chapter 39 digestive and excretory systems. your body’s need for food -your body needs energy,...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 39Digestive and Excretory systems
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Your Body’s Need for Food- Your body needs energy, factors include, age, activity, your sex,
growth, etc…- You get this from foods and beverages
- Nutrient: substance required for energy, growth, repair, and maintenance- Examples: carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
- Digestion: process of breaking down food, both physical and chemical.
- Calorie: amount of heat energy required to raise the temp of 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius.- Notice the capital C, nutritionists us the unit Calorie (equals
1000 calories) or Kcals.
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Review: Carbs, lipids, and proteinsCarbs: sugars (single sugars called monosaccharides)
- glucose, fructose, and others found in foods like fruits and honey- starches (in cereal grains) and vegetables- cellulose (in plants) source of fiber, helps secrete mucus, increases
passage of food.Proteins: important building blocks of amino acids, which in turn make more Proteins.
- excess proteins typically converted to fat- 20 amino acids, 10 need to be consumed- no single plant has all, that is why it is recommended to eat a variety
Lipids: Fats- insoluble in water, used for making steroid hormones and cell
membranes- help store energy- saturated fats typically the bad ones.
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Balancing Nutrients and Energy- No matter the source, excess calories are stored as glycogen or
body fat- Eat more calories than you burn, get fat, burn more calories than
you eat, get skinny - Obesity is being more than 20% heavier than your ideal weight.- Obesity significantly increases health risk (diabetes, heart disease,
etc…)
The Food PyramidUSDA food pyramid is the recommended daily servings for an average person.Top is bad, bottom is good.
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Vitamins, minerals, and water- vitamins: organic substances that occur in many foods necessary for normal
metabolic functions- Fat soluble: A, D, E, and K (excess amounts can be toxic), can be stored in
body fat- See table 1 page 904. ( you should know vitamin and role)
- Minerals: naturally occurring inorganic substances used in making structures and substances in body- Minerals are soluble in water, must be replaced dailey- See table 2 page 905. (you should know mineral and role)
Water: transports everything, found everywhere, 2/3 of your body weight is water.
Home work Pg 905 section review #’s 1-6
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Digestion- The breaking down of food both physically and chemically- Quiz is on figure 5 page 906 (no hand out) add appendix- Steps in digestion
- Starts in the mouth. Food is smashed and shredded (physical) tongue mixes, saliva moistens (contains amylase which is an enzyme that begins breaking down carb’s).
- Moves down pass the pharynx, epiglottis blocks off wind pipe, and food moves into the esophagus.
- Esophagus connects mouth to the stomach (about 25 cm’s long) food is pushed down via muscle contractions called peristalsis.
- Takes about 5-10 seconds for food to pass down into the stomach.- The stomach: Sphincter muscle (valve that allows food into, but prevents it from
going the wrong way…unless…gross….blowing chunks)- Stomach mechanically breaks down food, stores food, and breaks down proteins- Very acidic (called gastric juices) combo of hydrochloric acid and pepsin.
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- Gastric juices, HCl and pepsin, break bonds and unfold large proteins.- Peristaltic waves are used to mix the contents- Food can spend from 2 to 6 hours in the stomach- About 2 L’s of HCl is secreted every day- Mucus in the lining of the stomach protects it from the 1.5 pH (or lower)The small intestine- Sphincter muscle also allows food out of stomach into the small intestine.- About 6 m long- Main function digestion and absorption of nutrients- Peristalsis mixes the food.- Takes 3 to 6 hours- First part called the duodenum, receives secretions from the pancreas, liver,
and gallbladder.
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- Lipases (pancreatic enzymes) for digesting fats- Bile: greenish fluid produced by the liver, breaks up fat globules
called emulsification (big fat globs to little fat droplets)- Gallbladder stores bile until it is needed- Most absorption takes place in the S.I.- Villi: fingerlike projections, increase the surface area for better
absorption.The Large Intestine- The part of the food not for energy production are considered
waste and will now move into the L.I.- Also called the colon- Much shorter than the S.I. however it has a much larger diameter- Not coiled rather 3 relatively straight segments.- No digestion takes place in the colon
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- Mostly water and mineral ions are absorbed in the L.I.- Loaded with a thriving colony of bacteria, they synthesize many
compounds that your body needs- Vitamin K and several of the B vitamins- Also aid in compacting and transforming undigested materials into
the feces (final waste product)- Last stage is the rectum- Solid feces is removed from the body via the anus- Typically 12 to 24 hours from start to finish- Diarrhea (waste move to quickly through the L.I.) watery feces- Constipation (food remains for to long in the L.I.) hard feces- Water balance is key in both of the above.
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The livers role- In digestion
- Bile to aid in emulsification, also promotes absorption of fatty acids, and fat soluble vitamins
- Jaundice, excessive yellowing of the eyes, skin, and urine; due to increased bile pigments in the blood. Often a result of hepatitis or an inflammation of the liver. Other diseases as well
- Liver is about the size of a football, and weighs 3 lbs.- In metabolism
- Food is transported to the liver- Stabilizes blood sugar (converts extra sugar to glycogen for storage)- Also breaks down glycogen when needed for energy- Modifies amino acids.- Monitors the production of cholesterol- Detoxifies poisons- Heavy metals tend to get stored in the liver, since they can’t be broken
down
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- Cirrhosis is the scaring of the liver cells, caused by damage via: viral infections, drug or alcohol use, or traumatic injury.
ExcretionThe body must remove waste to maintain osmotic balanceExcretion: is the process that rids the body of toxic chemicals, excess water, salts, and CO2Organs of excretion: Lungs, Kidneys, skinLungs: CO2Skin: excess water and salts (sweat)Kidneys: urine
The liver converts ammonia to Urea (less toxic nitrogen waste) which is carried to the kidneys which removes it from the blood stream
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The Kidneys- A pair of bean shaped, reddish brown organs located in the lower back, about
the size of a small fist- Consists of millions of blood filtering units called nephrons. (pic on later
slide)- Three different phases occur in nephrons
- Phase 1: filtration: begins a the cup shaped capsule called “Bowmans” capsule- Enters Bowmans cap. Arterioles split into tiny network of capillaries
called a glomerulus (these act as the filtration device). Pressure forces fluid into the hollow interior of the BC, called filtrate.
- Mostly water, salt, glucose and AA’s; blood, cells, proteins, and others are to large and stay in the blood stream.
- Phase 2: Reabsorption: filtrate passes from the BC into renal tubules (which form a loop) where useful molecules like glucose, ions, and some water are extracted.
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- Phase 3: secretion: some substances pas from the blood into the filtrate directly (secretion)- Urine formation: Urine: made up of water, urea, some salts, and others chemicals are left
over after reabsorption - Collecting ducts receive fluid from nephron segments and empty into areas that lead
to ureters (tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder).- Urine can be very concentrated, so NO it is not a good source for drinking when
stranded.- Elimination of urin
- Ureters direct urine into the urinary bladder (stores urine)- UB can hold up to about .6 liters of urine (males tend to be larger) approx. 1.7-2.3
Liters per day- Urine is forced out via a tube called the urethra- Process is called urination- Stretch receptors on the bladder send signals to the spinal cord saying its time to go
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