Chapter 3Chapter 3Settling the Settling the

Northern ColoniesNorthern Colonies1619-17001619-1700

I. The colonists established different patterns of settlement.

Economies (tobacco, farming, shipping) Political systems (town, city, county) Sets of values (rough vs religious)

►North + religion = puritans►Middle + people = tolerance►South + tobacco = money

Martin LutherMartin Luther

Rise of Puritanism

Rise of Puritanism

Protestant ReformationProtestant

Reformation

Luther declared the Bible only word of God

Salvation by faith only

Protestantism v. Catholicismdominated politics

John CalvinJohn CalvinGeneva, Switzerland

Expounds on ML's teachings: Calvinism the root of Puritanism, Scottish Presbyterianism, the French Huguenots, and the Dutch Reformed church1536 - Institutes of the Christian Religion Principles of Calvinism:− God is all-powerful and all good− Humans are weak and wicked− Predestination:− from the moment of creation, the elect had already been chosen for heaven--the rest are bound for hell.− Visible saints: demonstrate their membership in the elect by living holy lives

SeparatistsSeparatists

vs. vs.

PuritansPuritansseek greater purification of the Anglican Church (want it less Roman) − believe only "visible saints" should be admitted into Church

extreme Puritanism− share the fundamental beliefs of the Puritans but believe the Anglican church was beyond reform…therefore they sought separation from the Anglican church− James I (1603-1625) sees this religious defiance as possible political defiance and begins crackdowns on the Separatists

PuritanismPuritanism

Calvinism Institutes of the Christian Religion

Predestination.

•Good works could not save those predestined for hell.

•No one could be certain of their spiritual status.

•Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion.”

Puritans:

Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England of any Catholic traits

Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

Separatist Beliefs:Separatist Beliefs:

Puritans who believed only “visible saints” Puritans who believed only “visible saints” [those who could demonstrate in front of [those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status] should their fellow Puritans their elect status] should be admitted to church membership.be admitted to church membership.

Because the Church of England enrolled all Because the Church of England enrolled all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had the king’s subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the “damned.”to share churches with the “damned.”

Therefore, they believed in a total break from Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England.the Church of England.

SeparatistsSeparatists

II. The Protestant Reformation produced the Puritans(Martin Luther & later John Calvin – predistination aka Calvanism)

A. Puritans = Catholicism out of England faster. 1. Only visible saints in church2. Puritan Separatists broke away from the Church of England.

James I (1603 - 1625)James I (1603 - 1625)

King James I, a shrewd Scotsman, was head of both the state and the church in England from 1603 to 1625 and he quickly perceived that if his subjects could defy him as their spiritual leader they might one day defy him as political leader (in fact they beheaded his son, Charles I)James therefore threatened to harass the Separatists out of the land

•He persecuted PilgrimsPilgrims because they would not recognize him as the religious leader of the

Church of England.

•So, they became a political risk as well.

1620 1620 a group of 102 a group of 102 people [half Separatists] people [half Separatists]

Negotiated with theNegotiated with theVirginia Company to Virginia Company to settle in its settle in its jurisdiction.jurisdiction.

Non-Separatists Non-Separatists included Captain Myles included Captain Myles Standish.Standish.

Plymouth Bay way Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company.outside the domain of the Virginia Company.

Became squatters without legal right to land & Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a govt.specific authority to establish a govt.

The MayflowerThe Mayflower

Sources of Puritan Migration

Sources of Puritan Migration

B. Pilgrims established Plymouth Bay in 1620.

1. Mayflower Compact - This was the first attempt at a government in America.2. William Bradford was elected 30 times as governor.

•Difficult winter (44 out of 102 survived)….•First year went through a “starving time”

•Developed friendly relations with Indian tribes•Squanto befriended settlement

•Plymouth settlement survived under the leadership of Gov. William Bradford

•First Thanksgiving

Leadership− Capt. Myles Standish (Indian fighter and negotiator) and

− journals reflect fear of outsiders (non-Puritans) might corrupt the "godly experiment"

Plymouth will eventually merge with the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691

Contrast with Virginia: Different Contrast with Virginia: Different environment & key role of religion for environment & key role of religion for PuritansPuritans

Congregationalists & SeparatistsCongregationalists & Separatists Pilgrims (the latter) found Plymouth Pilgrims (the latter) found Plymouth

(1620)(1620)– Fled Religious and Political Persecution

The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.

Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.

Signed by 41 adult males.

Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

•41 Male passengers on the Mayflower formed into a ““civil civil

body politicbody politic””, signed a compact promising to write and obey

""just and equal lawsjust and equal laws ... for the general good of the colony."

•The compact brought an element of democracy to

America and was an example of the practice of self-governmentself-government

in the colonies.

•All the colonies practiced some form of self-governmentself-government…………

preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and ““frame such frame such just and equal laws”just and equal laws”,, ordinances, acts, constitutions, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony, meet and convenient for the general good of the colony,

unto which unto which ““we promise all due submission and we promise all due submission and obedience”obedience”.. In witness whererof we have hereunto In witness whererof we have hereunto

subscribed our names a Cape Cod the eleventh of subscribed our names a Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the reign of our sovereign lord, King November, in the reign of our sovereign lord, King

James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland, the fifty-fourth…..AD 1620.and of Scotland, the fifty-fourth…..AD 1620.

In the name of God, amen…We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain,

France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, etc, having undertaken, for the glory of God, and

advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our King and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in

the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and one

another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a “civil body politiccivil body politic”, for our better ordering and

Pilgrims merge with the Puritans to form Massachusetts Bay

Colony

Colonizing New EnglandColonizing New England

The MA Bay ColonyThe MA Bay Colony

1629 non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co.

Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England. (Charles I & William Laud)

They didn’t want to leave the Church, just its “impurities.”

1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships

Established a colony with Boston as its hub.

“Great Migration” of the 1630s

Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.

Not all Puritans 20,000 came to MA.

C. Massachusetts Bay Colony was formed by Puritansin 1629 as a Royal Colony. (Purify not Separate)

1. Great Migration – occurred in 1630s2. John Winthrop – first governor – 19 years. 3. Not Democracy – Theocracy – controlled by the church – all were taxed for church. (Bible Commonwealth)4. John Cotton – leading minister.5. City on a Hill – Symbolic name for colony.

•John Winthrop, founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

•Middle class settlers, educated and organized

•Successful as fur traders, fishermen and shipbuilders

•Ruled as “Bible Commonwealth” or theocracy

•New England Way = Puritan covenant with God

•To establish holy society----”city upon a hill”

Pilgrims merge with the Puritans to form

Massachusetts Bay ColonyCommunities well

organizedEstablished towns

Protestant Work EthicFamily values

Building the Bay ColonyBuilding the Bay Colony

Clergy were barred from formal political office – Clergy were barred from formal political office – early “church/state separation”early “church/state separation”

Puritan ideas: “calling” to God’s work, Puritan ideas: “calling” to God’s work, Protestant work ethic, limited worldly pleasures, Protestant work ethic, limited worldly pleasures, fear of hellfear of hell

Building the Bay ColonyBuilding the Bay Colony Franchise (right to vote) extended to Franchise (right to vote) extended to

“freemen” – adult Puritan men of “freemen” – adult Puritan men of Congregational church (about 40% of men in Congregational church (about 40% of men in the colony ~ higher percentage than in the colony ~ higher percentage than in England)England)

However, in town government, all property-However, in town government, all property-owning males could vote in owning males could vote in town meetingstown meetings– Direct democracy----self governmentDirect democracy----self government

Since idea of government was to enforce Since idea of government was to enforce God’s laws, religious leaders (e.g. John God’s laws, religious leaders (e.g. John Cotton) were very influentialCotton) were very influential

Trouble in Bible ColonyTrouble in Bible Colony(Puritan Rebels)(Puritan Rebels)

Social harmony when only Puritans, Social harmony when only Puritans, but that didn’t lastbut that didn’t last

Quakers: fines, floggings, Quakers: fines, floggings, banishments, executionsbanishments, executions

Anne Hutchinson: truly saved don’t Anne Hutchinson: truly saved don’t need to obey (“need to obey (“antinomianismantinomianism” ” the theological doctrine that by faith the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is freed and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the moral from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture) standards of the culture) – Banished from Mass. BayBanished from Mass. Bay– Travels to Rhode Island with her children Travels to Rhode Island with her children

and helps organize this settlementand helps organize this settlement

Intelligent, strong-willed,Intelligent, strong-willed,well-spoken woman.well-spoken woman.

Threatened patriarchal Threatened patriarchal control.control.

AntinomialismAntinomialism [direct [direct revelation]revelation]

Means “against the law.”Means “against the law.”

Carried to logical extremes Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of Puritan doctrine of predestination.predestination.

Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.

Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of either God or man.God or man.

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”

AnneAnneHutchinsonHutchinson

1638 1638 she confounded the Puritan leaders she confounded the Puritan leaders for days.for days.

Eventually bragged that she had received her Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.beliefs DIRECTLY from God.

Direct revelation was even more serious than Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism ( not obeying the heresy of antinomianism ( not obeying religious laws for salvation) religious laws for salvation) WHY??WHY??

Puritan leaders banished her Puritan leaders banished her she & her she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY.family traveled to RI and later to NY.

She and all but one member of her family were She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.

John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

Anne Hutchinson’s TrialAnne Hutchinson’s Trial

Puritan woman who was accused Puritan woman who was accused ofof

overstepping the bounds of overstepping the bounds of women women

in religious practices – banished in religious practices – banished

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”

AnneAnneHutchinsonHutchinson

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Roger Williams – a Young, popular minister in Roger Williams – a Young, popular minister in Salem.Salem.

Argued for a full break Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church.with the Anglican Church.

Condemned MA Bay Condemned MA Bay Charter.Charter.

• Did not give fair Did not give fair compensation to Indians.compensation to Indians.

Denied authority of civil Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious govt. to regulate religious behavior.behavior.

1635 1635 found guilty of preaching found guilty of preaching new & new & dangerous opinionsdangerous opinions and was exiled – Formed and was exiled – Formed Rhode IslandRhode Island

Roger Roger WilliamsWilliams

Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RIRemarkable political freedom in Providence, RI

•Universal manhood suffrage Universal manhood suffrage later later restricted by a property qualification.restricted by a property qualification.

•freedom of opportunity for all.freedom of opportunity for all.

RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters for unbelievers and religious dissenters More liberal than any other colony!More liberal than any other colony!

““Traditional home of the otherwise minded” – Traditional home of the otherwise minded” – Rogue’s IslandRogue’s Island

Rhode IslandRhode Island

6. Anne Hutchinson – Challenged Puritan leaders by interpreting sermons – banished

7. Roger Williams – Popular Salem minister also banished. Both helped form Rhode Island.8. Rhode Island was established for religious

freedom. 9. Quakers were also persecuted.

New England Spreads Out

New England Spreads Out

D. New England Spreads D. New England Spreads OutOut

1. 1. Hartford (1636) and New Haven(1638) – Hartford (1636) and New Haven(1638) – merged to form Connecticut in 1662merged to form Connecticut in 1662

Thomas Hooker – leader of Hartford

a. 1639: Fundamental Orders – modern a. 1639: Fundamental Orders – modern constitution established democratic constitution established democratic governmentgovernment

2. 2. New HampshireNew Hampshire taken over by overly taken over by overly aggressive Bay Colony - later king into royal aggressive Bay Colony - later king into royal colonycolony

III. Native/Indian Relations

III. Native/Indian RelationsAlmost 3/4s of all Natives killed in NE Almost 3/4s of all Natives killed in NE

by early 1600s. Local Indians by early 1600s. Local Indians (Wampanoag) led by Massasoit (Wampanoag) led by Massasoit befriend Pilgrims. (Peace Treaty - befriend Pilgrims. (Peace Treaty - Thanksgiving)Thanksgiving)

A. 1637 A. 1637 Pequot War - Pequots Pequot War - Pequots very powerful tribe in CT river valley. very powerful tribe in CT river valley. (losing land)(losing land)

1. 1. Whites, with Narragansett Indian Whites, with Narragansett Indian allies, attacked Pequot village on allies, attacked Pequot village on Mystic River.Mystic River.

Whites set fire Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing to homes & shot fleeing survivors!survivors!

Pequot tribe virtually annihilatedPequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace lasted for 40 yearsan uneasy peace lasted for 40 years..

2. Whites set fire to homes & shot 2. Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!fleeing survivors!

3. Pequot tribe virtually 3. Pequot tribe virtually annihilatedannihilated an uneasy peace an uneasy peace lasted for 40 yearslasted for 40 years..

A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637

Population of the New England Colonies

Population of the New England Colonies

Growth of the Colonies: 1690

Growth of the Colonies: 1690

New

England1. good harbors

2. small farms and towns

3. trade centered around harbors

4. hilly, forested and shallow soil

5. cities: Boston

• 15,000 – 1750

6. fishing, lumber and trapping

7. Family, religion and community

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

Connecticut

E. In 1643, 4 colonies banded together to form the New England Confederation. 

1. Only Puritan colonies 2. Created for protection.3. Rhode Island & CT given charters by the king.4. Mass Bay charter revoked in 1684.

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake

Population Comparisons:New England v. the

Chesapeake

New England

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

Connecticut

F. Salutary Neglect

1. Civil wars in England caused colonies to be ignored. 2. Colonist ignored laws limiting trade3. By 1660s, the colonies are becoming very independent.

•Charles II was the son of Charles I.

•Because his father had been killed, Charles II had the ravens caged so

they couldn't leave.

•He was a "Merry Monarch," a very popular king.

•Charles II encouraged religious toleration.

•The “Restoration Colonies”“Restoration Colonies” were settled during his reign.Charles IICharles II (1660

- 1685)

•James II was Charles' son, a Catholic.

•He had a Protestant daughter, Mary, and a Catholic son.

•Parliament didn't want his son taking over, so they gave the crown

to Mary and her husband, William III of Orange.

James IIJames II (1685 - 1688)

Goal:• Bring colonies under

England’s rule• Defend colonies from French

& Indians• Stop colonial smuggling

Sir Edmund Andros, King’s

Representative restrictedcolonies:

• Town meetings, the press, & schools

• Revoked land titles• Taxed without consent of the

governed

Collapses after GloriousRevolution

Forced by King James IAll NE Colonies, NJ & NY

G.In 1686 the Dominion of New England was created by royal authority. All of NE.

1. Leader was Sir Edmund Andros.2. Disbanded with the Glorious Revolution

in 1688 – William and Mary took throne.

Trouble in Bible ColonyTrouble in Bible Colony (Puritan Rebels)(Puritan Rebels)

Roger Williams: extreme Roger Williams: extreme Separatist, denied right of civil Separatist, denied right of civil government to govern religious government to govern religious behavior, challenged charter for behavior, challenged charter for illegally taking land from Indiansillegally taking land from Indians

Avoided exile to England by fleeing Avoided exile to England by fleeing to Rhode Island where in 1636, to Rhode Island where in 1636, aided by Indians, he started a aided by Indians, he started a colony in the Providence areacolony in the Providence area

Started the first Baptist churchStarted the first Baptist church Allowed complete freedom of Allowed complete freedom of

religionreligion

Roger Williams

D. New England Spreads OutD. New England Spreads Out

1.1. 1635: Hartford (Conn.) founded by 1635: Hartford (Conn.) founded by Dutch/English settlers. Some Puritans moved Dutch/English settlers. Some Puritans moved westward to Connecticut with Rev. Thomas westward to Connecticut with Rev. Thomas HookerHooker

2.2. 1639: Fundamental Orders – modern 1639: Fundamental Orders – modern constitution established democratic constitution established democratic governmentgovernment

3.3. 1641: New Hampshire taken over by overly 1641: New Hampshire taken over by overly aggressive Bay Colonyaggressive Bay Colony

4.4. 1679: Annoyed by greed of Bay Colony, king 1679: Annoyed by greed of Bay Colony, king arbitrarily separates it, becomes royal colonyarbitrarily separates it, becomes royal colony

A A

In ADAM'S FallIn ADAM'S FallWe sinned all. We sinned all.

B B

Heaven to find;Heaven to find;The Bible Mind. The Bible Mind.

C C

Christ crucify'dChrist crucify'dFor sinners dy'd. For sinners dy'd.

D D

The Deluge The Deluge drown'ddrown'dThe Earth around. The Earth around.

E E

ELIJAH hidELIJAH hidBy Ravens fed. By Ravens fed.

F F

The judgment The judgment mademadeFELIX afraid. FELIX afraid.

G G

As runs the Glass,As runs the Glass,Our Life doth pass. Our Life doth pass.

H H

My Book and HeartMy Book and HeartMust never part. Must never part.

J J

JOB feels the Rod,--JOB feels the Rod,--Yet blesses GOD. Yet blesses GOD.

K K

Proud Korah's troopProud Korah's troopWas swallowed up Was swallowed up

L L

LOT fled to LOT fled to Zoar,Zoar,Saw fiery ShowerSaw fiery ShowerOn On SodomSodom pour. pour.

M M

MOSES was heMOSES was heWho Who Israel'sIsrael's Host HostLed thro' the Sea Led thro' the Sea

N N

NOAH did viewNOAH did viewThe old world & new. The old world & new.

O O

Young OBADIAS,Young OBADIAS,DAVID, JOSIAS,DAVID, JOSIAS,All were pious. All were pious.

P P

PETER deny'dPETER deny'dHis Lord and cry'd. His Lord and cry'd.

Q Q

Queen ESTHER suesQueen ESTHER suesAnd saves the Jews. And saves the Jews.

R R

Young pious RUTH,Young pious RUTH,Left all for Truth. Left all for Truth.

S S

Young SAM'L dear,Young SAM'L dear,The Lord did fear. The Lord did fear.

T T

Young TIMOTHYYoung TIMOTHYLearnt sin to fly. Learnt sin to fly.

V V

VASHTI for PrideVASHTI for PrideWas set aside. Was set aside.

W W

Whales in the Sea,Whales in the Sea,GOD's Voice obey. GOD's Voice obey.

X X

XERXES did die,XERXES did die,And so must I. And so must I.

Y Y

While youth do cheerWhile youth do cheerDeath may be near. Death may be near.

Z Z

ZACCHEUS heZACCHEUS heDid climb the TreeDid climb the TreeOur Lord to see. Our Lord to see.

IV Middle Colonies

New YorkPennsylvaniaNew JerseyDelaware

Middle Colonies

1. River systems

2. Valleys – fertile soil

3. ."bread basket" large farms - surplus food

4. diverse population

5. manufacturing

6. iron mines, glass, shipyards, and paper

7. Cities: New York and Philadelphia

New YorkPennsylvaniaNew JerseyDelaware

Middle Colonies

America, a “melting pot”

A. New Netherland A. New Netherland (New York) – founded (New York) – founded by Dutch by Dutch

1. 1609: Henry Hudson1. 1609: Henry Hudson2. 1623-24: Dutch 2. 1623-24: Dutch WestWest India Company India Company

establishes New Netherlandestablishes New Netherland3. Goal: quick-profit fur trade3. Goal: quick-profit fur trade4. “Bought” Manhattan from Indians4. “Bought” Manhattan from Indians

Company town forstockholders.

No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy.

Autocratic Governors

Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church [including Quakers] were persecuted.

New Amsterdam Harbor, New Amsterdam Harbor, 16391639

New Amsterdam Harbor, New Amsterdam Harbor, 16391639

New NetherlandIn1609--Dutch

New York—1664England

Henry Hudson for Netherlands

Duke of York of England names it New York

English fleet takes New Amsterdam from Dutch in 1664 and becomes New

York City---Good harbor for trade

New Netherlands was an autocracy1689---English Bill of RightsRepresentative GovtRoyal Colony

New Jersey---1702Indian land---Dutch and Swedish gift from King Charles II to brother James---gives to his

friends Lord John Berkeley & Sir George

Carteret

Attract new settlers for Dutch and Swedish

colonistsRoyal Colony

Pennsylvania—1681

Delaware--1682

William PennSwedes

Penn founded for religious freedom for the Quakers---Holy Experiment—invited

all people

Representative govt

Royal Colony

Maryland--1634 Lord BaltimoreReligious toleration—those who believed in Christ---allowed persecuted Catholics to settle in Maryland

Representative govt

Proprietary Colony

Colony/Date Person Responsible Why Founded Governed/OwnerChart 13a

New New NetherlandNetherland

s &s &New New

SwedenSweden

New New NetherlandNetherland

s &s &New New

SwedenSweden

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

New NetherlandNew Netherland

5. Aristocratic (“patroonships”) – feudal 5. Aristocratic (“patroonships”) – feudal estatesestates

6. Diverse population: in 1640s 6. Diverse population: in 1640s missionary observed 18 languagesmissionary observed 18 languages

New YorkNew York

Manors &Manors &

Land GrantsLand Grants

PatroonshipPatroonshipss

similar to the similar to the fedual systemfedual system

New York Harbor, 1639New York Harbor, 1639New York Harbor, 1639New York Harbor, 1639

New AmsterdamNew AmsterdamNew AmsterdamNew Amsterdam

Dutch ConflictsDutch Conflicts

Dutch cruelties to Indians brought Dutch cruelties to Indians brought retaliatory massacres – Dutch built wall retaliatory massacres – Dutch built wall (Wall Street)(Wall Street)

Connecticut rejected Dutch settlersConnecticut rejected Dutch settlers

Dutch in New Dutch in New YorkYork

English immigration to New Netherland English immigration to New Netherland resulted in 1/2 total population - English resulted in 1/2 total population - English regarded Dutch as intrudersregarded Dutch as intruders

Charles II brazenly granted area to his Charles II brazenly granted area to his brother (Duke of York)brother (Duke of York)

English squadron comes, New Netherland English squadron comes, New Netherland leader, Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New leader, Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New York had no defense; surrendered, renamed York had no defense; surrendered, renamed New YorkNew York

An Angry Peter Stuyvesant

Duke of York

Swedes in New Swedes in New NetherlandsNetherlands

Swedes in New Swedes in New NetherlandsNetherlandsMid-1600s Sweden in Golden Age settled small,

under-funded colony [called “New Sweden”] near New Netherland.

1655 Dutch under director-general Peter Stuyvesant attack New Sweden.

Main fort fell after bloodless siege.

New Sweden absorbed into New Netherland.

7. (Peter Stuyvesant) gov. of N.N.

New Netherlands Becomes a New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal ColonyBritish Royal Colony

New Netherlands Becomes a New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal ColonyBritish Royal Colony

Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!]

1664 English soldiers arrived.

Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses.

Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot.

Renamed “New York”

England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies.

England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

8. British take N. N. from Dutch – rename New York

Duke of York’s Original Duke of York’s Original CharterCharter

Duke of York’s Original Duke of York’s Original CharterCharter

Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYork

Dutch Residue in New Dutch Residue in New YorkYorkEarly 20Early 20cc Dutch Revival Dutch Revival

Building in NYC.Building in NYC.

New York New York CityCityseal.seal.

Names Harlem, Brooklyn

Architecture gambrel roof

Customs Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf].

B. Pennsylvania

B. PennsylvaniaFounded by William Penn and the Quakers – who were disliked by many for not supporting Church,Pacifism. They were religious outcast.

The QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersThe QuakersCalled Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices.

They offended religious & secular leaders in England.

Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.

They met without paid clergy

Believed all were children of God refused to treat the upper classes with deference.

Keep hats on.

Addressed them as commoners ”thees”/“thous.”

Wouldn’t take oaths.

Pacifists.

Aristocratic Englishman.

1660 – attracted to the Quaker faith.

Embraced Quakerism after military service.

1681 he received a grant from king toestablish a colony.

This settled a debt the king owed his father.

Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”].

He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers his pamphlets were pretty honest.

Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.

William PennWilliam PennWilliam PennWilliam Penn

Penn governs the colony, unusual for a proprietorAdvertised in Europe, promising land & freedoms

Frame of Government (guaranteed elected assembly), Charter of Liberties (freedom of worship, open immigration), fair

treatment of Native Americans

Penn’s family owed a large debt from the British Crown. Given a land grant in 1681.

Pennsylvania

Royal Land Grant to PennRoyal Land Grant to PennRoyal Land Grant to PennRoyal Land Grant to Penn

Penn & Native AmericansPenn & Native AmericansPenn & Native AmericansPenn & Native Americans

Bought [didn’t simply take] land from Indians.

Quakers went among the Indians unarmed.

BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA

Treated native peoples poorly.

This undermined the actions of the Quakers!

1. Quakers dealt well with Natives.

Penn’s Treaty with Penn’s Treaty with thetheNative AmericansNative Americans

Penn’s Treaty with Penn’s Treaty with thetheNative AmericansNative Americans

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania & Neighbors& Neighbors Penn bought land from Indians Penn bought land from Indians

~ treatment of them so fair ~ treatment of them so fair that Quakers went to them that Quakers went to them unarmed and even employed Indians as unarmed and even employed Indians as babysittersbabysitters

However, as non-Quaker immigrants came, However, as non-Quaker immigrants came, they were less tolerant of Indians (Scots-Irish)they were less tolerant of Indians (Scots-Irish)

Liberal features: elected assembly, no tax-Liberal features: elected assembly, no tax-supported church, freedom of worship, only 2 supported church, freedom of worship, only 2 capital crimescapital crimes

Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Government of Government of PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Representative assembly elected by landowners.

No tax-supported church.

Freedom of worship guaranteed to all.

Forced to deny right to vote & hold office to Catholics & Jews by English govt.

Death penalty only for treason & murder.

Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!

2. Very liberal in government.

Pennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian SocietyPennsylvanian Society

Attracted many different people

Religious misfits from other colonies.

Many different ethnic groups.

No provision for military defense.

No restrictions on immigration.

No slavery!!

“Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws] against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.

A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!

Philadelphia & Boston Philadelphia & Boston ComparedCompared

Philadelphia & Boston Philadelphia & Boston ComparedCompared

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

That an example may be set up to the nations as ... a holy

experiment.

  William Penn

All men have a natural and infeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences; no man

can of right be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent; no

human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience, and no preference shall ever be

given by law to any religious establishment or modes of worship. 

- William Penn, Declaration of Rights

Penn, more than any other individual founder or colonist, proved to be the chosen vessel

through which the stream of demand for respect for

individual rights was to flow so richly into our American

reservoir of precious ideals.

B. New JerseyB. New Jersey

James gave 2 friends, Lord John Berkeley James gave 2 friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, the section of and Sir George Carteret, the section of New York located between the Hudson New York located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1664River and Delaware Bay in 1664– He felt the territory of New York was too He felt the territory of New York was too

large to administerlarge to administer Both proprietors allowed religious freedom Both proprietors allowed religious freedom

and an assembly in addition to giving and an assembly in addition to giving generous land offers to attract settlers generous land offers to attract settlers

Lord John Berkeley

C. New JerseyC. New JerseyC. New JerseyC. New Jersey

1. King grants 2 proprietors land grants (East and West Jersey)

2. New Englanders attracted by better soil.

3. 1702 E & W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony.

D. DelawareD. Delaware

1. Penn granted the lower 3 counties of 1. Penn granted the lower 3 counties of Pennsylvania their own assemblyPennsylvania their own assembly

2. Governor was the same as Pennsylvania’s 2. Governor was the same as Pennsylvania’s until the American Revolution until the American Revolution

William PennWilliam Penn

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

9

1011

12

813

14

New England

Middle

Southern

E. The Character of the Middle Colonies1. Breadbasket colonies2. Fertile soil – plentiful land3. Rivers & seaports (trade)4. Forests (lumber, shipping)5. Ethnically diverse - religious toleration

Ethnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic GroupsEthnic Groups

Virginia---1607•Jamestown

Joint Stock CompanyVirginia Company

Captain John SmithJohn Rolfe

Attract new settlers for Dutch and Swedish

colonists

Representative Govt•House of Burgesses

Royal Colony

Maryland--1634 Lord BaltimoreReligious toleration—those who believed in Christ---allowed persecuted Catholics to settle in Maryland

Representative govt

Proprietary Colony

North/South CarolinaIn 1663

John Locke

8 English nobles

Setup a new colony based upon social classes…

Failed and divided into 2 parts

Representative govt

Royal Colony

Georgia—1732 James OglethorpeProvide a place for debtors

could start a new life---Acted as a buffer against

Spanish FloridaRoyal Colony

Colony/Date Person Responsible Why Founded Governed/Owner

MassachusettsMassachusetts•1621—PilgrimsPlymouth Colony•1630---PuritansMass. Bay Colony

William BradfordWilliam Bradford•Pilgrims

John Winthrop•Puritans

•Plymouth merges with Mass. 1691

Religious freedom, avoid religious persecution, to start a “city upon a hill”, and to begin a new life.

Mayflower CompactTheocracy

General CourtRoyal Colony

Rhode IslandRhode Island•1644

•Formed from Mass.

Roger WilliamsRoger Williams•Exiled from Mass.

Anne Hutchison•Exiled from Mass.

•Dissatisfied with Mass. Bay Colony

•Religious freedom

•Consent of the governed

•Self-governing colony

ConnecticutConnecticut•1662

•Formed from Mass.

Rev. Thomas Hooker

Religious freedom, exploring the frontier and

settling new areas.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Self-governing colony

New Hampshire•1679

•Formed from Mass.

John MasonSir Ferdinando

Gorges

Part of Mass. Bay Colony and set up for greater

opportunity in frontier---trade goods, fur, fishing &

lumber industry

Royal Colony

Colony/DateColony/Date Person ResponsiblePerson Responsible Why FoundedWhy Founded Governed/OwnerGoverned/Owner

New NetherlandIn1609--Dutch

New York—1664England

Henry Hudson for Netherlands

Duke of York of England names it New York

English fleet takes New Amsterdam from Dutch in 1664 and becomes New York City---Good harbor

for trade

New Netherlands was an autocracy1689---English Bill of RightsRepresentative GovtRoyal Colony

New Jersey---1702Indian land---Dutch and Swedish gift from King Charles II to brother James---gives to his

friends Lord John Berkeley & Sir George

Carteret

Attract new settlers for Dutch and Swedish

colonistsRoyal Colony

Pennsylvania—1681

Delaware—1682

William PennSwedes

Penn founded for religious freedom for the Quakers---Holy Experiment—invited

all people

Representative govt

Royal Colony

Maryland—1634 Lord BaltimoreReligious toleration—those who believed in Christ---allowed persecuted Catholics to settle in Maryland

Representative govt

Proprietary Colony

Colony/Date Person Responsible Why Founded Governed/Owner

Mid-1600s: religious Mid-1600s: religious dissenters named dissenters named QuakersQuakers arose in Englandarose in England

Hated by authorities because Hated by authorities because they refused to pay taxes to they refused to pay taxes to Church of England, refused Church of England, refused to take oaths, refused to take oaths, refused military servicemilitary service

Royal Land Grant to PennRoyal Land Grant to PennRoyal Land Grant to PennRoyal Land Grant to Penn

Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans

Penn & Native Penn & Native AmericansAmericans

Penn’s Treaty with thePenn’s Treaty with theNative AmericansNative Americans

Penn’s Treaty with thePenn’s Treaty with theNative AmericansNative Americans

Test oathsGlorious RevolutionBanishment Dismissal of ParliamentMayflower CompactSmugglingFishing and shipbuildingPuritansHudsonKing Phillip’s WarAntinomianismCovenantProtestant Reformation

Separatists“praying villages”