Chapter 35 Chapter 35

America enters the warAmerica enters the war

Decision was made to defeat Decision was made to defeat Hitler first Hitler first

Americans unite against the dictatorsAmericans unite against the dictators By Executive Order February 1942 -- By Executive Order February 1942 --

Japanese internment – 110,000 Japanese internment – 110,000 Japanese Americans interned in Japanese Americans interned in camps on the west coast. camps on the west coast. – It was the most severe attack on It was the most severe attack on

American civil liberties during WWII. American civil liberties during WWII. – Excuse/national securityExcuse/national security

Had to sell homes businesses on Had to sell homes businesses on short noticeshort notice

Put in camps armed guards in Put in camps armed guards in undesirable placesundesirable places

1200 volunteered to serve the US 1200 volunteered to serve the US armyarmy

The US organizes for The US organizes for warwar

War productions Board created War productions Board created to direct industrial production to direct industrial production

so as to provide necessary war so as to provide necessary war materialsmaterials

Pulls us out of the depressionPulls us out of the depression 40 billion bullets 300,000 aircraft 76,000 40 billion bullets 300,000 aircraft 76,000

ships 86,000 tanks 2.6 million machine gunsships 86,000 tanks 2.6 million machine guns Halts the manufacture of non essential Halts the manufacture of non essential

goodsgoods Farmers increase their outputFarmers increase their output Ship builder Henry Kaiser built one ship in Ship builder Henry Kaiser built one ship in

14 days14 days

Office of Price Office of Price AdministrationAdministration

Brought prices under controlBrought prices under control Organized rationingOrganized rationing

– Some cheatSome cheat– Black MarketBlack Market

War labor BoardWar labor Board

Put a ceiling on wagesPut a ceiling on wages Settled labor-management disputes Settled labor-management disputes

so as to prevent strikes so as to prevent strikes Labor unions grew from 10 million to Labor unions grew from 10 million to

13 million during the war and there 13 million during the war and there were some strikeswere some strikes

Smith-Connally Anti Strike act Smith-Connally Anti Strike act authorized government to seize and authorized government to seize and operate tied up industriesoperate tied up industries

Man PowerMan Power

15 million men serve about 16% saw 15 million men serve about 16% saw action 10 million through draftaction 10 million through draft

Women serve in non combat roles Women serve in non combat roles WACS WAVESWACS WAVES

Mexican farm workers called braceros Mexican farm workers called braceros allowed across the border to harvest allowed across the border to harvest crops a program that out lives the warcrops a program that out lives the war

Over six million women enter the Over six million women enter the work force (Rosie the Riveter)work force (Rosie the Riveter)

African AmericansAfrican Americans Could join the marinesCould join the marines Must fight in black unitsMust fight in black units Few officers but more could become Few officers but more could become

officersofficers Charles Drew a black man develops the Charles Drew a black man develops the

blood bank but blood was segregatedblood bank but blood was segregated Roosevelt orders no discrimination sets up Roosevelt orders no discrimination sets up

fair Employment practices Committee to fair Employment practices Committee to prevent racial discrimination and religious prevent racial discrimination and religious discrimination. NAACP membership boomsdiscrimination. NAACP membership booms

One million blacks move north and west One million blacks move north and west causing unrest in those states and citiescausing unrest in those states and cities

Paying for the warPaying for the war

With holding taxes began and lower With holding taxes began and lower tax bracketstax brackets

330-400 billion 1/3 taxes 2/3 330-400 billion 1/3 taxes 2/3 borrowed through bondsborrowed through bonds

Debt went from $50 billion to 250 Debt went from $50 billion to 250 billion.billion.

European TheaterEuropean Theater

German subs hurt American German subs hurt American shipping until we controlled Atlantic -shipping until we controlled Atlantic -Allies had developed SONAR Allies had developed SONAR So(und) Na(vigation) R(anging) RadarSo(und) Na(vigation) R(anging) Radar

Battle of the Atlantic came firstBattle of the Atlantic came first

North African North African

To stop RommelTo stop Rommel British stop German at El Alamein Egypt British stop German at El Alamein Egypt

(protect Suez Canal) Montgomery- led British(protect Suez Canal) Montgomery- led British US gets involved with Eisenhower leading US, US gets involved with Eisenhower leading US,

British, Canadian troops in an invasion of British, Canadian troops in an invasion of North Africa at Morocco Nov. 1942North Africa at Morocco Nov. 1942

Axis troops put in Vice and North Africa soon Axis troops put in Vice and North Africa soon taken by alliestaken by allies

Patton very important tank commander herePatton very important tank commander here

1943 allies invade Sicily and 1943 allies invade Sicily and southern Italysouthern Italy

Mussolini’s fascists collapse Italy Mussolini’s fascists collapse Italy surrenders unconditionallysurrenders unconditionally

Germany does rush troops here ( by Germany does rush troops here ( by 1944 Rome taken)1944 Rome taken)

By 1942 Russians were on By 1942 Russians were on counter offensivecounter offensive

They wanted a second frontThey wanted a second front They broke the siege of Stalingrad They broke the siege of Stalingrad

and surrounded the German armyand surrounded the German army Jan. 1943- Siege of Leningrad endedJan. 1943- Siege of Leningrad ended

Casablanca Conference Casablanca Conference 19431943

Allies decide to take Sicily and ItalyAllies decide to take Sicily and Italy Americans wanted to invade FranceAmericans wanted to invade France Unconditional surrender decided Unconditional surrender decided

upon (some criticize as prolonging upon (some criticize as prolonging the war)the war)

Air warAir war

British began bombing Germany in 1941 British began bombing Germany in 1941 flew over at night saturation bombed flew over at night saturation bombed whole areaswhole areas

Americans- Army Air Force attack in 1942 Americans- Army Air Force attack in 1942 pinpoint attack in day lightpinpoint attack in day light

B-17 Flying Fortress soon being shot down B-17 Flying Fortress soon being shot down America develops long range fightersAmerica develops long range fighters Germans develop V-1 and V-2 Flying Germans develop V-1 and V-2 Flying

bombsbombs

D-day June 6, 1944 D-day June 6, 1944 Landed at Normandy FranceLanded at Normandy France Best kept secret of warBest kept secret of war Eisenhower was “Overlord” code name for Eisenhower was “Overlord” code name for

invasioninvasion Germans believed attack (Overlord) would come Germans believed attack (Overlord) would come

at Calais to Northat Calais to North Patton used as decoyPatton used as decoy 600 warships 4000 tanks 176000 men supported 600 warships 4000 tanks 176000 men supported

by 11000 planesby 11000 planes 1 week allies had landed 326,000 men 50,000 1 week allies had landed 326,000 men 50,000

vehicles 100,000 tons of suppliesvehicles 100,000 tons of supplies Within 6 weeks all of France cleared of Germans Within 6 weeks all of France cleared of Germans

Battle of the bulgeBattle of the bulge

Germans final attemptGermans final attempt Hit allied lines in one big offensive to Hit allied lines in one big offensive to

take Antwerp an allied basetake Antwerp an allied base Aided by bad weather Germans got Aided by bad weather Germans got

good startgood start Germans had run out of gasGermans had run out of gas

The End is NearThe End is Near

April 12,1945 Roosevelt diesApril 12,1945 Roosevelt dies May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders V-E May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders V-E

dayday

War in the pacific- War in the pacific-

Allies had early losses Guam, Allies had early losses Guam, PhilippinesPhilippines

April 1942 US begins raids on TokyoApril 1942 US begins raids on Tokyo Did little damage but boosted Did little damage but boosted

moralemorale B-25's led by General Doolittle in 60 B-25's led by General Doolittle in 60

seconds over Tokyo seconds over Tokyo

Battle of Coral SeaBattle of Coral Sea

Yamamoto wanted to defeat pacific Yamamoto wanted to defeat pacific fleetfleet

First sea battle where neither ship First sea battle where neither ship saw the othersaw the other

Battle was draw – US lost the Battle was draw – US lost the Lexington Lexington

But stopped Japanese advanceBut stopped Japanese advance

Midway June 1942Midway June 1942

Japanese wanted stationary aircraft Japanese wanted stationary aircraft carrier (island)carrier (island)

US sent 4 carriers to the bottom of US sent 4 carriers to the bottom of the sea – that Japan could not the sea – that Japan could not replacereplace

US lost 1 carrier US lost 1 carrier Turning point of the warTurning point of the war

OffensiveOffensive

Guadal Canal of Solomon IslandsGuadal Canal of Solomon Islands Stepping stone needed for the allies Stepping stone needed for the allies

return to Philippinesreturn to Philippines Begins island hopping strategy that Begins island hopping strategy that

continues until the end of the warcontinues until the end of the war

Island hoppingIsland hopping Taking an island near to Japanese held Taking an island near to Japanese held

island to attack other island and work island to attack other island and work toward Japantoward Japan

Iwo Jima and Okinawa were two islands Iwo Jima and Okinawa were two islands important to the taking of Japanimportant to the taking of Japan

Lost 5000 American lives- Mt. Suribachi Lost 5000 American lives- Mt. Suribachi on Iwo Jimaon Iwo Jima

Okinawa was one of costliest battle in Okinawa was one of costliest battle in ships and livesships and lives

Japanese use Kama KasiJapanese use Kama Kasi 11,260 killed 33,000 wounded 100,000 11,260 killed 33,000 wounded 100,000

JapaneseJapanese

Manhattan project Manhattan project

Took about 3 years Took about 3 years cost 2 billion cost 2 billion first explosion July first explosion July

16, 194516, 1945 Hiroshima and Hiroshima and

NagasakiNagasaki

YaltaYalta

decided how to divide up Europedecided how to divide up Europe decided on U.N.decided on U.N. Russia promises to fight Japan within Russia promises to fight Japan within

2-3 months after defeat of Germany. 2-3 months after defeat of Germany. Russia will get Sackaline Islands Kuril Russia will get Sackaline Islands Kuril Islands 2 portsIslands 2 ports