich ermorden so~len.

r-- " Die Stelle, an der das Ungli.ick gescbah.~ ~ 16ot;tor, ~

314€:itt1 ~T '.>lir saben ein dreijahric;es Kind, das allein i.iber den

Fahrdamm lief. ~"{iJ/JC.(~-.1 Q"h~"ii{" <{06011~ 1 l!.~l c1l"i c:{nfr~ ~tdld( ~\.tl~&.

Er wu.Bte, was ich woll te • ~ 4iT~:r LIT~ ~ c~ ~ . .nJ'Ict ~. Wo fri.iher 11iiesen waren, stehen jetzt Hauser.

~-* ~ ~ c.l1c=R m~ 7rlrn- leA~ nrr 31Rrr. Lauf via.s du kannst! ~~~ ~~ rft-~ (~) ((Ol)"'.

l:r bekam

une;ewiB.

alles, was er sich geV>riinscht batte. (""'. '. ~ k.?t- m~M CT~(f\-~) c~ 1)01<6/cT.

Ob er noch kommt, ist vollig

eft ~~of?! cr-tr['r F ~: ~ r~Tif"· Er sagt mir nicht, v1er eben gekommen ist.

'3--<"MT .~ 3-irB2T ~ t-f\ ~·fl:r\ ~Tmr crt"&. 253

Der Konjunktionalsatz:

Tempor.qlsatz:

l'1odalsatz:

DaB du mir~schreiben willst, freut micb b~~nders. ct~(~> rfJ-i1vrr{ 'hW ~ mrr ~~r:n,~-Jy~. Die Hauptsacbe ist, daB du kommst. cf ~~ fr~~l"tl-c<~ ~ ~f'r. Icb weiB, daB du ein Klinstler bist. ciq,ldleor:,l-< ~~-J-J-({JT6T3:.~3t~.

Er ri.ihmt sicb, daB er unscblagbar sei.

c-1\- 3-ftffcr~ 3-trT 3-1# MT &f"'~ ~-Er besteht darauf, daB ich ibn zuerst besucbe ..

m-c.~r ~ ~of27Hf stFr dm=ctr c:fr '3-t~ ~-Als es im Saal vollig still geworden war, erbob der Dirigent

den Taktstock. ,;)WJ<~o.H~~ttffc114fl"ic"!O:l("f{ .Hmc:rs!~)...-l-.l..;l ~~~ c:oi-l"Ttt cGf ~at .

Wir weren kaum zu Hause, als es anfing zu regnen. ""3-1 ~ 4f.{t ciT~'e{ cJ: I o1 ttte-\-~ ffi--&.(. l{ I'Hil C5[ ~t:ffif :HI (i', ·

Wabrend icb bei dem Verunsluckten blieb, holte mein Freund den Arzt.Jff-3-fq£(1l1~~ <:sf~~ ~ctlAil'""( ~~ YH51JOOl Jf.o1) cS'f~

. 31~·. Ibm fiel .sein Versprecben erst ein, nach dem er ':!.eggegangen war. c-iT .;) '\i::u I .,-1 C:H ( ~ ) c.~~ c~"'h"i:ii I c( 'i{O't h:.l(' ~ 'HmT.

Icb bittr:: dic'h urn GPduld, bis ich_von meiner heise zuriickkomme. ctft-Aoti"Hl~a-f CRC1 ~~ c-i: ~~-z-

Als vlir in das Haus bineinc:incen, da kam er gerade hera us ~ ~ ~ ~~rr i'rc?r "1-T ctt- <Sf~ ~ e~ t1 \ .

Wenn du wiederkomrnst, dann wollen wir feiern. ci: ~(ex~\ LRCi' .:fff: ~~-Tit;- ~~dGt" '3--tt4UJ 1.1f<ff'CJ,.("' ~~ o1.,{~·

1~/ie ich an s einem .Fenster vorbeigehe, bore icb ibn singen. sJ.fl~t.t.9 Jft-c:~ ~~.5-ffttrc~Jt #rc~;)tle11"1\ ~­Nachdem das Urteil verki.i.ndet worden war, wurde die Bi tzung geschlossen. ~ ~ ~ ' " \!.__ \ ?. "' I "1 cfr9U-c:.-t \ .. ~ UTT ~{Wll d 3-t I (-I{ lrt ('( { ISl! 69; ci~'1560l ~{U~Il( .71 ffil.

Er verabschiedete sich von mir, indem er mir freundlich zuUichel te.-_;;t~~ 6·~ 6. ~ c~ ~lffi- <>(~I ~c=r~.

25-1

Kausalsatz:

Konditionalsatz:

Konsekutivsatz:

Finl'llSAtz:

Er verleumdete mich, ohnP daB er einen Grund dafur hatte. ~ .,-t I Zi'l'l H 0 1 ~ .l-fAT .s>f~"i P4 ~ir-:

Er redete, statt daB er handelte.c::>I'Jl~e>b~l-4-zl.lf Q-ctst~ c-rt-.s1'1Cd((=r:q ~ ~).1--m=trr ( Jffit~~ 1-{ ) tiT o-ftz-1 sf~ Cf 1'"Jl11T • ~

Soweit icb·dies beurteilen kann, hater richtig gebandelt.

Soviel ich mich erinnere, ist er in Hamburg geboren • .8 I gn ~fi"b~·"\Y{t~ c=fl ~~ ~ .si<rkc3\i:l .

Ilse ist so scbon, wie ihre ~1utter es im gleichen Alter war. Rf'.t:if-"?rtrf ~-zl.ilof~ ~~~~~ JT& lrtt1<SJ'Et" ~ ~ 3-ot.

Ilse is t schoner,. als ihre Mutter es im gleichen Alter war. ~-ciT '3-nf cit~ ot~ 18'C1~ ~ ~ c~ ~ ~·~ '3-t +· Sie wagen sich nicht herein, weil Sie sich ftircbten.

cf ~{rlld ~ ?r-\m· ~C.2.tv!\ ~ ~t=f. Weil du bose warst, darum darfst du nicht mitgehen. c=t o2 tJIIC{c:J 1 chtn~ ~ ci 3-t, :..t ::u:u <Sf~ 8-r. ~ ~ cr1 rfrFr 1 ~~ L({l(T~.)7, cr1m. Wenn das wabr ist, dann ist Schlimmes zu beftirchten. El sf{ m ~ ctT c::>h I il n:if o( ltT ~z- tr~ .l..fR.fT" mnr l>f I <=6 J llc(l . Falls die Hausttir gescblossen ist, gcbe ich tiber den Hofl ~ c{R: ~ 31~ ~ ~ w\\)l\1.!_~ s-rrtr1.

Ich bin so gliicklich, daB ich \<Ieinen kcinnte. J.Tf-~~ 3--n~-.rr-·'3·n1:- ~ Hedl-<314<-f cfQR.

Ich bin ganz verwirrt, so daB icb keine Antwort finde • .R1-~ trz:hT .;TIT ~c":rt'- &1--tn- "'hT Hf3T 3'"~ -<-ff4N o1~ ·

Du bist noch zu jung, als daB ich dir alles erzahlen konnte. ~ .HT ~ ~~ ~ l"tq.,) c-t ~ ~~ crlrtrn-.

Gib acbt, damit du dich nicht verletzt! c~~ 4-' a-11 ~~ct ~ Cj,col co:}~. C]c=fl t~"n;(~ .'l.ll"h), cJ"tf- ~ ·

Ziele gut, daB du den Apfel treffest auf den ersten ScbuB! t::f#c~ LQCFlOil d -.Fi4){-c..{4\CJ1 co f;:>f~ ~lTJ?r crfh:- d"rr ~./~ .. f{ ·

Er kam zu mir, urn gelobt zu werden. ~c-ff ~:C--.<rf ~l:fnft ~ciT~~ ~lq.,); '3-llcol ~

?~~

Konzessivsatz:

Instrumentalsatz:

Konjunktionalsatz als Attribut

Die Verneinune; sentence negation:

Ich l"iebe ibn, obwohl er mich hintergegangen ist. c~ ~ tpU 1~ /4?"(."f/C/t3 ~ c-r:ft" J=l?-c~l"ililcf~ ftJ:re~,~. Er kam, trotzdem er erklartet war

~ 31 IT.; 3-i<t:-=161 rlT 3-tWT ·

Er vernichtete die ·unbrauchbar ge"~>rordenen Lebensmi ttel, indem ( dadurch, daB) er Benzin darliber goB und sie anziindete.

('"'\ ~ ~-} \ "' ' _ _G. ~w 31tq;r dh""TSrc~ C'"(lrr r-< q~t>JT ~~,M·4r ~~~,-c:rr,..,~'"'b~~ Du wurdest nur dadurch gerettet, vieil (daB) ich. dich am Haarrschopf fassen konnte.

'\ .. ' ,. .. ffi- cj~ ~.fiT-C.t\ ~~"bl ~ ~12f1c~l ~OC{G'f'i4 ~ c:(t~ ~ ["i;col+i {"'fl~c31{1· Er konnte sicb nicbt von der Erinn·erung los en, daB sein bes ter Freund ibn verraten hatte.

-~· ,.....,~ ~~~ -~· --..Sl. c.~\"'ii{( ~C\IC1 -c.fr~rc-=Irt P-t~l ~ 4i"".ffl0fn:~- ~;)JIC.Zc~l sr""Fl'liCJ::f...f11t1 trtcenr.

Sie machen einen Krach, als ob Himmel gefallen ist ~ c:>f")m- ~fTOJll-IT ~~ q:s 0 :rr 3-H.=IT c~ ~~ H lSi"( l.:! I 5:J -

Dieser Mann hatte eine sonderbare Gewohnheit, er trug seinen Regenschirm wie . ein Gewebr tiber der Schulter. ,...., . , · r- \

~zrr .)({UI~l~l ~ fcr-r~,.l ~ ~t={T c-tT ~r-cft" ~ D>T~OJ? -<qliJJc({ t'-cncrr c-qfr ~ , ..silel ~-

Ich frage mich immer, i~t er fleiBi3 oder tut er nur so. >ft ~~~;it ~()Tfff e{.,'Pf' €1 ~ ~.,~RGt::f\"'"'\ ~lmm~n 31~ q,=t-~"lim-.:.( '3-1f0(' 3-mrrcr (Negation): nesati;n at the end of the sentence. ~-Icb komme nicht, keinesfalls, keineswegs, nie, niemals, nimmer. m i:n1 er10"-, ~m-!t-YR1~nlr1 ,ohlit -8U c-t:fi- c.h~ ~{T,tq-cP'tt· Er war nirgends ~ ~ 1 '"' • ~ ) ' '

. c-t I Of? I <5~ ..-t -=f Ci I " 14+! c.'ft o1W ' Niemand war zu sehen ~o-ff-i:f' 1~.ga- ~- Keiner kam~cy-if~<TfrF.

Ich babe nichts gefunden J{'GI•='1,.iTft"L( ,;;~,,\ I 81L{~ co·nfr.

25G

Wortverneinung:

V e rs t 8 rkung:

doppelte Verneinung

Nicht jeder ist ein Held~ ~I:f( It~/ ~f7.TCi; trl~ Nicht dich babe ich gemeint sondern deinen .Freund,~BI~ ~~ ~7mrr

jfl-~ ( rl'l:i .

Er liebt das durchaus nicht, gar nicht, ganz und gar nicht. ~ c~-fTI61 !rn§i &fTt=1 3-1 fctsc-t trl r[t-, os;-c{"Tftt- 3-a::;J(f ~~ -rrfr-..,:;-<7'1-& ·

Nein, icb komme nicht: o-nft,Rr~crtl[\.

Gott bewahre, das tue ich nicht.

~os,~l, ri-rrrm~,G.-7 ~ ~-Er hat nicht nur nicht gearbeitet, sondern aucb nocb die anderen abgehalten. \ ~ c~~rl! ~111 CJ?-rt--a1rir Q:.ct~=c:t ai~ c-1'"-{ ~a~\.:rrtf- ~ 1~05 ~-Das ist nicht unmoglich c:T ~f{loy2.i 31"Ti- ~···HIT.

Es wa~iemand im Zimmer, der das nicht gewuBt b&tte

s~ c-T J-rrkc=r oi~ '3-im ~p:rft--if ..( ~ cfi c1 a-{~ r11 .

Source: 1. ~ler n;roBe Duden GraDmstik.

2. 0hash triya U~lr':t thi Vvak.'Jr::mc:l: l;1oro Keshav Damle, v Deshmukh & Co, J?une 1 970.