chapter 32 pre-test question 5 - eth zn.ethz.ch/~nielssi/download/3. semester/biologie iia...chapter...

Questions part 4: Vertebratenentwicklung (Vorlesung vom 19.12. und20.12.11)Due: 11:59am on Wednesday, December 21, 2011

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Chapter 32 Pre-Test Question 5

Description: (a) Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the _____.

Part A

Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the _____.

Hint A.1

Gastrulation establishes the basic body plan of an animal.

ANSWER: blastula

primary germ layers

central nervous system

organs

muscles

Gastrulation gives rise to either two or three germ layers.

Chapter 32 Question 22

Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) The blastopore is a structurethat first becomes evident during...

Part A

The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during

ANSWER: cleavage.

gastrulation.

fertilization.

the eight-cell stage of the embryo.

metamorphosis .

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Description: (a) During the early development of a human embryo, the _____ eventually forms the_____.

Part A

During the early development of a human embryo, the _____ eventually forms the _____.

Hint A.1

Think about how the basic body plane is established in the embryo.

ANSWER: trophoblast ... embryo proper

hypoblast ... amniotic cavity

epiblast ... placenta

epiblast ... ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal tissues

blastocoel ... archenteron

The migration and differentiation of epiblast cells produce the embryo proper and its three basictissues.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) As an embryo develops, newcells are produced as the result of...

Part A

As an embryo develops, new cells are produced as the result of

ANSWER: morphogenesis.

differentiation.

preformation.

epigenesis.

cell division.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) A reproductive differencebetween sea urchins and humans is...

Part A


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A reproductive difference between sea urchins and humans is

ANSWER: sea urchins, but not humans, have a need to block polyspermy becauseonly in sea urchins can there be more than one source of sperm tofertilize the eggs.

sea urchin zygotes get their mitochondria from the sperm but humanzygotes get their mitochondria from the egg.

sea urchin eggs are produced by meiosis, but human eggs areproduced by mitosis.

sea urchin eggs and sperm are of equal size, but human eggs are muchbigger than human sperm.

the sea urchin egg completes meiosis prior to fertilization, but meiosisin humans is completed after fertilization.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) A human blastomere is...

Part A

A human blastomere is

ANSWER: an embryonic structure that includes a fluid-filled cavity.

that part of the acrosome that opens the egg's membrane.

an embryonic cell that is much smaller than the ovum.

a component of the zona pellucida.

a cell that contains a (degenerating) second polar body.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) The vegetal pole of the zygotediffers from the animal pole in that...

Part A

The vegetal pole of the zygote differs from the animal pole in that

ANSWER: the vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk.

the posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole.

the polar bodies bud from this region.

the vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis.


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the blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) Which of the following correctlydisplays the sequence of developmental milestones?

Part A

Which of the following correctly displays the sequence of developmental milestones?

ANSWER: cleavage → gastrula → blastula

gastrula → blastula → cleavage

cleavage → blastula → gastrula

blastula → cleavage → gastrula

blastula → gastrula → cleavage


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis ]] (a) If gastrulation was blocked by anenvironmental toxin, then...

Part A

If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then

ANSWER: fertilization would be blocked.

the blastopore would form above the gray crescent in the animal pole.

the blastula would not be formed.

cleavage would not occur in the zygote.

embryonic germ layers would not form.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) The vertebrate ectoderm is theorigin of the...

Part A


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The vertebrate ectoderm is the origin of the

ANSWER: nervous system.

liver.

heart.

kidneys.

pancreas.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) In a frog embryo, gastrulation...

Part A

In a frog embryo, gastrulation

ANSWER: proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore.

produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere.

occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere.

is impossible because of the large amount of yolk in the ovum.

occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amountof yolk.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) In all vertebrate animals,development requires...

Part A

In all vertebrate animals, development requires

ANSWER: extraembryonic membranes.

a primitive streak.

an amnion.

an aqueous environment.

a large supply of yolk.



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Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) Extraembryonic membranesdevelop in...

Part A

Extraembryonic membranes develop in

ANSWER: mammals and birds, but not lizards.

lizards, but not mammals or birds.

mammals, but not birds or lizards.

birds, but not mammals or lizards.

mammals, birds, and lizards.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) The migratory neural crestcells...

Part A

The migratory neural crest cells

ANSWER: form neural and non-neural structures in the periphery.

form the spinal cord in the frog.

form most of the central nervous system.

form the lining of the lungs and of the digestive tract.

serve as precursor cells for the notochord.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) From earliest to latest, theoverall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

Part A

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the followingsequences?

ANSWER: preformation → morphogenesis → neurulation

gastrulation → organogenesis → cleavage


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cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis

ovulation → gastrulation → fertilization

gastrulation → blastulation → neurulation


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis ]] (a) Changes in both cell shape and cellposition occur extensively during...

Part A

Changes in both cell shape and cell position occur extensively during

ANSWER: gastrulation, but not organogenesis or cleavage.

organogenesis, but not gastrulation or cleavage.

cleavage, but not gastrulation or organogenesis.

gastrulation, organogenesis, and cleavage.

gastrulation and organogenesis, but not cleavage.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis ]] (a) To meet a zygote's metabolic anddevelopmental requirements,...

Part A

To meet a zygote's metabolic and developmental requirements,

ANSWER: maternal RNA and maternal proteins must be present.

paternal RNA and maternal proteins must be present.

the haploid DNA in the nucleus must be transcribed.

the zygote must continuously undergo endocytosis of proteins to takethem from its environment.

the nucleus must have hundreds of copies of every gene, allowing ahigh rate of gene expression.



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Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis ]] (a) The embryonic precursor to the humanspinal cord is the...

Part A

The embryonic precursor to the human spinal cord is the

ANSWER: mesoderm.

archenteron.

set of bilateral somites.

notochord.

neural tube.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) The term applied to amorphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass of the cells narrowerand longer, is...

Part A

The term applied to a morphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass ofthe cells narrower and longer, is

ANSWER: convergent extension.

bi-axial elongation.

induction.

elongational streaming.

blastomere formation.


Description: (a) Reversal of left-right asymmetries in humans can arise in response to a geneticcondition that _____.

Part A

Reversal of left-right asymmetries in humans can arise in response to a genetic condition that_____.

Hint A.1

This one is a surprise, and the connection is unexpected.


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ANSWER: causes defects in myelinated neurons

leads to the absence of the thyroid gland

blocks the formation of the sense of smell

induces pattern formation

renders cilia immobile

The role of ciliated cells in determining developmental interactions between cells is anemerging area of developmental biology.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) Hans Spemann and colleaguesdeveloped the concept of the primary organizer in amphibian embryos while studying the...

Part A

Hans Spemann and colleagues developed the concept of the primary organizer in amphibianembryos while studying the

ANSWER: dorsal lip of the blastopore.

anterior terminus of the notochord.

medial cells between the optic cups.

lateral margins of the neural tube.

posterior edge of the dorsal ectoderm.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis ]] (a) Which of the following is an adultorganism that has fewer than 1,000 cells?

Part A

Which of the following is an adult organism that has fewer than 1,000 cells?

ANSWER: fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster

African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis

chickens, Gallus domesticus

humans, Homo sapiens

nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans


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Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) If the apical ectodermal ridge issurgically removed from an embryo, it will lose...

Part A

If the apical ectodermal ridge is surgically removed from an embryo, it will lose

ANSWER: the developmental substrate for the kidneys.

unequal cytokinesis of blastomeres.

guidance signals needed for correct gastrulation.

the developmental substrate for the gonads.

positional information for limb-bud pattern formation.

Chapter 47 Misconception Question 1

Part A

Select the correct statement about embryonic development in a frog.

ANSWER: Development from zygote to blastula involves mitotic division, cellmovement, and cell growth.

The reorganization of cell layers during gastrulation allows the layers tointeract with each other in new ways.

The blastocoel of a developing frog embryo develops into the digestivetract.

This choice is correct. Read about the events of gastrulation and their significance in Concept47.2.


Part A

Identify the correct statement(s) about Spemann’s organizer.

Select all that apply.

ANSWER: Spemann’s organizer is made up of totipotent cells.

Spemann’s organizer is the dorsal lip of the blastopore in froggastrulation.


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Spemann’s organizer initiates a chain of inductive interactions in frogdevelopment.

Spemann’s organizer is the dorsal lip of the blastopore in the early gastrula. This regionorganizes the embryo’s body plan, inducing changes in surrounding tissues to cause formationof the notochord, neural tube, and other organs. Read about Spemann’s organizer in Concept47.3.


Part A

In an embryonic vertebrate, the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) is a block of tissue located on theposterior side of a limb bud. The ZPA provides information about the anterior-posterior axis of thelimb. Cells nearest the ZPA form the most posterior of digits (like our little finger); cells farthest fromthe ZPA form the most anterior digits (like our thumb).

How would a vertebrate forelimb bud develop if it had two zones of polarizing activities,one on the posterior side and one on the anterior side of the bud?

ANSWER: The forelimb bud would develop with extra digits, in a mirror imagearrangement to the normal digits.

The forelimb bud would develop into a hind limb.

The embryo wouldn’t develop a forelimb.

Look at Inquiry Figure 47.25, which describes what happened when the ZPA was transplantedfrom a donor chick embryo to the anterior margin of a limb bud in a host chick. The result wasmirror image duplication of digits, suggesting that ZPA cells secrete a signal that diffuses fromits source and conveys positional information indicating “posterior.”


Description: (a) The mesoderm gives rise to _____.

Part A


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The mesoderm gives rise to _____.

Hint A.1

Consider the location of mesoderm. Hint: "meso-" refers to middle.

ANSWER: the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas

jaws and teeth

skeletal and muscular systems

the central nervous system

the lining of the lungs

The muscles and skeleton are of mesodermal origin.


Description: [[Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension ]] (a) Cells move to new positions asan embryo establishes its three germ tissue layers during...

Part A

Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ tissue layers during

ANSWER: gastrulation.

fertilization.

cleavage.

induction.

determination.

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chapter 32 pre-test question 5 - eth zn.ethz.ch/~nielssi/download/3. semester/biologie iia...chapter...

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