chapter 37 nervous system. nervous system-receives and relays information about activities within...
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Chapter 37
Nervous System
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Nervous System-receives and relays information about activities within the body and monitors and
responds to internal and external changes
http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nervoussystemintro.htm
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Three main functions of the nervous system
• 1. Sensory Input
• 2. Integration
• 3. Motor Output
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Three main functions of the nervous system
http://cafe.daum.net/beautyskinbody/GY8n/196?docid=16FM2%7CGY8n%7C196%7C20080718134405
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Structures of the central Nervous system (CNS)
• 1. brain
• 2. spinal nerve cord
in vertebrates
http://factsabouthumanbodyanditsorgans.blogspot.com/2011/11/central-nervous-system.html
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Motor output is the conduction of signals from the CNS to the effector
cells such as muscles
http://mycozynook.com/102RGCh28OH.htm
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How are signals conducted
• Signals are conducted by nerves
• Nerves are bundles of neurons which are wrapped in connective tissue
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Sensory and motor neurons are collectively called the peripheral
nervous system
http://generalknowledgeupdates.blogspot.com/2012/10/peripheral-nervous-system.html
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Neuron-structural and functional unit of the nervous system
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/brain/Neuron.shtml
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Four main parts of a neuron
• 1. Cell body
• 2. Dendrites
• 3. Axon (action potential is generated here number 20)
• 4. Axon terminals
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Neuron
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/brain/Neuron.shtml
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Synapse-The site of contact between a synaptic terminal of a neuron and a target, such as another
neuron, a muscle cell, or a gland, is called a
http://scienceblogs.com/purepedantry/2007/03/06/neuron-to-glia-synapse-on-axon/
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Pre-synaptic cell and post-synaptic cells of a synapse
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6943/fig_tab/423931a_F1.html
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Reflex arc-the simplest type of nerve circuit
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/115358232/Reflex-Arc-Reflex-Arc
Has to be at least one sensory neuron and one motor neuron
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Ganglia and nuclei
• Collections of cell bodies of neurons.
• Ganglia are found in the peripheral nervous system
• Nuclei are found within the brain.
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Schwann Cells
• Cells that form the insulating sheaths around axons
• Located outside the Central Nervous System
• It is made of myelin
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http://207.204.17.60/schwann-cell-transplants-human-clinical-trials
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Membrane potential• All cells have an electrical charge difference
across their plasma membrane called the membrane potential
• It exists because the different concentration of certain ions across the cell membrane
• The membrane potential of an unstimulated neuron is called the resting membrane potential
• These ions move across the membrane either by being pumped by membrane proteins or by simple diffusion through ion channels.
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Membrane potential
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potential
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Resting membrane potential
http://humanbiologylab.pbworks.com/w/page/45302491/Resting%20Cellular%20Membrane%20Potential
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• All cells have a membrane potential
• However, only certain cells such as neurons and muscle cells have the ability to generate large changes in their membrane potential
• These cells are called excitable
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Action Potential
• If a sufficiently strong stimulus causes depolarization to reach “threshold potential” it triggers a different type of response called an action potential
http://www.answers.com/topic/action-potential
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Two factors that affect the speed at which an action potential travels
down an axon • The diameter of the axon, the larger the
diameter the faster the action potential
• The presence of myelin around the axon, myelin insulates the axon and allows the action potential to travel quicker
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The “motor division” of the peripheral nervous system is divided into two functional divisions, called the somatic and
autonomic nervous systems
http://ultramindtechniques.blogspot.com/2011/04/know-hardware-iii-nervous-system.html
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What do they do?
• The somatic nervous system carries signals to skeletal muscle
• The autonomic nervous system carries signals to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
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http://www.docstoc.com/docs/105365259/Comparison-of-Somatic-and-Autonomic-Systems
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic of the Autonomic nervous system
• The autonomic nervous system consists of two divisions that act on body organs with opposite affects
• The Sympathetic Division correlates with an activation of the fight or flight response
• The Parasympathetic Division causes a calming effect and a return to an emphasis on self-maintenance functions
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http://emsbasics.com/2011/03/31/drug-families-stimulants-and-depressants/sympathetic-parasympathetic/