CHAPTER 37

Post-Colonial Challenges in Africa and the Middle East,

1939 – Present

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1. The Context of African Decolonization

A. The Impact of World War II1. Africans and the fight against fascism

B. European Preparations for Colonial Autonomy1. Britain 2. France3. Belgium and Portugal

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2. The Transformation of Africa After 1945

A. African Nationalism and the Cold War1. Capitalism and Marxism in Africa

B. North Africa1. Algeria2. Postcolonial government

C. Sub-Saharan Africa1. Britain’s retreat from empire2. Failure of the French Community3. Chaos in Belgium’s empire4. Portugal’s unique decolonization

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2. The Transformation of Africa After 1945 (cont’d)

D. From Apartheid to Freedom in South Africa1. The ANC2. The end of apartheid

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3. Challenges Facing Independent Africa

A. Politics: Democracy or Dictatorship?1. Imperialism and political development2. Ethnic and tribal allegiances

B. Economic Underdevelopment1. Imperialism and economic development2. Efforts at industrialization3. Corruption and economic development

C. Social Challenges: Poverty, Ignorance, Disease1. Poverty2. Education3. Disease

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4. The Transformation of the Middle East

A. The State of Israel and the Palestinian Conflict1. Zionism2. The Balfour Declaration3. International recognition and the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 – 19494. The Palestinian question

B. Arab Nationalism and the Arab-Israeli Wars1. Abdel Nasser and pan-Arabism2. The Six-Day War3. The Yom Kippur/Ramadan War4. Peace between Israel and Egypt

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4. The Transformation of the Middle East (cont’d)

C. The Development of Islamist Fundamentalism1. Nineteenth-century Islamic responses2. Islamic revival since the 1970s3. Islamic revolution in Iran4. Anti-Israeli and anti-Western terrorism

D. Persian Gulf Wars and Global Terrorism1. 1991: The Persian Gulf War2. September 11, 20013. The Iraq War

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