CHAPTER 33: LIFE DURING THE COLD WARWestern Europe and North America

WESTERN EUROPE• France• Charles de Gaulle• Established the 4th Republic• Poorly operated because of political divisions

• 5th Republic• Designed by de Gaulle• Wrote Constitution• Named president• Powers

• Choose Prime Minister• Could dissolve Parliament• Supervise military and run foreign policy

WESTERN EUROPE• France and de Gaulle• De Gaulle as president• Invested in nuclear weapons• Economy grew rapidly through expansion of automobiles and weapons• Problems• Massive gov’t deficit• Increase in standard of living• Labor strikes

• De Gaulle resigns in 1969

WESTERN EUROPE• France• Life after de Gaulle• Political shift towards socialism• Francois Mitterand• Named president in 1981• Initiatives• 39 hour work week• Wage increases• Higher taxes for rich• Nationalized banks, steel industry, electronics industry

WESTERN EUROPE• West Germany• Konrad Adenauer• Chancellor of West Germany• Leader during economic recovery• Unemployment• 8% in 1950• 0.4% in 1965

• Continued strong ties with US and Western Europe

WESTERN EUROPE• Great Britain• Post war Britain was economic disaster• Brought the rise of the Labour Party• Clement Attlee• Created a welfare state• Provided insurance to unemployed and poor

• Conservative Party• Came back to power in 1951• Improved housing for poor

WESTERN EUROPE• Great Britain• Margaret Thatcher (1979-1990)• First female Prime Minister• Member of Conservative Party• Goal was privatization• Limited union power• Limited social welfare• End inflation

• Thatcherism• Small businesses increased• Old industries saw high unemployment, violence and poverty

WESTERN EUROPE• The EEC• European Economic Community (1957)• Free Trade economy• France, Italy, W. Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg• No import taxes between the 6 nations• Outside countries would have one imposed• 1973• G.B, Denmark, and Ireland join EEC

• 1986• Spain, Portugal, and Greece join

• Would lead to creation of the European Union (EU)

THE US AFTER WW2• 1950’s and the “Red Scare”• Senator Joseph McCarthy• Claimed Communists had infiltrated gov’t• Began hunting for Communists in all aspects of life• Attacked Hollywood for “Pro-communist ideas”• Blackballed dozens of actors, directors, and writers

• 1954• Claimed Communists were running the military• Led to major backlash and his removal from Congress

THE US AFTER WW2• 1960’s and Civil Rights• Martin Luther King Jr.• Leader of movement for racial equality• With help from gov’t, equality grew closer• Civil Rights Act of 1964• Ended segregation and discrimination in the work place and public

places• Voting Rights Act of 1964• Made it easier for African Americans to vote in the South

• Assassinated in Memphis in 1968• Led to backlash across country

THE US AFTER WW2• 1970’s• President Richard Nixon• Watergate Scandal• Involved in plot to steal information on Democrats from HQ• HQ located in Watergate Hotel• Lied about involvement• Became first president to resign from office• Avoided impeachment trial in process

• Americans began having trust issues with gov’t

CHAPTER 33: LIFE DURING THE COLD WAREastern Europe and the Soviet Union

POSTWAR SOVIET UNION• WW2 destroyed the industrial base created in 1930’s• Stalin re-introduces the 5 Year Plans• Limited returned expected

• Economic Recovery• By 1950’s, industry was well above 1930’s standard set• Heavy industry flourished (Military)• Hydrogen Bomb (1953)• Sputnik (1957)

POSTWAR SOVIET UNION• The Rule of Stalin• Incredibly suspicious• Allowed him to repress more• Held back Literature and Science that went against Communist Ideas• Died March 1953• People breathed sigh of relief

POSTWAR SOVIET UNION• Khrushchev Era• De-Stalinization• Removing ruthless Stalin

Programs• Less restricted literature• Less restricted art• Produce more consumer

goods• Increase farming (Failed)

• Foreign Policy• Failed with Cuban Missile Crisis

POSTWAR SOVIET UNION• The Brezhnev Era• Improved relations with US• Allowed for loosened trends• Western Music• Western Dress

• Complacent Gov’t• Farmers had no incentive to

work harder• Still had high spending on

heavy industry

EASTERN EUROPE• Communist Patterns of Control• Albania• Always had pro-Communist ties so USSR intervened little• As time went by, they maintained Communism without Soviet control

• Yugoslavia• Josip Broz (Tito)• Leader of Stalin resistance movement• Gained support of people over Stalin• Still Communist but free of Soviet influence

EASTERN EUROPE• Revolts against Communism• Poland (1956)• Wladyslaw Golmuka• Leader of Poland• Pushed for a separation from USSR • Poles feared Soviet retaliation• Remained part of Warsaw Pact

EASTERN EUROPE• Revolts against Communism• Hungary (1956)• Spurred on by the changes in Poland• Imre Nagy• Claimed Hungary as independent on Nov. 1, 1956• Called for free elections

• Khrushchev responds• Sends troops in to invade Budapest• Restores control• Executes Nagy in 1958

EASTERN EUROPE• Revolts against Communism• Czechoslovakia• Antonin Novotny (Little Stalin)• Leader has alienated all in his party• Resigns in 1968 due to lack of support

• Alexander Dubcek• Elected in 1968• Freedom of speech, press and travel• Decreased censorship• “Prague Spring”• Ended when Soviets removed him

CHAPTER 33: LIFE DURING THE COLD WARThe Asian Rim

THE TRANSFORMATION OF JAPAN• Postwar Japan• US occupied Japan from 1945-1952• Gen. MacArthur was in control• Remodeled society• Established new constitution• Established parliament• Restored emperor’s power to extent• Women given right to vote

• September 1951• Japan given independence

TRANSFORMATION OF JAPAN• Japan’s Constitution• Guaranteed basic civil rights• Universal suffrage• 3 branches of gov’t (executive, judicial, legislative)• 2 party system• Although Liberal Democrats always had the power

• Japan’s Government• Establish price and wage policies• Established state capitalism

TRANSFORMATION OF JAPAN• Education• Reform movements• Individualism• Remove loyalty to emperor• Emphasis on work effort

• Role of Women• Right to vote• Entered politics• Encouraged to work• Earned less money than men

THE “ASIAN TIGERS”• S. Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong

• Imitated Japan’s economy in postwar

• 1953: Korea• Shift from dictatorship to democracy• 1962, elected Park Chung Hee as president• Expanded industrial base• Assassinated in early 1990’s

THE “ASIAN TIGERS”• Taiwan• Chiang Kai-shek (Former leader of China)• Established government on island of Taiwan• Used US aid to maintain control and kept out Communists• Double food production• Industrialized locally

• Singapore• Minister Lee Hsien Loong• Free market economy• Increased banking• Established ship building and oil refineries