Chapter 3 Water and LifeKey Concepts1. Polar __________ bonds in water molecules result in __________

bonding2. Four emergent properties of __________ contribute to Earths

suitability for __________ 3. __________ and __________ conditions affect living organisms

Chapter 3 Water and LifeKey Concepts1. Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding2. Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earths suitability

for life3. Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms

Oxygen is more __________ than hydrogen

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen

__________ bonds are about 1/20 the strength of __________ bonds.

Hydrogen bonds are about 1/20 the strength of covalent bonds.

4 emergent properties of water1. ____________ due to hydrogen bonding2. Moderation of ____________ by water3. Floating of ____________ on liquid water4. Water: The ____________ of life

4 emergent properties of water1. Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding2. Moderation of temperature by water3. Floating of ice on liquid water4. Water: The solvent of life

Water transport in plants is an example of ____________ and ____________

____________ ____________ in water is an example of a property due to hydrogen bonding

Water transport in plants is an example of cohesion and adhesionSurface tension in water is an example of a property due to hydrogen bonding

__________ is total kinetic energy of the molecules of a body – it depends on __________ and is measured in __________ , __________ or __________

__________ is a measure of the __________ kinetic energy and is measured in degrees ___________

Heat is total kinetic energy of the molecules of a body – it depends on volume and is measured in calories, kilocalories or joules

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy and is measured in degrees Celsius

The material property __________ __________ is the number of __________ to raise 1 gram of the material by __________ __________

The material property Specific Heat is the number of Calories to raise 1 gram of the material by 1° C

Water’s relatively _______ specific heat is due to _______ _______

Water temperature _______ slowly when heat is applied because the heat is first used to break _______ _______ then is used to _______ the _______ of molecules

Water’s relatively high specific heat is due to hydrogen bonding

Water temperature rises slowly when heat is applied because the heat is first used to break hydrogen bonds then is used to increase motion of molecules

Heat of __________ is the heat needed to convert 1 gm of __________ to vapor

This parameter for water is _________ calories

Heat of vaporization is the heat needed to convert 1 gm of liquid to vaporThis parameter for water is 580 calories

Heat added to water during _________ _________ ocean water temperature

Heat released from water vapor during _________ in the upper atmosphere _________ atmospheric temperature

Heat added to evaporating water during evaporation comes from the water left behind, and lowers ocean water temperature

Heat released during condensation back to liquid form in the upper atmosphere raises atmospheric temperature

At 0°C hydrogen bonds lock in a __________ lattice becoming __________

Hydrogen bonds in ice are __________ apart than they are in __________ at 4°C

At 0°C hydrogen bonds lock in a crystalline lattice becoming ice

Hydrogen bonds in ice are further apart than they are in water at 4°C

2 or more substances dissolved in a liquid is called a _________.

The dissolving liquid is called a _________.

The dissolved substance is called a _________.

When the solvent is water the solution is called ________.

2 or more substances dissolved in a liquid is called a solution.

The dissolving liquid is called a solvent.

The dissolved substance is called a solute.

When the solvent is water the solution is called aqueous.

When salt is dissolved in water• _______ _______ are plucked off by the O- side of H2O molecules• _______ _______ are plucked off by the H+ side of H2O molecules• The resulting water molecule wrapper around the cations and anions

is called a _______ shell

When salt is dissolved in water• Sodium cations are plucked off by the O- side of H2O molecules• Cloride anions are plucked off by the H+ side of H2O molecules• The resulting water molecule wrapper around cations and anions is

called a hydration shell

• A mole is _______ molecules• A mole of a particular compound weighs its molecular weight in

_______• H2O weighs _________ grams/mole• ______ weighs 22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44 gms/mole• Put 58.44 gms of NaCl in 1 liter of H2O and it is a 1 _____ (1M)

solution of NaCl

• A mole is 6.02 x 1023 molecules• A mole of a particular compound weighs its molecular weight in

grams• H2O weighs 1+1+16 = 18 grams/mole• NaCl weighs 22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44 gms/mole• Put 58.44 gms of NaCl in 1 liter of H2O and it is a 1 molar (1M)

solution of NaCl

When hydrogen bonds go bad• Water that loses 1 H proton (but not the electron) is OH- and is called

a _________ ion• Water that gains the proton is H3O+ and is called a _________ ion,

usually denoted by just _________ • Equal amounts of hydroxide and hydronium are in pure _________

When hydrogen bonds go bad• Water that loses 1 H proton (but not the electron) is OH- and is called

a hydroxide ion• Water that gains the proton is H3O+ and is called a hydronium ion,

usually denoted by just H+• Equal amounts of hydroxide and hydronium are in pure water

When _______dissolve in water they donate additional ___ ___ ( which becomes H3O+)

_____lower pH 2 ways:1. Accepting H+ (NH3, ammonia, attracts a _______to its unbonded electron

pair)2. Donating ___ ___ ___ (NaOH-> Na+ and OH-)

N H

H

H

H+

When acids dissolve in water they donate additional H+ ( which becomes H3O+)

Bases lower pH 2 ways:1. Accepting H+ (NH3, ammonia, attracts a proton to its unbonded electron

pair)2. Donating OH- (NaOH-> Na+ and OH-)

N H

H

H

H+

• In ______acids and bases the disassociation equation arrow goes one way

NaOH Na+ and OH-

• In ______acids and bases the disassociation equation arrow goes both ways

H2CO3 HCO3- and H+

• In strong acids and bases the disassociation equation arrow goes one way

NaOH Na+ and OH-

• In weak acids and bases the disassociation equation arrow goes both ways

H2CO3 HCO3- and H+

[ H+] [OH-] = _____

[ H+] [OH-] = 10-14

_____ stability is assisted by ______

in blood an important one is _________ acid

H2CO3 <====> _______ and _____

pH stability is assisted by buffers

in blood an important one is carbonic acid

H2CO3 <====> HCO3- and H+

In an abnormally _____ocean H+ combines with ________ ions, CO32-

to make bicarbonate, robbing _______of the CO32- they use to grow.

In an abnormally acidic ocean H+ combines with carbonate ions, CO32-

to make bicarbonate, robbing corals of the CO32- they use to grow.

END OF CHAPTER 3