chapter 36 the integumentary, skeletal, & muscular system john hizny lexi coolbaugh sarah...
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Chapter 36Chapter 36The Integumentary, Skeletal, The Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular System& Muscular System
John HiznyLexi CoolbaughSarah SchultzJames AveryAdam Werner
Section 36-1Section 36-1
SkinLargest organ in the body Part of integumentary system Integumentary includes skin, hair, nails, and number of important glands in skin.
Skin has three layers1.1. Outer layer - Outer layer - Epidermis2.2. Inner Layer -Inner Layer -Dermis3.3. Lowest Layer - Lowest Layer - Hypodermis
Supports the EpidermisContains important cells for:
Nerve endingsBlood VesselsSmooth Muscle
The body’s Sweat/Oil Glands are located here also
Produces cells that are pushed toward the surface. Produces keratin as they move upward.
Keratin – Tough, flexible protein◦Major protein found in fingernails ◦Forms a tough waterproof layer on
top of skin
•Hair is produced from columns of cells that are filled with keratin and then…. DIEDIE.•Clusters of cells make up Hair Hair FolliclesFollicles.•Toenails/fingernails are formed by keratin-forming cells for a flattened flattened plate.plate.
Section 36-2Section 36-2
BonesBonesAll vertebrates have an internal
skeletal systemBones store supplies of calcium and
phosphorousInternal Skeletal System
◦ Provides support for the upper body◦ Attachment sites for muscles◦ Protects internal organs
Bone StructureBone StructurePeriosteum- tough layer
surrounding bonesInside the periosteum is a dense
layer of compact bone.Spongy bone is found inside the
compact bone.Osteocytes- Cells found in C & S
bone.◦Help build and maintain bones
Bone GrowthBone GrowthBones are produced by Cartilage.
Cartilage is produced at growth plates & gradually is replaced by bone as the skeleton enlarges.
JointsJointsA place where two bones meet.3 kinds of joints:
◦Fixed Little or no movement between bones
Mostly located in the skull
◦Slightly Moveable Small amount of movement
Mostly located in a Spinal Column or Ribs
◦Freely Moveable Wide Range of movement
Ex: Shoulders and hips
Joints ContinuedJoints ContinuedJoints are enclosed by a Joint
Capsule. Inside the capsule is Synovial
Fluid◦Natural lubricant that reduces
friction & allows the cartilage coated bones slip past each other easily
Section 36-3Section 36-3
Muscle TissueMuscle TissueThere are 3 types of muscle
tissue:◦Skeletal◦Cardiac◦Smooth
Each of these three types muscle, have a different cellular structure.
Skeletal Muscle TissueSkeletal Muscle TissueGenerally attached to the bones
of the skeleton and is usually under voluntary control.
Skeletal muscle tissue is behind every conscious movement you make◦Ex: Lifting a weight
This is because most skeletal muscle tissue is controlled directly by the nervous system.
Cardiac Muscle TissueCardiac Muscle TissueCardiac muscle tissue is found in
just one place : The HeartCardiac muscle tissue is striated,
but the smaller Cardiac muscle cell have just one nucleus, and they are not under the direct control of the Central Nervous System
Smooth Muscle TissueSmooth Muscle TissueSmooth muscle tissue is found in the
walls of many internal organs, except the heart.
The cells of the smooth muscle tissue are spindle shaped, have a single nucleus, and are not striated.
Not always under the conscious control of the nervous system.
Responsible for actions not under voluntary control.
Muscle StructureMuscle StructureMyosin- Thick filaments that are
made of protein.Actin- Thin filaments that are
made up of another protein.
Sliding Filament Theory Sliding Filament Theory When hundreds of thousands of
actin-myosin cross-bridges go through their cycle in a fraction of a second, the muscle cell contracts with siderable force.
Muscle ContractionMuscle ContractionTo make well-coordinated
movement, muscle contractions must be carefully controlled.
A single motor neuron may form synapse to one or several muscle cells. An impulse in the motor neuron causes the release of a neurotransmitter acetylcholine.◦This causes a new action potential. In
turn causes the release of calcium ions into the cytoplasm of muscle cells. When calcium flows into the cytoplasm,
cross-bridges form, and the muscle contracts.
Muscles and MovementsMuscles and MovementsMuscles produce force by contracting.Attached to bones by tendons, a
muscle can pull two bones together, using the joint between them as a lever.
An individual muscle can pull by contracting, but cannot push.◦If that’s true, then how can you push a
door open or do a pushup? The answer is that skeletal muscles are
arranged in pairs. These pairs oppose each other and produce forceful movements in either direction.
Section 36-4Section 36-4
Specialized Skeletal Muscle Specialized Skeletal Muscle FibersFibersSkeletal muscles contain two
main types of muscle fibers◦RedRed◦WhiteWhite
Whose properties make them specialists at different kids of exercise.
Red Muscle FibersRed Muscle FibersContain large amounts of reddish
oxygen-storing protein myoglobinmyoglobin.
Red fibers have rich blood supplies and plenty of mitochondria to produce ATP.
White Muscle FibersWhite Muscle FibersCalled fast- twitch muscle fibers and
can generate powerful contractions.The contain few mitochondria ,
these fibers contain greater densities of contractile proteins than red fibers do.◦The powerful fibers fatigue easily,
however, which means that they can produce maximum contractions for only a few seconds at a time.
Exercise Muscle CellsExercise Muscle Cells