chapter 33 africa, the middle east, and asia in the era of independence mm
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 33
Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of
Independence
MM
The Challenges of Independence
o Common peoples independence movements -> not enough resources and bitter rivalries o Bangladesh violence &
African negligence of the people
o Pop. boom: from New World crops/control and reduced warringo eradication effort of diseases and hygiene boosts
- Big African boost BUT AIDS & production- Asia 600 mil -> India 1 bil.
o colonial lack of industry and internationalization = hard to support
o POP: resistance to birth control - cultural and women status
- Previous high mortality rates
o migration to cities: not enough jobs or resources -> unemployed
- become political menace w/ riots
o severe division of rich and slums o environmental issues
The Challenges of Independence
The Challenges of Independenceo constitutions with women rights & little action
-Women leaders had connections to men
(Corazon Aquino & Indira Ghandi)
- Young marriage & child bearing -> less education
- religion and traditions hold back women
The Challenges of Independence
oFunding for industrialization scarceoDependence on a few primary products for international trade
- leaders blame neocolonial economy
- Corrupt gov and lack of reforms -> international
assistance
Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice
o Ghanaian leader Nkrumah: had ambitious programs of education and industry
- Leftist ideas (support from Soviets)o Dictator rule through Convention People’s party
- Seem like Confucius and Muhammad - 1966 was deposed by coup while in Vietnam
o Harsh military regimes- Uganda- Myanmar
o Egyptian radical movement - Under the Free Officers Movement & Gamal
Abdul Nasser - allied with Muslim Brotherhood: social uplift &
reforms (middle class and peasant)
Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice
Egypt lost: 1948 Arab Israeli war 1952 British over
SuezRevolution:
all political parties disbanded
Nasser becomes leader of coup reforms (like 5 year plans)
against Arab nation and for SuezFailed:
land reforms Aswan Dam Project foreign assistance Six Day war with Israel 1967
- Stalemate with Sadat
Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice
o India: secular democratic views & industrial society
- ^^ literacy, family planning, development , technology
o Nehru and Congress party most power
- Opposing parties locally strong
o Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini - 1979 religious revolution to promote
old ways globally in Iran- claimed to be divinely inspired
o had not been westernized or colonizedoShah fled, but returned to power 1953 by CIA -> gov changes -> isolation
- Economic slump and angered middle class
o Saddam Hussein takes over
Paths to Economic Growth and Social Justice
o White ruled South Africa: largest and richest , still colonially dominated
- 1960 independence- homelands set up for tribal blacks- Apartheid until 1990: Nelson Mandela
ostill rivalries between Zulus and Xhosas
o African National congress: illigalo African leaders sent to prisons
- others (Steve Biko) murderedo protests named “communist inspired” o F.W. de Klerk began dismantle of Apartheid
South African 2011 black/white ratio