C H A P T E R 3STATES OF

MATTERSECTION 1

THREE STATES O F MATTER

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• The three most familiar states of matter are

•Solid, •Liquid, •Gas .

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Solid : o Definite shape & definite volume.

o Particles inside- packed tightly & stay in fixed positions.

o Particles of a solid don't move fast enough to overcome the strong

attraction between them. So, they are close together and vibrate in place.

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There are two kinds of solids:1. Crystalline :

• solids which have a very orderly and regularly arrangement for their particles.

• Ex: iron and diamond.

2. Amorphous :

• solids which don't have a special arrangement.

• Ex: glass and wax.

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Liquid :o No definite shape & definite volume.

- A liquid takes the shape of its container but its volume does not change

o Particles of a liquid move fast enough to overcome some of the

attraction between them.

- The particles are close together but can slide past one another.

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Liquids have two characteristics : Surface tension:• Result of inward pull among molecules of a liquid that brings

molecules on surface closer together.

Viscosity : • The resistance of a liquid to flow.

- high viscosity -------- flow slowly.- low viscosity --------- flow quickly.

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Gas :o No definite shape & no definite volume.

-  Particles spread apart filling all available space.

o Particles of a gas move fast enough to overcome almost all of the

attraction between them.

- The particles are far apart from each other.

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Plasma :

• Very high in energy• Plasma has no definite shape or volume• Particles are broken• Plasma is the most common phase of matter in the universe• Examples: Auroras, lightning, fire, neon lights

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C H A P T E R 3STATES OF

MATTERSECTION 2

Behavior of gases

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Behavior of gases

Gas particles have a large amount of empty space between them.

The space that gas particles occupy in the gas’s volume, which can change because of temperature and pressure.

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Temperature is a measure of how fast the particles in an object are

moving. • The faster the particles are moving, the more energy they have.

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Mr / Ismail Etman 12

Volume is the amount of space that an object takes up.

• But because the particles of a gas spread out, the volume of any gas depends on the container that the gas is in.

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Pressure• is the amount of force exerted on a given area of surface High pressure :

- The basketball has a higher pressure. - Because there are more particles of gas in it, and they are closer

together. - The particles collide with the inside of the ball at a faster rate.

Low pressure:- The beach ball has a lower pressure. - Because there are fewer particles of gas, and they are farther

apart. - The particles in the beach ball collide with the inside of the ball

at a slower rate.

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Gas behavior laws

Boyle’s law :• The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of a gas when temperature is

constant.

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1. Lifting the piston • lets the particles of gas spread far apart.• The volume of the gas increases as the pressure decreases.

1. Releasing the piston • allows the particles of gas to return to their original volume and pressure.

1. Pushing the piston • forces the gas particles close together. • The volume of the gas decreases as the pressure increases.

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Charles’s law :The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature of a gas when pressure is constant.

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- Decreasing the temperature of the gas • Causes the particles to move more slowly.

The gas particles hit the piston less often and with less force.

So, the volume of the gas decreases.

- Increasing the temperature of the gas • Causes the particles to move more quickly.

The gas particles hit the piston more often and with greater force.

So, the volume of the gas increases.

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