chapter 3chemical periodicity and the formation of simple compounds 3.1groups of elements 3.2the...

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Chapter 3 Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1 Groups of Elements 3.2 The Periodic Table 3.3 Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4 Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures 3.5 Drawing Lewis Structures 3.6 Naming Compounds in Which Covalent Bonding Occurs 3.7 The Shapes of Molecules 3.8 Elements Forming More than One Ion

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Page 1: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

Chapter 3 Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds

3.1 Groups of Elements3.2 The Periodic Table3.3 Ions and Ionic Compounds3.4 Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures3.5 Drawing Lewis Structures3.6 Naming Compounds in Which Covalent

Bonding Occurs3.7 The Shapes of Molecules3.8 Elements Forming More than One Ion

Topics to be emphasized in Exam 1

Page 2: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

Chapter 3 Chemical Periodicity. Formation of Simple Compounds. Molecular Structure.

Section 3.2 The Periodic Table

Section 3.3 Covalent Bonding

Section 3.3 Lewis Structures

Section 3.4 Shapes of Molecules

Page 3: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

Section 3.2 Periodic Table

(1)Classic exemplar of the scientific process: Mendeleev

(2)Atomic mass and atomic number as atom identifiers

(3)Periodic properties along rows and down columns

Electronegativity (ability of an atom to hold electrons)Chemical reactivity (kinds of reactions atoms undergo)Valence (the number of bonds to other atoms)

(4)Underlying structure of the Periodic Table is the electronic structure of atoms not their masses.

Page 4: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

Dmitri Mendeleev

Page 5: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

Biological Periodic Table

http://umbbd.ahc.umn.edu/periodic/spiral.html

Page 6: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent
Page 7: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

Alternate forms of the periodic table: http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htm

Page 8: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

The Periodic Table

(1) The chemical and physical properties of the element are periodic functions of their atomic masses.

(2) The chemical and physical properties of the elements are periodic functions of the atom number (number of protons in the nucleus = number of electrons in the neutral atom).

(3) The elements can be arranged in groups (columns) of elements that possess related chemical and physical properties.

(4) The elements can be arranged in periods (rows) of elements that possess progressively different physical and chemical properties.

Page 9: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent
Page 10: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

The Table by groups

III IV V VI VII VIII

I II

Page 11: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

Groups of Elements in the Periodic Table

Eight Groups (the representative elements):

I. Alkali metals: (H), Li, Na, K, Rb, CsII. Alkali earth metals: Be, Al, Ca, Sr, Ba, RaIII. Boron family: B, Al, Ga, In, TlIV. Carbon family: C, Si, Ge, Sn, PbV. Nitrogen family: N, P, As, Sb, BiVI. Chalcogens O, S, Se, Te, PoVII.Halogens F, Cl, Br, I, AtVIII. Noble gases: (He), Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Page 12: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

The Table by “kinds” of elements

Page 13: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

The Table by “sizes” of atoms

Page 14: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

The Table by atomic radius

Page 15: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

The connection between the Periodic Table and atomic structure.

Valence electrons: The electrons which are furthest from the positive nucleus and are most loosely held. These electrons determine chemical properties of elements and molecules.

Periodic Table: The group number of the group of a column for the main group elements in the periodic table is the number of valence electrons possessed by the neutral atom = atomic number = number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Group number (GN for main group elements) = number of valence electrons

Valence electrons for elements 1-18

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

1H 2He

3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne

11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar

Page 16: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

The Table by electron affinity (energy released when an electron is added to an atom

Page 17: Chapter 3Chemical Periodicity and The Formation of Simple Compounds 3.1Groups of Elements 3.2The Periodic Table 3.3Ions and Ionic Compounds 3.4Covalent

Electronegativity and electron affinity are two

key features which determine the nature of

the chemical bond.More later….