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CHAPTER-3

ROLE OF GOVERRNMENT INSTITUTIONS IN DEVELOPING

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Entrepreneurship development is the main input for economic development of

a nation. The Government of India has taken varoius measures to develop

entrepreneurship in the late sixties with the industrial campaign. Entrepreneurship

development started in India with the establishment of Small Industry Extension and

Training Institute (SIET) in 1962 at Hyderabad. It was the Gujrat Industrial

Investment Corporation (GIIC) which for the first time started a three month training

programme on industrial development in 1970. By the later half of 1970s, SIET and

Small Industry Development Organisation (SIDO) through Micro, Small and

Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) earleir known as Small Industry Services

Institute(SISI) and Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) through Technical

Consultancy Organisations (TCOs) started organising EDPs(1). But as these

institutions were not sufficient to meet the growing demand for training needs of the

entrepreneurs, the Indian Government has established various other

institutions/departments at the national, regional and state level viz., National Small

Industries Corporation ltd. (NSIC), Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India

(EDII), Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship (IIE), National Institute of Small Industry

Extension and Training (NISIET), State Small Industries Development Corporation

(SSIDC), Assam Industrial Development Corporation LTd. (AIDC), Madhya Pradesh

Consultancy Organisation Ltd., Calcutta “Y Self Employment Centre (CYSEC) etc. to

improve the quality and quantity of the entrepreneurs. These institutions assist the

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entrepreneurs by providing various kinds of facilities along with training and finance,

being the main components of growth of entrepreneurship. Besides, the Government

of India has been implementing various programmes/schemes since the Ist Five Year

Plan in order to reduce Poverty and Unemployment. No doubt, these

programmes/schemes have developed the economic status of the poor people in our

country but the problem of unemployment and poverty still exists.

The Government institutions/departments organises EDPs under various

programmes/schemes namely Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication

Programme(PMIUPEP-1996), Small and Marginal Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency (SMFALDA--1974),Training for Rural Youth for

Self-Employment (TRYSEM- commenced in 1979 but later on merged with other

schemes as SGSY in 1999), Nehru Rojgar Yojana (NRY-launched in 1989,recasted in

1990 but later on subsumed with Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana), Margin

Money Scheme (MMS) for Village Indusries(1997), Scheme for providing Self-

Employment to Educated Unemployed Youth (SEEUY-1983 but subsumed with

PMRY in 1993 ), Prime Minister’s Rojgar Yojana (PMRY), Swarna Jayanti Shahari

Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY), Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana(SGSY), Schemes

for preparing Ex-Serviceman for Self-Employment, Integrated Rural Development

Programme (IRDP), Schemes for Liberation and Rehabilitation of Scavengers(SLRS),

Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) etc. in the country.

In Assam, steps for entrepreneurship development were undertaken during

seventies. Assam, for the first time, started an integrated approach for

entrepreneurship development in 1973 by setting up a district level agency known as

Entrepreneurial Motivation Training Centre (EMTC) to identify, select and train

prospective entrepreneurs and to provide them all support services to establish and

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manage their enterprises. But in 1999, the Government of Assam merged the EMTCs

with District Industries Centres (DICs) (2). Among various organisations/ instituions

imparting EDP’s in Assam, IIE, NSIC, MSME, DIC, North Eastern Industrial and

Technical Consultancy Organisation (NIETCO), AIDC and Assam Engineering

Institute (AEI) are prominent (3). But in Karbi Anglong District, District Industries and

Commerce Centre (DICC), District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), Br. MSME

and the Town Committees are the Government instituions/departments which are

actively involved in organising EDPs in the district under various types of income

generating and self-employment schemes/programmes launched by the Government

from time to time. Besides, banks have also been playing a vital role in the process of

entrepreneurship development in the district.

NON – FINANCIAL GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS ORGANISING EDPs

IN THE COUNTRY

1. National Small Industries Corporation Ltd.( NSIC)(4)

The National Small Industries Corporation Ltd. was established by the

Government in 1955 as a Public Sector Company, with a view to promoting, aiding

and fostering the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the

country with focus on commercial aspects of their operations. NSIC implements rural

schemes to help the MSMEs in the areas of raw material procurement, product

marketing, credit rating, acquisition of technologies, adoption of improved

management practices through its 7 Zonal Offices, 26 Branch Offices, 15 Sub-

Offices, 5 National Technical Services Centres, 2 Softwae Technology Parks and 3

Technical Services Extension Centres, spread practically over the country. Besides, it

imparts training in various industrial trades. The Corporation has also set up a number

of Turn-Key Projects in many developing countries.

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The mission of NSIC is to assist small enterprises with a set of schemes, under

which various facilities and support is provided to the small enterprises viz.,

marketing support, credit support, technology support etc.

NSIC, since its inception, has been working with its mission of promoting,

aiding and fostering the growth of micro and small enterprises and enhance their

competitiveness’ by providing integrated support services and Marketing,

Technology, Finance and support services. During the year, 2008-09, NSIC has

organised/ participated in 19 exhibitions/ trade fair, buyer-seller meets up to

September, 2008. NSIC has also conducted 368 intensive campaigns/ marketing

promotion seminars all over the country up to November, 2008.

At present, International Cooperation Scheme, which commenced during the

Ninth Plan, is under operation (2007-2012). The important objective of the scheme is

Technology Infusion and upgradation of Indian Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

(MSMEs), their modernisation and promotion of their exports.

The main functions of the Corporation are--

1. Supply of both the indigenous and imported machines on easy hire-purchase

terms through the composite term loan scheme.

2. Procurement, supply and distribution of indigenous and imported raw

materials.

3. Export small industries products and developing export-worthiness of small

scale units.

4. Enlisting competent units and facilitating their participation in government

stores purchase programme.

5. Training in several technical trades.

6. Monitoring advisory services.

7. Setting up small-scale industries in other developing countries on turn-key

basis.

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2. Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (EDII)(5)

EDII, is an acknowledged National Resource Institute engaged in

Entrepreneurship Education, Research and Training. EDII, an autonomous body set

up in 1983 in Ahmedabad, is sponsored by apex financial institutions namely the

IDBI Bank Ltd., IFCI Ltd., ICICI Ltd., State Bank of India (SBI). The institute is

registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, and the Public Trust Act,1950.

The Government of Gujarat pledged twenty-three acres of land on which stands the

EDI campus. The main aim of EDII is to provide innovative training techniques,

competent faculty support, consultancy and quality teaching and training material.

EDI has started the entrepreneurship movement with a belief that

entrepreneurs need not be born but can be developed through well –conceived and

well-directed activities.

The main functions of EDII are—

1. Creating a multiplier effect on opportunities for self-employment.

2. Augmenting the supply of competent entrepreneurs through training.

3. Augmenting the supply of entrepreneur trainer motivators.

4. Participating in institution building efforts.

5. Inculcating the sprit of ‘Entrepreneurship’ in youth.

6. Promoting micro-enterprises at rural level.

7. Developing and disseminating new knowledge and insights in entrepreneurial

Theory and practice through research.

1. Facilitating corporate excellence through creating intrapreneurs(

entrepreneurial managers).

2. Improving management capabilities of Small Scale Industries.

3. Sensitising the support system to facilitate potential and existing

entrepreneurs establish and manage their enterprises.

Collaborating with similar organisations in India and other developing countries to

accomplish the above objectives.

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The training programmes of the Institute are grouped under 4 heads—

Entrepreneurship in Education.

Micro-finance and micro-enterprise development.

Performance and growth of existing entrepreneurs.

Performance Improvement of ED Institutions and ED Programmes.

EDII organises training programmes on Informal Micro-Credit Delivery

Systems (IMCDS) and management for strengthening the participating NGOs in the

area of Informal credit. In 1984, the EDII initiated Performance Improvement

Programmes in anticipation of the need of management strategy and growth-oriented

awareness and competencies. It regularly organises trainers’ meets and chief

executives’ meets to foster linkages among trainers and chief executives of ED

organisations to facilitate experience sharing. Moreover, EDII has supported creation

of Centres for Entrepreneurship Development and Institutes of Entrepreneurship

Development in various states of the country to achieve institutionalisation of ED

activities.

3. National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training (NISIET) (6)

The National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training, formerly known as State

Industry Extension Training Institute, was established by the Government of India in

1960. It is located at Hyderabad and provides training in industrial arrangement for

small-scale units.

The main functions of NISIET are -----

1. To provide, supervise and plan training for persons engaged in small

industry development and management activities.

2. To undertake, sponsor or plan research programmes related to the

development of small industry, and

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3. To enter into and executive technical assistance/agreement with

international or other organisations for the provision of services for the

development of small industry.

The Institute has gained immense experience and expertise in the areas of

entrepreneurship development, technology, management, extension and information

services over the years. The inherent capacity of the Institute to innovate together with

its top class infrastructure have enabled it to excel in its endeavour towards small

enterprise promotion. From the time of inception, NISIET has been continuously

providing support to small and medium industries and has evolved to be the best

institution offering services like research, consultancy, information, training and

extension enterprise to enterprise as also to several aspiring and expanding

entrepreneurs.

Among NISIET’S numerous milestone are the Kakinada experiment of Prof.

David McClelland, the pioneering study in developing the first entrepreneurship

model, the first international training programme (1967), Small Industry Promotion in

Developing Economies(SIPDE), assistance from UNIDO under the Centre of

Excellence Scheme(1984), a UNESCO Chair(1997), and Enterprise Development and

Government Effectiveness(EDGE) programme with Sri Lanka(1998).

NISIET functions through 10 centres of excellence devoted to various facets

of Small Industry Development. Besides, the Govt. of India has set up a Cell at

NISIET to promote entrepreneurship through Mentor concept in order to gear up the

entrepreneurship development programmes. It is further expected that NISIET would

intensify the present effort towards entrepreneurship promotion by involving various

training institutions and also successful entrepreneurs as role models to take up the

task of Mentor in promoting entrepreneurship among potential individuals.

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4. National Institute of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development

(NEISBUD) (7)

It is an apex national level institute set up at New Delhi in 1983 by the

Ministry of Industries(now Ministry of SMEs),Govt. of India, coordinating and

overseeing the activities of various institutions/ agencies engaged in Entrepreneurship

Development, particularly the area of small industry and small business. The policy,

direction and guidance to the institute is provided by its Governing Council whose

Chairman is the Minister of SSI.

The main objectives of the institute are:

1. To accelerate the process of entrepreneurship development throughout the country

and among all segments of the society.

2. To help institutions/agencies in carrying out activities relating to entrepreneurship

development.

3. To evolve standardised process of selection, training support and sustenance to

potential entrepreneurs enabling them to set up and run their enterprises successfully.

4. To provide information support to trainers, promoters and entrepreneurs by

organising documentation and research work relevant to entrepreneurship

development.

5. To provide functional forums for integration and exchange of experiences helpful

for policy formulation and modification at various levels.

The main functions of the Institute are as follows:

(i) Evolving effective training, strategy and methodology.

(ii) Formulating scientific selection procedure.

(iii) Standardising model syllabus for training for various groups.

(iv) Developing training aids, manuals and other tools.

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(v) Supporting 9ther agencies engaged in entrepreneurship development.

(vi) Conducting such programmes for promoters, trainers and entrepreneurs which

are commonly not undertaken by other agencies.

(vii) Organising all those activities that help develop entrepreneurial culture in the

country.

(viii) Publishing literature for furtherance of entrepreneurship and small business

development.

5. Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship (IIE) (8)

The Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship was established in 1993 at Guwahati

by the Ministry of Industry ( now Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Agro and

Rural Industries, ( MoSSI&ARI), Govt. of India to undertake training, research and

consultancy activities in the field of small industry and entrepreneurship. The Institute

was registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1960. It started its operation from

April, 1994. Besides, the Govt. of India, the North Eastern Council, Small Industries

Development Bank of India, Government of Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh are its

sponsors. The Institute takes up various activities to create an entrepreneurial culture

in the society such as developing new entrepreneurs, helping the growth of existing

entrepreneurs and educating the youths on entrepreneurial education.

Objectives

To organise and conduct training for entrepreneurship development.

To evolve strategies and methodologies for different target group and

locations and field test system.

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To identify training needs and offer training programmers to Government and

Non-Government Organisations engaged in promoting and supporting

entrepreneurship.

To document and disseminate information needed for policy formulation and

implementation related to self-employment.

To identify, design and conduct training programmes for existing

entrepreneurs.

To prepare and publish literature related to entrepreneurship and industrial

development.

To organise seminars, workshops and conferences for providing forum for

interaction and exchange via by various agencies and entrepreneurs.

To conduct research to generate knowledge for accelerating the process of

entrepreneurship development.

To act as a catalyst for development of self-employment / entrepreneurship,

industry / business.

To evolve, design and help use of various media for creating entrepreneurship.

6. National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs (NAYE) (9)

NAYE has arranged several schemes of entrepreneurial development in

collaboration with public sector banks such as Bank of India, Dena Bank, Punjab

National Bank, Central Bank of India and Union Bank of India.

The objectives of the schemes are the following:

1. Help young entrepreneurs’ in identifying investment and self-employment

opportunities.

2. Secure proper arrangement for their training.

3. Provide necessary financial assistance on the basis of project reports.

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4. Secure package of consultancy services.

5. Arrange for getting assistance, facilities and incentives extended to

entrepreneurs by the government and other institutions.

7. Technical Consultancy Organisations (TCOs)

All India financial institutions and state governments have set lip a net work of

technical consultancy organizations.

The functions of the TCOs include--conducting surveys on industrial potential,

preparing project profiles, undertaking techno-economic appraisal of projects,

carrying out market research, providing technical and managerial assistance to

entrepreneurs, assistance in modernisation, technology upgradations and rehabilitation

programmes and organising information cell and Data Bank concerning industrial and

economic activities and provide these to entrepreneurs (10).

In Tamil Nadu, the Industrial Technical Consultancy Organisation of Tamil

Nadu offers a wide variety of consultancy service. In Assam, the North Eastern

Industrial and Technical Consultancy Organisation (NIETCO) was set up at Guwahati

in 1973. NIETCO provides various types of facilities including technical and

administrative assistance to the potential entrepreneurs for promotion and

management of industries.

8. Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO)(11)

Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO) is a subordinate office of

the Department of SSI & ARI and a nodal agency for formulating, coordinating, and

monitoring the policies and programmes for promotion and development of small-

scale industries. SIDO carries out its activities through a network of institutions and

associated agencies created for specific functions. At present, the SIDO functions

through 27 Offices, 31 Small Industries Service Institutes (now renamed as Micro,

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Small & Medium Enterprises), 37 Extension Centres, 3 Product-cum-Process

Development Centres and 4 Production Centres. All small-scale industries except

those falling within the specialised boards and agencies like KVIC, Coir Boards,

Central Silk Board etc. fall within the purview of the SIDO.

The main functions of the SIDO are -

To evolve a national policy for the development of Small Scale Industries.

To co-ordinate the policies and programmes of various State Governments.

To maintain a proper liaison with the related Central Ministries, Planning

Commission, State Governments, Financial Institutions, etc.

To co-ordinate the programmes for the development of industrial estates.

To reserve items for production by small-scale industries.

To collect data on imported consumer items and then, encourage the setting

of Industrial units to produce these items by giving coordinated assistance.

To render required support for the development of ancillary units.

To encourage small scale industries to actively participate in Government

Stores Purchase Programmes by giving them necessary guidance, market

advice and assistance.

To provide technical services for improving technical process, production

planning, selecting appropriate machinery, preparing factory lay-out and

design.

To provide consultancy and training services to strengthen the competitive

ability of small-scale industries.

To render marketing assistance to small-scale industries to effectively sell

their products.

To provide assistance in economic investigation and information to small-

scale industries.

9. MSME--Technology Development Centres (MSME - TDCs) (12)

MSME-TDCs are product specific centres to look into specific problems and

render technical services. The main functions of MSME-TDCs are-

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To develop human resources in various fields like electronic items,

instrumentation industries, sports goods, glass industries etc.

To promote and modernise glass industry, foundry and forge industries.

Technological upgradation of essential oils, aroma chemicals, fragnance and

flavour industry.

To organise training courses on repairs and maintenance of CNC machinery,

fibre optics testing facilities and tailor-made training modules designed as per

the need of the industry.

10. Central Footwear Testing Institute (CFTI) renamed as MSME—Technology

Development Centre - Footwear (MSME - TDC) (13)

CFTIs provide training facilities and design development facilities for the

footwear and leather industry. They have their branches at Agra, Chennai, Mumbai

and Kolkata. These instiutes have proved to be useful for small industries not only at

the places where its branches exist but also at other places where it has no branch.

The functions of MSME - TDCs: Footwear

To develop human resources for footwear and allied industries through

various training programmes on footwear technology and allied services.

To conduct long-term, short-term and part-time on various subject of

footwear technology.

To provide technical support services to the user industry by making the

facilities available to them.

To provide services for the development of new products and patterns as per

given sample or concept.

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11. Small Scale Industries Board (SSIB) (14)

The Small Scale Industries Board (SSIB) was first constituted in 1954 to

render advice to the Government on small scale industries in the county. The range of

developmental work in small scale industries involves several departments/ ministries

and several organs of the Central/ State Governments.

The Industries Minister of the Government of India is the Chairman of the

SSIB. The SSIB comprises of 50 members including State Industry Minister, some

members of Parliament, Secretaries of various Departments of Government of India,

Financial Institutions, Public Sector Undertakings, Industry Associations and eminent

experts in the field.

12. Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) (15)

Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) is a statutory body created

by an Act of Parliament. It was established in April 1957 as KVIC and it took over the

work of the former All India Khadi and Village Industries Board set up in 1950. It is

engaged in the task of promoting and developing Khadi and Village Industries (KVI)

with a view to creating employment opportunities in the rural areas, thereby

strengthening the rural economy. It functions under the administrative control of

Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India.

The broad objectives of the KVIC are -

The social objective of providing employment;

The economic objective of producing saleable articles and

The wider objective of creating self-reliance amongst the people

and building up a strong rural community spirit.

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Functions of KVIC

i) It has been charged with the function of planning, promotion, organisation and

implementation of programmes for the development of Khadi and other

village industries in the rural areas, in coordination with other agencies

engaged in rural development.

ii) Its functions also comprise building up of a reserve of raw materials and

implements for supply of producers, creation of common service facilities for

processing of raw materials as semi- finished goods and provision of facilities

for marketing of KVI products. It organises training of artisans engaged in

Khadi and Village Industries.

iii) It is also charged with the responsibility of encouraging and promoting

research in the production techniques and equipments employed in the KVI

sector and providing facilities for the study of the problems relating to the

same. It also promotes the use of non-conventional energy, bio-fertilizer and

other organic products.

iv) It is also entrusted with the task of providing financial assistance to institutions

and persons engaged in the development and operation of Khadi and Village

Industries and guiding them through supply of designs, prototypes and other

technical information.

KVIC promotes and extends financial support for implementation of Khadi

Programme through registered institutions and cooperative societies. Besides, it

implements Khadi Programme departmentally and through State Khadi and Village

Industries Boards. In the process of implementation of the programme, KVIC extends

support in the form of loan and generate employment opportunities for the traditional

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artisans, thereby promote traditional artistic skills and products for which the country

enjoys pride recognition.

KVIC provides training to identified Prime Minister’s Employment

Generation Programme (PMEGP) entrepreneurs for Entrepreneurship Skill

Development covering managerial, accounting and marketing management through

accredited Institutions, free of cost.

13. Industrial Estates (16)

Industrial Estates are institutions established to promote industrialisation in the

country. In India, Industrial estates have been utilised as an effective tool for

promotion and growth of small-scale industries.

The main objectives of Industrial Estates are -

i. To provide infrastructure and accommodation facilities to the

entrepreneurs.

ii. To encourage the development of small-scale industries in the country.

iii. To decentralise industries to the rural and backward areas.

iv. To encourage ancillarisation in surrounding major industrial units and

v. To develop entrepreneurship by creating a congenial climate to run the

industries in these estates/ areas/ townships, etc.

In India, industrial estates are established to provide readymade buildings, factory

sheds at subsidised rates, infrastructure facilities etc. to the small-scale units. The first

Industrial Estate in India was set up at Rajkot in Gujarat in September, 1955. By now,

the number of industrial estates in the country had gone upto more than 650—making

it the largest programme of its kind in the word (17) .

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14. Indian Investment Centre (IIC) (18)

This organisation was set up by the Government of India in 1960 to promote

joint ventures and to conduct EDPs. It has set up an Entrepreneurial Guidance Bureau

to guide entrepreneurs in establishment of new ventures. The functions performed by

the IIE are stated below-

i. Identification and selection of potential entrepreneurs.

ii. Developing entrepreneurial skills to perform entrepreneurial job.

iii. Increasing managerial knowledge of entrepreneurs

iv. Helping entrepreneurs to start their own projects

15. State Small Industries Development Corporation (SSIDC) (19)

The State Small Industries Corporation (SSIDC) were set up in various States

under the Companies Act,1956, as State Government Undertakings to cater to the

primary developmental needs of the small, tiny and village industries in the State/

Union Territories under their jurisdiction. The important functions of the SSIDC

includes—

i) To procure and distribute scarce raw materials.

ii) To supply machinery on Hire Purchase System.

iii) To provide assistance for marketing of the products of small scale industries.

iv) To construct industrial estates/ sheds/ providing allied infrastructure facilities

and their maintenance.

v) To extend seed capital assistance on behalf of the State Government concerned.

vi) To provide management assistance to production units.

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16. Xavier Institute of Social Services (XISS), Ranchi (20)

It is an educational institute in Ranchi, established as an extension department

of St. Xavier’s College, Ranchi, in 1955. In 1973, the institute was registered as a

separate educational society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 to develop

human resources for various sectors such as industries, business, rural development,

healthcare etc. It assists the trainees in drafting project proposals and in obtaining the

required finance. It offers a six months programme to tribals for developing the

entrepreneurial skills. Besides, it provides financial and follow up assistance to the

entrepreneurs.

17. Madhya Pradesh Consultancy Organisation Ltd. (21)

This institution has been promoted by All India Financial Institutions and

State Corporations. It undertakes assignments for project planning, market surveys,

management services, market surveys and conducts entrepreneurship development

programmes for technical people, unemployed youth, backward castes people and for

women. Besides, it creates opportunities for the entrepreneurs and thus, helps in the

process of entrepreneurship development.

18. Calcutta ‘Y’ Self-Employment Centre (CYSEC) (22)

It was organised as a registered society by a number of industrialists,

businessmen, bankers, professionals and social workers in order to control the rapidly

growing unemployment and social unrest in Calcutta in the early 1970s. It provides

vocational training and assistance to the unemployed youths in starting the business

enterprises. It trains the unemployeds in productive enterprises, assists them in

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drawing up a business plan, securing bank loans and arranges initial business contacts

for their services and productions.

19. Assam Industrial Development Corporation Ld. (AIDC)

It is an organisation started by the Assam Government in 1965, as one of the

industrial implementing agencies in medium and large sector. It provides provides

training to entrepreneurs, engineers, diploma holder's etc. under its Human Resource

Development programme to create a sound entrepreneurial base and to prepare the

technical manpower for competitive environment. It provides technical, financial,

managerial and consultancy services and infrastructural support to the entrepreneurs.

The Corporation has trained a number of graduate engineers and diploma

holders as a part of its orientation-training programme at EDII, Ahmedabad and

Refinery etc. The Corporation has also arranged training programme for Women

Entrepreneurs at Guwahati. The Corporation also acts as a financial institution to

provide financial assistance for setting up medium scale industries in the State. The

Corporation operates the Refinance Scheme of IDBI and the Assisted Sector Equity

Scheme of Government of Assam to provide the necessary financial assistance. The

Term Loan assistance has already been provided to various units under IDBI's

Refinance Scheme and Equity assistance under assisted sector scheme. The

Corporation provided financial assistance of Rs. 174.93 lakhs in the year 1993-94, Rs.

349.56 lakhs in 1994-95, Rs. 154.58 lakhs in 1995-96, Rs. 83.17 lakhs in 1996-97 and

Rs. 92.19 lakhs in 1997-98 to the entrepreneurs (23).

20. Assam Engineering Institute (AEI) (24)

Assam Engineering Institute was established on 16th January, 1948 in

Guwahati. It is an important and premier institution in Assam and North East

providing 3 year degree Diploma courses in Civil, Chemical, Computer Engineering,

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Electrical, Electronics and Telecommunication and Mechanical. It provides training to

the youths and arranges many workshops on carpentry, fitting, painting, welding etc.

and thus, helps in creating self-employment opportunities for the entrepreneurs.

21. MSME (Micro Small & Medium Enterprises) Development Institutes ( Old

Name- Small Industries Service Institute (SISI) ) (25)

The Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Institutes are set up to

provide consultancy and training to both existing and prospective small entrepreneurs.

The activities of MSMEs are coordinated by the Industrial Management Training

Division of the DCSSIs office. There are 28 MSMEs and 30 Branch MSMEs set up in

the State Capital and other places all over the country.The main functions of MSMEs

are- to serve as interface between Central and State Governments, to render technical

support services, to conduct Entrepreneurship Development Programmes and to

initiate promotional programmes. Besides, the MSMEs also render assistance in

regard to - economic consultancy, information, EDP consulatancy, trade and market

informations, project profiles, state industrial potential survey, district industrial

potential surveys, modernisation and inplant studies, workshop facilities and training

in various trade or activities.

In Assam, the MSME, Guwahati has been set up by the Government of India

to supplement the activities of the State Government for promotion or development of

small scale industries. The MSMEs network in the state of Assam, Meghalaya and

Arunachal Pradesh is a part of the national network under the Small Industries

Development Organisation (SIDO) - which is an apex body administered by the

Ministry of Industry. The Institute provides assistance and renders various Extension

services for the growth and development of small-scale ventures in the state of

Assam, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh.

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In Karbi Anglong district, the Br. MSME has been organising different

activity-based training programmes but it do not provide any follow-up assistance to

the trainees. It gives publicity of the training programme through advertisement in the

local newspapers and by giving notice in the Office board. The Br. MSME provides

both theoretical and practical training to the trainees. The trainees are selected on the

basis of application. The duration of the training programme varies from 15-30 days.

As per data available from the Office of the Br. MSME, the Br, MSME has conducted

training programmes on Computer Hardware Repairing and Maintenance, Soft Toys

Making and Designing and Fashion Designing and Readymade Garments during the

period 2004-05 to 2006-07. A total of 79 trainees participated in 3 number of training

programmes organised by the Br. MSME during the period 2004-05 to 2006-07. The

number of trainees participated in the training programmes organised by the Br.

MSME in different years is shown in the following table -

Table No. 3.1 Number of Trainees in the Training Programmes Organised by Br. MSME in

Karbi Anglong District (2002-03 to 2006-07)

Year No. of Training

Programme

No. of Trainees

2002-03 N/A N/A

2003-04 N/A N/A

2004-05 1 27

2005-06 1 24

2006-07 1 28

Total 3 79

Source: Office of the Br. MSME, Karbi Anglong, Diphu.

No doubt, the Br. MSME officials are highly satisfied to be a part of the

entrepreneurship development process but they are highly dissatisfied so far as the

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entrepreneurial units undertaken by the trainees in between the year 2004-05 to 2006-

07 are concerned.

22. District Industries Centre (DIC) (26)

The District Industries Centre (DIC) programme was started on May, 1978 with

a view to provide integrated administrative framework at the district level for the

promotion of small-scale industries in rural areas. But now it is renamed as District

Industries and Commerce Centre (DICC) .Services and support to small entrepreneurs

are provided under a single roof through the DIC. DIC is the implementing arm of the

Central and State Governments of the various schemes and programmes, specially

meant for employment generation. Besides, registration of small scale industries is

also done at the district industries centres. The DIC help the small entrepreneurs in the

following respects -

i) Identification of suitable Schemes.

ii) Preparation of feasibility reports.

iii) Arrangements for supply of machinery and equipments.

iv) Provision of raw materials, credit facilities and inputs.

v) Marketing of the products.

DIC is headed by a General Manager. He is assisted by a team of specialists in

economic investigation, machinery and equipment, research extension and training,

raw materials, credit facilities, marketing and cottage industries. Moreover, the Credit

Specialists or the Credit Manager has been deputed by the Bank to the District

Industries Centre. These specialists provide the necessary guidance, assistance and

support required by the entrepreneurs in procuring credit at the right time on right

terms from right Institutions. DIC makes appraisal of the credit proposals of the small

entrepreneurs and the sponsor them to the credit institutions with the

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recommendations of the Credit Manager. Of course, the credit managers do not have

the power to sanction loans. However, they considerably facilitate and speed up the

process of providing credit to the small entrepreneurs because of their expertise in

their respective area.

In Karbi Anglong District, District Industries and Commerce Centre (DICC)

has been implementing various entrepreneurship development schemes viz. PMRY,

KVIC-MMS, PMEGP etc in the district. DICC organises various activity-based

training programmes under the entrepreneurship development schemes in which both

theoretical and practical type of training is imparted. The duration of the training

programme in regard to activities related to industry and service sector is 20 days and

10 days for activities related to Business. It gives publicity of the training programme

through advertisement in the local newspapers and by giving notice in the Office

board. The entrepreneurs for the training programmes are selected on the basis of

personal intervew. A total of 1252 trainees participated in 17 number of training

programmes organised by the DICC during the period 2002-03 to 2006-07. The

number of trainees participated in the training programmes organised by the DICC in

different years is shown in the following table -

Table No. 3.2 Number of Trainees in the Training Programmes Organised by DICC in

Karbi Anglong District (2002-03 to 2006-07)

Year No. of Training Programme

No. of Trainees

2002-03 4 251 2003-04 3 222 2004-05 4 348 2005-06 3 285 2006-07 3 146

Total 17 1,252 Source: Office of the District Industries and Commerce, Karbi Anglong, Diphu.

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DICC also provides follow –up assistance to the entrepreneurs in selection of

the project, getting finance from the banks, monitoring the enterprises and also

provides sustenance support. The DICC officials of Karbi Anglong are dissatisfied so

far as the operation of entrepreneurial units undertaken by the entrepreneurs in

between the year 2002-03 to 2006-07 is concerned. But the DICC officials are

satisfied on their involvement in the entrereneurship development process.

23. District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) (27)

Poverty alleviation through Self-employment and Wage-employment

programme is the theme of rural development. It is District Rural Development

Agency (DRDA) at the District level which overseas the implementation of different

anti-poverty programme. DRDA came into existence with effect from 1.4.1980.

Previously it was known as Marginal Farmer & Agricultural Land Development

Agency (MFALDA). Later on it became Small Farmer Development Agency

(SFDA). These agencies were only to cater the development of Marginal Farmers and

Agricultural Labourers in rural area. Now DRDA has embraced manifold activities

for upliftment of rural poor.

DRDA has become an autonomous agency having its own Governing Body

registered under Society Registered Act. 1960. After 73rd amendment act past in the

year 1993 President of Zilla-Parishad is the Chair Person of the Governing Body and

the District Collector is its Chief Executive Officer.

The main activities of DRDA is to implement Self-Employment Programme

and Wage- Employment Programme

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Role of DRDA

i. Principal facilitators for drawing of Plan and Programmes.

ii. Allocates funds, Maintains accounts and collects Utilisation Certificates.

iii. Co-ordinates Executive Agencies, financial institutions, NGOs, Government and

Panchayati Raj Institutions at different levels.

iv. Supervises and monitors various programmes implemented in the field.

v. Ensures successful implementation of the programmes.

vi. Keeps inform Zilla-Parishad and Government through reports and returns.

vii. Creates awareness and transparency amongst the common people.

viii. Safe guards the interest of SC/ST. Women and Physically Handicap Persons.

DRDA was established in the Karbi Anglong District the year 1980. Since

then, the department has been implementing various entrepreneurship development

schemes namely, IRDP, TRYSEM, DWCRA, SGSY etc. But at present, SGSY is the

only scheme in operation. DRDA organises activity-based training programmes in

which both theoretical and practical training is provided to the trainees by engaging a

resource person with specialised knowledge base. It gives publicity of the training

programme through advertisement, notice in the Office board, notice to SHG and

through SHG to SHGs. The applicants for the training programmes are selected on the

basis of application and activity. The duration of the training programme depends on

the activity i.e., 1-4 days training is imparted for piggery, 7-25 days training for

weaving, 1-4 training for fishery, 2 days training for Agriculture and Horticultural

units, 15 days training for Cane and Bamboo and 1-4 days training for Dairy units.

DRDA has conducted 292 training programmes with 4,256 trainees during a period of

five years i.e., from 2002-03 to 2006-07. The number of training programmes

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organised by DRDA with the number of trainees in different years is shown in the

Table. No. 3.3.

Table No. 3.3 Number of Trainees in the Training Programmes Organised by DRDA in

Karbi Anglong District (2002-03 to 2006-07)

Year No. of Training

Programme

No. of Trainees

2002-03 48 624

2003-04 66 225

2004-05 61 1,032

2005-06 58 1,448

2006-07 59 927

Total 292 4,256

Source: Office of the District Rural Development Agency, Karbi Anglong, Diphu. DRDA provides follow –up assistance to the entrepreneurs in selection of the

project, getting finance from the banks and monitoring the enterprises. It does not

provide sustenance support to the entrepreneurs. The DRDA officials of Karbi

Anglong are satisfied from the entrepreneurial units undertaken by the entrepreneurs

(i.e., SHGs) in between the year 2002-03 to 2006-07. Moreover, the DRDA officials

are also satisfied on being engaged in the entrereneurship development process.

24. Town Committee

A Town Committee is generally set up to look after all the issues concerning

the development of the town. In Karbi Anglong District, there are six town

committees located at Diphu, Dokmoka, Bokajan, Hamren, Howraghat and

Donkamokam. All these Town Committees have been implementing the SJSRY

scheme under the supervision of Town and Country Planning Department, Karbi

Anglong, Diphu. As such the Town Committees have been organising training

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programmes for the applicants under the SJSRY scheme.They give publicity of the

training programme through advertisement and notice in the Office board.They

provide theoritical training to the trainees for a period ranging from 1 week to 15 days

and the trainees are selected on the basis of application.These Town Committee

Offices have reported a total of 10 training programmes with 110 trainees during the

pereiod 2002-03 to 2006-07. The number of training programmes conducted by the

Town Committees with number of trainees in different years is shown below-

Table No. 3.4 Number of Trainees in the Training Programmes Organised by Town

Committees in Karbi Anglong District (2002-03 to 2006-07)

Year No. of Training

Programme

No. of Trainees

2002-03 2 9

2003-04 2 19

2004-05 3 60

2005-06 3 22

2006-07 N/A N/A

Total 10 110

Source: Deputy Director, Town and Country Planning Department, Karbi Anglong, Diphu.

The Town Committees provides follow –up assistance to the entrepreneurs

in selection of the project, getting finance from the banks and monitoring the

enterprises but they does not provide any type of sustenance support to the

entrepreneurs. On the one hand, the Town Committee officials are highly satisfied on

being involved in the entrepreneurship development process and on the other hand,

they are highly dissatisfied from the performance of the enterprises undertaken by the

trainees in between the year 2002-03 to 2006-07 are concerned.

112

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT ASSISTING

ENTREPRENEURS IN THE COUNTRY

1. Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) (28) The Small Industries Development Bank of India is an institution set up by the

Government of India under a special Act of Parliament in October 1989 as a wholly

owned subsidiary of the IDBI, with a view to ensure larger flow of financial and non-

financial assistance to the small-scale sector. The Bank commenced its operation from

2nd April,1990 with its head office at Lucknow.

The important functions of SIDBI are -

1. To initiate steps for technological upgradation and modernisation of existing

units.

2. To expand the channels for marketing the products of SSI sector in domestic

and international markets.

3. To promote employment oriented industries especially in semi-urban areas to

create more employment opportunities and thereby checking migration of

people to urban areas.

The SIDBI’s financial assistance to small-scale industries is channelised

through the existing credit delivery system compromising State Financial

Corporations, State Industrial Development Corporations, Commercial Banks and

Regional Rural Banks.

2. Commercial Banks (29) Commercial Banks plays an important role in the development of small scale

industries. Twenty-seven commercial Banks through their country wise network of

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more than 68,000 branches cater to the working capital need of the small scale

industries. They have offered about 17.5% of the net bank credit to this sector.

Besides, the short-term assistance, the SSI sector also receives term loans and other

assistance by the nationalised banks. Moreover, specialised branches are opened I

selected industrial estates and cities to exclusively cater to the requirements of the

small- scale entrepreneurs.

3. Regional Rural Banks (RRBS) (30)

Regional Rural Banks are created in different regions of the states’ in order to

promote agriculture, trade, commerce and industry in rural areas and thereby improve

rural economy. They provide credit facilities in the rural areas particularl to the

artisans, farmers and small entrepreneurs. With the restructuring of 139 branches of

RRBS, the RRBs have been able to meet the demands of the small entrepreneurs more

efficiently.

4. Co-operative Banks (31)

Co-operative banks, through a network of over 12,000 branches provide

working capital funds to small entrepreneurs. The Primary Agriculture Co-operative

Society (PACS) finances the agriculture and agriculture related industry. The Primary

Co-operative Banks (PCBs) plays a vital role in meeting the working capital needs of

cottage and tiny industries.

5. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

The NABARD was set up in 1982 in order to meet the credit needs of

agriculture and rural sector. It oversees the rural credit system managed by the lending

agencies such as the co-operatives and regional rural banks. It helps state co-operative

banks to finance regional weavers society for working capital and marketing. It

provides re-finance to financial institutions under the integrated rural development

114

programme (IRDP) and also monitors term lending by banks for agricultural

purposes. NABARD also has a scheme for soft loan assistance to provide margin

money to prospective entrepreneurs (32).

The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development is an apex

development bank, playing an important role in the development of informal sector in

rural areas, primarily addressing the issues of (i) facilitating access to financial

services and thereby accelerating the flow of institutional credit to the informal sector,

(ii) building entrepreneurial and technical skills of the rural poor, (iii) facilitating

market linkages and (iv) improving the productivity of agriculture in dryland areas.

In recent years, NABARD has evolved and implemented various micro-

finance approaches in order to solve the problems of informal sector. The informal

sector procures fund from both non-institutional sources and institutional sources

(Formal Banks).But the findings of the All India Debt and Investment Survey,1992

shows that the share of non-institutional sources in the outstanding cash dues of rural

households continue to be quite high at 36%(33).

In addition, to facilitate graduation of the poor to micro-enterprise stage,

NABARD supports Skill upgradation programmes, Entrpreneurship Development

Programmes and marketing of the produce.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES / SCHEMES

IMPLEMENTED BY THE GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS/

DEPARTMENTS IN KARBI ANGLONG DISTRICT

The following are the various Entrepreneurship Development

Programmes/Schemes that were in operation in Karbi Anglong district during the

period 1993 -94 to 2006-07. Among these schemes, SGSY, SJSRY are in operation in

115

the district now. Besides, the Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme

(PMEGP) launched on 2nd October, 2008 is also in operation in the district.

1) Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)

The programme commenced in 1978 in 2300 selected blocks of the country. The

programme was reviewed in 1978-1979 to integrate the methodology and approach of

the three major ongoing special projects of SFDA, Community Area Development

and Drought Prone Area Programmes (DPAP). All the principal contents of these

three major programmes were integrated into a new programme called IRDP. Up to

1978-1979, IRDP was a central sector scheme and 100% funds were provided by the

Central Government but after this period, funding was shared between the Centre and

the State on 50:50 basis except Union Territories, where funding was totally done by

the State. IRDP was extended to cover all the 5011 blocks covering 5.64 lakh villages

in the country with effect from 2nd October, 1980 and since then it continued to 1st

April, 1999, to be a major instrument of poverty alleviation in the rural India.

Thereafter, it was subsumed with SGSY.

The main objective of the programme was to help the target groups (selected

families living below the poverty line i.e., families earning an annual income of

Rs.6400or less) to cross the poverty line. The families of the target groups were

provided with productive assets and inputs through financial assistance in the form of

subsidy by the Government and term credit and advances by the Banks.

The programme was implemented by the DRDA in Karbi Anglong District.

The DRDA in collaboration with the Lead Banks organised the training programmes

under this scheme to create awareness for the benefit of IRDP beneficiaries.

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2) Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM)

This scheme was launched by the Central Government under the Department

of Rural Development on 15th August, 1979. It is a facilitating component of the

IRDP. But since 1st April, 1999, the programme merged with other programmes as

SGSY

The main objective of TRYSEM was to provide technical and entrepreneurial

skills to rural youths from families living below poverty line( i.e., families earning an

annual income of Rs. 3500 or less) to enable them to take up self-employment in the

field of Agriculture & Allied Activities, Industries, Services and Business Activities.

The target group under TRYSEM consisted of youths between 18 to 35 years of age,

living below poverty line. The main thrust of the scheme was to equip rural youths

with necessary skills and technology to undertake self-employment.

DRDA was the implementing agency of this programme in Karbi Anglong

District. It provided training to the target groups, normally for a period of six months

and stipends were also given to the trainees from Rs.150 to Rs.300 per month. DRDA

provided certificates to the trainees after successful completion of the training.

3) Prime Minister’s Rojgar Yojana ( PMRY)

PMRY was an employment generation scheme launched in the year 1993. The

scheme was implemented by the District Industries and Commerce Centre but it

discontinued its operation from 1st April, 2008. The scheme is merged with Rural

Employment Generation Programme and is continuing its operation through out the

country as Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) since 1st

October, 2008 onwards.

117

The scheme covered a period of 15 years since its inception. During this

period the scheme has provided employment to number of educated unemployed

youths.

Performance of the PMRY scheme in India

The performance of the scheme in India as reported by the Reserve Bank of India

is shown in the Table No.3.5. The table reveals that the number of applications

received, number of cases sanctioned and disbursed, amount sanctioned and disbursed

every year in between the years 2002-03 to 2005 06 but the year 2006-07 marks

decrease in respect of applications received, number of cases sanctioned and

disbursed and amount sanctioned and disbursed in spite of increase in the number of

target (i.e., 2, 55, 000). The performance of the scheme from 1-04-2007 to 30-09-

2008 proves the ineffectiveness of the scheme in the country. During this period of six

months against a target of 2,20,000, only 47,061 number of cases were actually

disbursed with an amount of Rs.224crores, which is even less than the proportionate

amount disbursed in the year 2006-07. In fact, it can be said that the performance of

the scheme in the country was not satisfactory in the later years.

Table.No.3.5 Performance of PMRY in India During 2002-03 to 2006-07 and for the Year 2007-08 (up to September, 2008)

Sl. No.

Year Target (in No.)

No. of Applications

Received

No. of Cases Sanctioned

Amount Sanctioned

(Rs. in Crores)

No. of Cases

Disbursed

Amount Disbursed

(Rs. in Crores)

1 2002-03 2,20,000 4,14,001 2,28,031 1,497 1,90,521 1,198 2 2003-04 2,20,000 4,36,679 2,64,012 1,679 2,19,444 1,368 3 2004-05 2,50,000 4,39,324 2,98,003 1,923 2,48,264 1,543 4 2005-06 2,50,000 4,98,751 3,18,095 2,055 2,73,066 1,701 5 2006-07 2,55,000 4,95,257 3,13,791 2,036 2,61,236 1,632 6 Total 11,95,000 23,35,012 14,21,932 9,190 11,92,531 7,442

7 2007-08

( upto Sept. 2008)

2,20,000 1,82,664 82,118 393 47,061 224

Source: Annual Report of Reserve Bank of India (2007-08).

118

Performance of PMRY scheme in Assam

In regard to Assam, the performance of the PMRY scheme is also not

satisfactory. The Table.No.3.6 shows the achievement of PMRY scheme in Assam

from 1993-94 to 2007-08. The table reveals that the target, number of trainees,

number and amount sanctioned to beneficiaries, number and amount disbursed to

beneficiaries and number of entrepreneurial activities undertaken by the beneficiaries

increased simultaneously up to the year 2003-04 but decreased gradually from the

year 2004-05. In 1993-94 the target was fixed at 885 beneficiaries which increased to

15000 beneficiaries in 2005-06 but decreased to 10,300 in 2006-07 and 8,300 in

2007-08. The amount sanctioned to beneficiaries increased from 666lakhs in 1993-94

to 10,356.63lakhs in 2004-05 but then decreased to 7,476.24lakhs. Similarly, the

amount disbursed increased from588.41lakhs in 1993-94 to 7,566.59lakhs in 2004-05

but then, decreased to 5,354.94lakhs in 2007-08.

Table.No.3.6 Performance of PMRY in Assam (1993-94 to 2007-08)

Sl. No. Year Target

(in No.)

No. of Cases

Sanctioned

Amount Sanctioned

(Rs. in Lakhs)

No. of Cases

Disbursed

Amount Disbursed

(Rs. in Lakhs)

Units Set up

No. of Trainees

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1993-94 885 785 666.00 702 588.41 702 - 2 1994-95 6,600 6,425 4,716.94 5,516 3,959.27 5,516 - 3 1995-96 9,900 9,571 7,235.35 8,370 6,094.22 8,370 - 4 1996-97 15,000 13,546 10,064.60 10,483 7,487.58 10,483 - 5 1997-98 13,400 12,862 9,673.94 10,130 6,358.06 10,130 - 6 1998-99 15,000 12,020 9,120.95 9,359 3,022.54 9,359 - 7 1999-00 12,800 9,411 7,296.28 7,567 4,161.85 7,567 - 8 2000-01 6,600 4,868 3,977.90 3,789 2,882.93 3,789 - 9 2001-02 6,600 5,359 4,198.62 3,988 2,974.72 3,988 -

10 2002-03 15,000 9,802 7,552.85 7,017 5,033.05 7,017 8,140 11 2003-04 10,000 10,187 8,204.86 7,538 5,596.27 7,538 8,679 12 2004-05 15,000 12,683 10,356.63 10,057 7,566.59 10,057 11,348 13 2005-06 15,000 10,559 9,000.18 7,966 6,165.38 - 9,414 14 2006-07 10,300 7,956 6,622.81 5,930 4,305.98 - 7,913 15 2007-08 8,600 6,742 7,476.24 5,581 5,354.94 - 6,348

Source: Directorate of Industries and Commerce, Guwahati, Government of Assam.

119

The performance of PMRY scheme in the different districts of Assam is not

much satisfactory. In order to assess the impact of PMRY programme, the

Government of Assam carried out an evaluation study through the IIE, Guwahati, in

1996 (34). The study covered three districts of Assam namely- Kamrup, Darrang and

Cachar. The study revealed that 68 nationalised bank branches of these three districts

were involved in financing the beneficiaries under the PMRY scheme. Out of a target

of 180 beneficiaries altogether for these districts, for the year 1993-94, the number of

cases sanctioned as well as disbursed on the basis of viability of the projects was 169

and 153 respectively. These 153 beneficiaries provided employment to 386 persons.

27% (i.e. 41 beneficiaries) made regular payment of their loan amount and out of the

remaining 73%,, 26%(i.e.,40 beneficiaries) were related to non-starting of any

entrepreneurial unit, closure of the entrepreneurial unit, less income generated from

the unit etc. and 47% made partial repayment of their loan amount.

The study brings to light that selection of beneficiaries by the DICC on the

basis of TFC was not satisfactory. Lack of monitoring and counselling by the

implementing agencies was found to be one of the reasons for some of the

beneficiaries who could not set up their enterprises even after receiving loan under

PMRY. Among these three districts, the enterprises set up in Cachar district generated

highest amount of profit but employment generation was lowest in comparison to the

enterprises set up in Kamrup and Darrang districts. Further, for better implemention

of the programme, the study suggested change in the selection procedure of

beneficiaries, i.e., to conduct psychological test before selection by the TFC need for

proper co-ordination among the implementing agencies.

120

Performance of PMRY scheme in Karbi Anglong District

In Karbi Anglong district, the target fixed by the Government along with

number of entrepreneurs sponsored, trained and disbursed loan by the banks increased

from 1993-94 to 2004-05 but decreased simultaneously from the year 2005-06 to

2006-07.The target fixed by the Government for different years (1993-94 to 2006-07),

number of entrepreneurs sponsored, trained and disbursed loan under PMRY is shown

in Table.No.3.7. The sponsored and disbursed amount under PMRY increased

consecutively from the year 2002-03 to 2004-05 but from the year 2005-06 to 2006-

07, the amount disbursed to the beneficiaries by the banks decreased simultaneously.

No doubt, the sponsored amount decreased in the year 2005-06 but it again increased

in 2006-07. In regard to achievement of PMRY, 27.44% of the amount sponsored was

actually disbursed to the beneficiaries in the year 2002-03, 29.53% of the sponsored

amount disbursed in 2003-04, 31.78% in 2004-05, 49.47% in 2005-06 and 24.0% in

2006-07. As a whole, only 31.06% of the sponsored amount was disbursed to the

beneficiaries as loan. The amount sponsored by the DICC, amount disbursed by the

Banks to the beneficiaries and the achievement of PMRY from the year 2002-03 to

2006-07 is shown in the Table.No.3.8. Again, out of 740 entrepreneurs disbursed

during the period 2002-03 to 2006-07, 174 entrepreneurs’ established entrepreneurial

units related to Agriculture and Allied Sector, 108 entrepreneurs were engaged in

Industry Sector and 458 entrepreneurs were engaged in Trade and Service Sector. The

Sector-wise number of economic activities undertaken by the Entrepreneurs under

PMRY in Karbi Anglong District is shown in the Table No. 3.9.

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Table.No.3.7 Number of Entrepreneurs Sponsored, Trained and Disbursed under PMRY in

Karbi Anglong District (1993-94 to 2006-07)

Year Target

(in Nos.) No. of Entrepreneurs

Sponsored No. of Entrepreneurs

Trained No. of Entrepreneurs

Disbursed

1993-94 35 62 33 20

1994-95 222 280 192 155

1995-96 267 360 226 174

1996-97 267 282 173 120

1997-98 151 207 134 101

1998-99 192 288 173 107

1999-00 234 336 196 124

2000-01 150 184 95 82

2001-02 150 215 118 95

2002-03 394 432 251 133

2003-04 400 487 222 146

2004-05 600 706 348 201

2005-06 392 542 285 160

2006-07 260 424 146 100

Total 3,889 4,719 2,414 1,718 Source: District Industries and Commerce Centre, Karbi Anglong, Diphu. Block-wise detail is shown in Annexure III (a) to III (d).

Table.No. 3.8 Amount Sponsored and Disbursed under PMRY Scheme in Karbi Anglong

District (2002-03 to 2006-07)

Year Amount Sponsored (in Rs.)

Amount Disbursed (in Rs.)

Percentage of Disbursed Amount to Sponsored Amount

2002-03 3,37,87,900.00 92,70,942.00 27.44

2003-04 3,79,77,766.00 1,12,14,150.00 29.53

2004-05 5,18,67,000.00 1,64,81,398.00 31.78

2005-06 3,11,45,200.00 1,54,08,050.00 49.47

2006-07 3,61,21,414.00 87,78,100.00 24.30

Total 19,68,99,280.00 6,11,52,640.00 31.06

Source: District Industries and Commerce Centre, Karbi Anglong, Diphu. Block-wise detail is shown in Annexure III (e) to III (f).

122

Table.No.3. 9 Sector-wise Number of Entrepreneurs Disbursed Loan under PMRY in

Karbi Anglong District (2002-03 to 2006-07)

Sector 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Total

Agriculture and Allied 40 28 44 29 33 174

Industry 14 27 26 28 13 108

Trade and Services 79 91 131 103 54 458

Total 133 146 201 162 100 740

Source: District Industries and Commerce Centre, Karbi Anglong, Diphu. Block-wise detail is shown in Annexure III (g) to III (i). Nature of Economic Activities undertaken by the Entrepreneurs is shown in Annexure III (j).

4) Margin Money Scheme (MMS)/ Rural Employment Generation Programme

(REGP)

Margin Money Scheme or Rural Employment Generation Programme was a

rural employment generation scheme which was in operation from 1997 to 31st

March, 2008. The scheme was implemented by both the Khadi and Village Industries

Commission (KVIC) and Khadi and Village Industries Board (KVIB). But as there

was no separate office of Khadi and Village Indutries Commission in the Karbi

Anglong district, the task of KVIC was undertaken by the District Industries and

Commerce Centre (DICC). The scheme is merged with Rural Employment

Generation Programme and is continuing its operation through out the country as

Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) since 1st October,

2008.

The objectives of the programme are to accelerate the growth of employment in

rural areas and to check the migration of of the labour force from rural areas to urban

areas.

123

Under this Scheme, KVIC/KVIB provides margin money up to 30% of the

project cost to the entrepreneurs engaged in village and cottage industries which is

converted into subsidy provided the entrepreneurial activities undertaken by the

entrepreneurs shows a positive performance for 2years. KVIC/KVIB provides margin

money up to 30% of the project cost and the beneficiary’s contribution is fixed at 5%

of the project cost. Under this scheme, the beneficiaries are selected and sponsored by

the DICC through a task force with the District Deputy Commissioner as its

Chairman.

In Assam, 55 Projects were financed under the scheme and provided

employment to 220 persons in 2002-2003 which increased to 211 projects and

employment to 948 persons in 2003-04(35). But in Karbi Anglong, the Scheduled

Commercial Banks have started financing under the MMS from the year 2004-2005.

The 2nd instalment of the loan is disbursed only after completion of the training at

KVIC accredited training centres. The number of entrepreneurial activities undertaken

by the beneficiaries of MMS is shown in the Table.No.3.10

Table.No. 3.10

Total Number of Entrepreneurial Activities Formed under the KVIC-MMS in Karbi Anglong District

Source: Office of the District Industries and Commerce Centre, Karbi Anglong, Diphu.

Name of the financing Bank Number of Entrepreneurial Activities formed

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 SBI, ADB, Bokajan 01 - - SBI, Diphu Branch - 01 03 CBI, Diphu Branch - 03 02 SBI, Kohra Branch - 01 - SBI, Chowkihola Branch - - 01 CBI, Phuloni Branch - - 02 Total 01 05 08

124

The above table depicts the number of entrepreneurs assisted by the Banks in

taking up entrepreneurial activities from the year 2004-05 to 2006-2007. It is seen

from the table that though the number of entrepreneurs have increased year after year

but yet the number of entrepreneurs benefited under this scheme is very less in the

district. CBI, Diphu Branch financed the highest number of entrepreneurs i.e., 5 under

this scheme followed by 4 entrepreneurs financed by SBI, Diphu Branch and 2

entrepreneurs financed by CBI, Phuloni Branch. Each of the Bank Branch namely

SBI, ADB, Bokajan Branch, SBI, Kohra Branch, SBI Chowkihola Branch assisted 1

entrepreneur. The total number of entrepreneurs financed by the banks upto 2006-07

is only 14 and each of the entrepreneurs has started different entrepreneurial activity

in their respective area. The various types of entrepreneurial activities started by the

beneficiaries under the Margin Money Scheme are shown in the Table.No.3.11.

Table.No. 3.11 Type of Entrepreneurial Activities started under KVIC- MMS in

Karbi Anglong District

Activities undertaken by the Entrepreneurs

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Readymade Garments Factory - 01 -

Cane & Bamboo Production Industry - 01 -

Bakery Factory - 01 -

Steel Fabrication Industry - 01 -

Brick Making Industry 01 01 -

Cattle & Poultry Feed Industry - - 01

Weaving/ Handloom Industry - - 01

Rubber Factory - - 01

Rice Mill - - 03

Steel Trunk Factory - - 02

Total 01 05 08 Source: Office of the District Industries and Commerce Centre, Karbi Anglong, Diphu.

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Table No.3.11 depicts the number of enterprises established by the

entrepreneurs under the KVIC/ KVIB from the year 2004-05 to 2006-07. Only few

numbers of economic enterprises are established under this scheme in the district

during the period 2004-05 to 2006-07. In total,14 number of enterprises are

established under this Scheme i.e., 8 number of enterprises in the year 2006-2007

followed by 5 enterprises in 2005-06 and only 1 enterprise in 2004-05. Among

different entrepreneurial activities undertaken by the entrepreneurs, 3 entrepreneurs

are running Rice Mills, 2 entrepreneurs are engaged in Brick making Industry, 2

entrepreneurs in Steel Trunk Factory and one entrepreneurial activity is related to

each of Readymade Garments Factory, Cane and Bamboo Production Industry,

Bakery Factory, Steel Fabrication Industry, Cattle & Poultry Feed Industry, Weaving/

Handloom Industry and Rubber Factory.

5) Swarna Jayanti Sahari Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY)

It is one of the employment generating schemes which subsumed the earlier

three Urban Poverty Programmes viz- Nehru Rojgar Yojana (NRY), Urban Basic

Services for the Poor (UBSP) and Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty

Alleviation Scheme(PMIUPER) and came into operation in December, 1997. The

main thrust of this scheme is on opening up self employment avenues for the educated

youth who has read upto class-IX of the towns and other urban areas under the local

town committee. The beneficiaries under the scheme are persons selected from BPL

families residing in town and urban areas. After selection of the beneficiaries,

necessary training is imparted to them and then the respective Town Committee

sponsors the applications to various commercial banks for loan assistance.

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In Karbi Anglong District, the scheme is implemented by the six town

committees located at different parts in the district under the overall supervision of

Town and Country Planning Department. The number of entrepreneurs’ disbursed

loan by the banks under SJSRY is shown in the Table No. 3.12.

Table.No. 3.12 Number of Entrepreneurs Assisted by the Banks under SJSRY in

Karbi Anglong District

Name of the Town Committee

2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07

Diphu 71 02 12 42 - N/A Dokmoka - - 07 07 - N/A Bokajan 13 - - - 06 N/A Hamren - - - - 04 N/A Howraghat 12 07 - - 12 N/A Donkamokam - - - - - N/A Total 96 09 19 60 22 N/A Source: Deputy Director, Town and Country Planning Department, Karbi Anglong, Diphu.

It is apparent from the Table No. 3.12 that out of the six Town Committees in

the district, Diphu Town Committee has sponsored highest numbers of entrepreneurs

for starting their entrepreneurial activities during the period from 2001-02 to 2006-

2007. But in the year 2005-2006, the total number of entrepreneurs assisted by the

banks has decreased as compared to the previous year. The table also depicts that so

far, the Donkamokam Town Committee has not sponsored any application to the

commercial banks for financial assistance.

The most common economic activities chosen by the entrepreneurs under

SJSRY Scheme are grocery, pork selling booth, piggery unit, weaving and handloom

unit , tailoring, knitting and embridery, stationery unit etc.

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6) Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)

It is a holistic programme covering all aspects of self employment such as

organization of the poor into Self-Help Groups (SHGs), training, credit technology,

infrastructure and marketing. This is a credit-cum-subsidy scheme in which the

banker’s have to play a significant role. SGSY is funded by the Centre and the State

in the ratio of 75:25. The chief objective of the scheme is to bring every assisted poor

family above the poverty line in three years by generating significant sustainable

income.

SGSY is implemented by the DRDAs through the Panchayat Samitis. This

agency was initially created to implement IRDP. Subsequently the DRDAs were

entrusted with number of programmes of both State and Centre.

Salient Features of SGSY

SGSY aims at establishing a large number of micro enterprises in the rural

areas, building upon the potential of the rural people.

The assisted families may be individuals or groups but SGSY will focus on the

group approach for organizing the poor and their capacity building.

Each district draws up a comprehensive plan of resources and strategies to

eradicate poverty, identifying 4-5 key activities in each block based on the

reseources, occupational skills of the people and availability of markets, with

the approval of the Panchayat Samitis at the block level and the DRDA/Zila

Parisad at the district level.

Under SGSY scheme, financial assistance is given by the Government in the

form of subsidy and credit by the banks.

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SGSY adopts a project approach for each key activity. The banks and other

financial institutions are closely associated and involved in the planning and

preparation of project reports of identified key activities.

The existing infrastructure for the cluster of activities is received and gaps are

identified.

The Gram Sabha will authenticate the list of families below the poverty line.

SGSY lays emphasis on skill development through well designed training

courses.

It ensures up gradation of technology in the identified activity cluster.

It provides for promotion of marketing of the goods produced by the SGSY-

Swarojgaris.

It lays stress on development of women and weaker sections. Fifty percent of

the benefits under the programme will accrue to the SC/STs, forty three

percent to handicapped and the remaining 7% to others.

15% of the funds under SGSY is set apart at national level for projects having

a far reaching significance.

The Central allocation earmarked for the States is distributed in relation to the

incidence of poverty in the states.

The Scheme seeks to cover the rural artisans in a significant manner, enabling

them to utilize their inherent talent/skills to over come poverty.

SHG: SHG (Self Help Group ) is a group of rural people who have volunteered to

organize themselves into a group for eradication of poverty of the members. They

agree to save regularly and convert their savings into a common fund. The members

of the group agree to use this common fund and such other funds that they may

129

receive as a group through a common management. Banks often consider SHGs

“bankable” after six months of their existence. The bank loans are given without any

collateral and at market interest rates. The principle of self help hold the key to

economic and soci-cultural freedom for India’s millions of poor thereby opening the

gates of untapped reservoir of human enterprise. In Assam, total employment

generation by the SHGs in the state was 1,975 persons. The performance of the

scheme in Karbi Anglong District is shown in the Table No.3.13 to Table.No.3.17.

Table.No.3.13

Year-wise Formation of SHGs under SGSY in Karbi Anglong District

1999-2000

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

2005-06

2006-07

Total

No. of SHGs formed

68 160 255 771 419 857 417 612 3559

Source: DRDA, Diphu, Karbi Anglong, Diphu.

It is apparent from the Table.No.3.13 that the number of SHGs formed in the

district during 1999-2000 to 2006-07 is 3559.The number of SHGS (815) formed by

DRDA under SGSY scheme is highest in the year 2004-05. Since inception of the

scheme i.e. from 1-4-99 to 2002-03, the number of SHGs formed shows an upward

trend but in the year 2003-04, there was a sudden downfall from 771 SHGs to 419

SHGs. In the year 2005-06, the number of SHGs formed again decreased to 417 but in

the year 2006-07, it increased to 612 SHGs. In short, it can be said that SHGs

formation in the district maintained a fluctuating trend.

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Table.3.14 Block-wise Formation of SHGs in Karbi Anglong District

(1999-2000 to 2005-06)

Name of Development Blocks No. of SHGs formed Percentage

1. Lumbajong 400 13.57

2. Howraghat 550 18.67

3. Samalengso 282 9.57

4. Langsomepi 227 7.71

5. Bokajan 562 19.08

6. Nilip 133 4.51

7. Rongmongve 74 2.51

8. Rongkhang 485 16.45

9. Chinthong 95 3.22

10. Amri 115 3.90

11. Socheng 24 0.81

Total 2947 100

Source: DRDA, Karbi Anglong, Diphu.

From the Table.No.3.14, it is observed that the total number of SHGs formed

in the Bokajan Block is the highest (550) and the least number of SHGs formed is

only 24 in the Socheng Block. It, therefore, depicts ineffective implementation of the

SGSY scheme by DRDA in the district. It needs to be mentioned here that the table

does not include data for the year 2006-07 because block-wise break-up of SHGs

formation in the district is not available.

131

The nature of economic activities undertaken by the SHGs under SGSY

scheme in Karbi Anglong District is shown in Table.No.3.15. The table depicts that in

Lumbajong block, the main thrust, in regard to activities undertaken by the SHGs, is

on Piggery followed by Weaving, Agriculture, Poultry etc. Under Amri Block, SHGs

are basically involved in Agriculture followed by Weaving. SHGs under Howraghat,

Samalengso and Rongkhang are basically involved in Piggery followed by

Agriculture, Weaving, Fishery etc. So far as Chinthong, Rongmongve and Socherg

blocks are concerned, SHGs are basically involved in Agriculture followed by

Piggery, Weaving, Fishery etc. In short, we can say that maximum number of SHGs

from all the blocks are involved in Agriculture (33.08%) followed by Piggery

(28.32%), Weaving (18.66%), Fishery (4.67%), Inter-Lending (3.83%), Business

(2.48%), Goatery (1.86%), Poultry (1.69%), Golden Thread (1.68%), Tailoring

(1.1%), Diary (0.87%), Duckery (0.81%), Fruit preservation (0.71%), Tea stall

(0.16%) and rice Mill (0.10%). In fact, Agriculture seems to be the main source of

livelihood of the rural masses in Karbi-Anglong district of Assam.

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Table.No.3.15 Economic Activities Undertaken by SHGs under SGSY in Karbi Anglong District (1999-2000 to 2006-07)

Activities Lumbajong Amri Bokajan Nilip Howraghat Langsomepi Samalengso Rongmongve Rongkang Clinthong Socheng Total Percentage

Piggery 85 13 72 14 252 75 101 19 183 15 03 832 28.32

Goatery 23 -- -- -- 12 18 -- -- -- 02 -- 55 4.67

Weaving 80 14 144 33 112 27 44 02 87 05 02 550 1.48

Teastall 05 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 05 18.66

Fruit Preservation 21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 21 0.16

Agriculture 44 65 284 73 126 100 79 25 116 48 15 975 0.71

Diary 18 -- -- -- -- -- 02 02 -- 04 -- 26 33.08

Duckery 24 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 24 0.87

Tailoring 33 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 33 0.81

Golden thread 30 -- -- -- 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- 49 1.10

Rice Mill 03 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 03 1.66

Poultry 34 01 -- -- -- -- 01 -- 14 -- -- 50 0.10

Fishery -- -- -- -- -- -- 35 06 79 14 04 138 1.69

Inter-Lending -- 14 49 10 29 07 -- 04 -- -- -- 113 2.48

Business -- 08 13 03 -- -- 20 16 06 07 -- 73 3.83

Total 400 115 562 133 550 227 282 74 485 95 24 2947 100

Source: DRDA, Karbi Anglong, Diphu.

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Table.No. 3.16 Amount of Revolving Fund Released to SHGs under SGSY in Karbi Anglong

District (1999-2000 to 2006-07)

Year No. of SHGs Subsidy (Rs. in Lakhs)

Credit (Rs. in Lakhs)

1999-2000 -- -- --

2000-2001 -- -- --

2001-2002 -- -- --

2002-2003 81 8.10 12.15

2003-2004 161 11.28 24.15

2004-2005 667 40.73 100.05

2005-2006 570 54.86 35.50

2006-07 N/A N/A N/A

Total 1479 114.97 171.85

Source: DRDA, Karbi Anglong, Diphu.

It is evident from the Table. No.3.16 that total number of SHGs selected for

Revolving Fund during 1999-2000 to 2005-06 under SGSY are 1479 with a subsidy

amount of Rs.114.97lakhs and Bank loan i.e. credit Rs.171.85lakhs. Number of SHGs

selected for revolving fund was more in 2004-05(i.e., 667) followed by 570 SHGs in

2005-06 and so on. So far as Bank loan and subsidy amount is concerned, Bank Loan

seems to be higher in the year 2004-05 (i.e.Rs.100.05lakhs) and subsidy amount

seems to be higher in the year 2005-06 (i.e.Rs.54.86lakhs). No doubt, the subsidy

amount shows an increasing trend but the credit granted by the Bank reflects an

increasing- decreasing trend i.e. up to 2004-05, it shows an increasing trend but in

2005-06, there was a great downfall with Rs.35.50lakhs only.

134

Table.No.3.17 Amount Released Towards Projects (Key-Activities) to SHGs by the Banks

under SGSY in Karbi Anglong District (1999-2000 to 2006-07)

Years No. of SHGs Credit (Rs. in Lakhs)

Subsidy (Rs. In Lakhs)

1999-2000 -- -- --

2000-2001 -- -- --

2001-2002 -- -- --

2002-2003 52 59.80 89.79

2003-2004 24 20.47 31.57

2004-2005 47 84.54 126.81

2005-2006 116 110.12 135.50

2006-07 -- -- --

Total 239 274.93 382.67

Source: DRDA, Karbi-Anglong, Diphu.

Table.No.3.17 shows that total number of SHGs selected for Project Finance

under SGSY during the period 1999-2000 to 2005-06 was 239 with a subsidy amount

of Rs.382.67 lakhs and Bank loan (credit) Rs.274.93 lakhs. In regard to Project

Finance, 116SHGs were disbursed loan under SGSY in 2005-06. Since 2003-04, the

table is showing an ascending trend except downfall in the subsidy and credit amount

in the year 2003-04.

As per Data available from the Office of the DRDA, Karbi Anglong, the total

amount of fund released to the SHGs under SGSY for development of

entrepreneurship in the year 2006-07 was Rs.134.83 lakhs.

7) Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)

Prime Minister’s Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP) is a new

credit- linked subsidy programme by merging the two schemes that were in operation

135

till 31.03.2008 namely Prime Minister’s Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) and Rural

Employment Generation Programme (REGP) for generation of employment

opportunities through establishment of micro-enterprises in rural as well as urban

areas. PMEGP is a Central Sector Scheme, administered by the Ministry of Micro,

Small and Medium Enterprises (MoMSME). KVIC, under the administrative control

of MSME is the single nodal agency at the Central level to implement the scheme. At

the State level, the scheme is implemented by Khadi and Village Industries Board

(KVIBs), Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVICs) in the rural areas and by

the District Industries and Commerce Centres (DICCs) in both the rural and urban

areas. The scheme began its operation through the country on 1st October, 2008.

The main objectives of the Scheme are -

(i) To generate employment opportunities in rural as well as in urban areas of the

country through setting up of new self-employment

ventures / projects / micro - enterprises.

(ii) To bring together widely dispersed traditional artisans/ rural and urban

unemployed youth and give them self-employment opportunities to the extent

possible, at their place.

(iii) To provide continuous and sustainable employment to a large segment of

traditional and prospective artisans and rural and urban unemployed youth in the

country, in order to control migration of rural youth to urban areas.

(iv) To increase the wage earning capacity of artisans and contribute to increase in the

growth rate of rural and urban employment.

Level of Funding under PMEGP

The percentage contribution of a beneficiary belonging to General Category is

10% of the Project Cost and 5% in case the beneficiary belongs to Special Category

136

(i.e., SC/ ST/ OBC/ Minorities/ Women/ Ex-Servicemen, Physically Handicapped,

NER, Hill and Border areas etc.). In case the beneficiary belongs to General Category,

the rate of subsidy is 15% of the Project Cost for urban areas and 25% for rural areas.

The rate of subsidy for a beneficiary falling under Special Category (i.e., SC/ ST/

OBC/ Minorities/ Women/ Ex-Servicemen, Physically Handicapped, NER, Hill and

Border areas etc.) is 25% of the Project Cost for Urban areas and 35% for rural areas.

The balance amount of the total project cost will be provided by Banks as term loan.

As per data provided by DICC, Karbi Anglong, the number of applications

sanctioned by the DICC, Diphu was 27 amounting to Rs.87.44lakhs during the year

2008-09, 34 applications amounting to Rs.71.45lakhs in 2009-10 and 38 applications

amounting to Rs.115.85lakhs in 2010-2011.

References

1. Prasain, G.P. (2006): Entrepreneurship and Small Scale Industries, (ed) by

Akansha Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 294-295.

2. Mali, D.D. (2005): Promoting Entrepreneurship- Lessons from India’s North

East, A SpeeD Publications, IIE, Guwahati, p. 99.

3. Barua, Nayan and Aparajeeta Borkakoty (2005): Women Entrepreneurship,

Aph Publishing House, New Delhi, p.64.

4. Arora, Renu and S.K.Sood ( 2010): Fundamental of Entreperneurship and

Small Business, New Delhi, pp.11/17.9- 11/17.10.

5. Desai, Vasant (2002): Small Scale Industry and Entrepreneurship, Himalaya

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6. Rajkonwar, Ajanta Borgohain (2004): Entrepreneurship Development,

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7. www.bms.co.in

137

8. Rajkonwar, Ajanta Borgohain, op. cit., pp.162-163.

9. www.bms.co.in

10. Ibid

11. Khanka, S.S. (2007): Entrepreneurial Development, S. Chand and Co. Ltd.,

Delhi, pp. 161-162.

12. Arora, Renu and S.K.Sood., op. cit., pp.11/17.3- 11/17.4.

13. Ibid., p.11/17.4.

14. Khanka, S.S., op. cit., p.162.

15. KVIC- Activities and Programmes, Khadi and Village Industries Commission,

Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India, Assam State Office, Guwahati, pp. 1-2.

16. Khanka, S.S.,op. cit., pp. 164-165.

17. Vepa, Ram. K. (1988): Modern Small Industry in India (Problems and

Prospects), Sage Publications, New Delhi, p.81.

18. Sudha, G.S. (2007): Dynamics of Business Entrepreneurship, RBSA

Publishers, Jaipur, p.298.

19. Khanka, S.S., op. cit., p.162.

20. www.en.wikipedia.org

21. Sudha, G.S., op. cit., p.299.

22. www.greenstone.org

23. www.cosidici.com

24. www.assamspider.com

25. Khanka, S.S., op. cit., p.163.

26. Maheswari, S.N.(2004): Banking Law and Practices, Kalyani Publishers, New

Delhi, pp. 51-52.

27. www.sambhalpur.com., p.1.

28. Khanka, S.S., op. cit., p.149.

29. Arora, Renu and S.K.Sood., op. cit., p.11/17.14.

138

30. Ibid., p.11/17.14.

31. Ibid., p.11/17.14.

32. Panda, Jagannath and Punya Prava Pradhan.(2005): Entrepreneurship and

Economic Development, Wide Visions,pp. 69-70.

33. Rajkonwar, Ajanta Borgohain, op. cit., p.144.

34. An Evaluation Study on PMRY Performance in Assam, Indian Institute of

Entrepreneurship, Gauhati, Government of Assam, 1996.

35. Data from KVIC , cited in Effectiveness of Prime Minister’s Rojgar Yojana

Scheme in Assam- A case study of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia Districts, Pabitra

Goswami, Gauhati University, 2006, p. 64.