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Chapter 3 Preliminary Concept For Strengthening

Spatial Justice In Greater Malang

3.1. Back Wash Effect in Spatial Justice

The specific term spatial justice has not been commonly used until very recently, and even

todaythere are tendencies among geographers and planners to avoid the explicit use of the

adjectivespatial in describing the search for justice and democracy in contemporary societies.

Either thespatiality of justice is ignored or it is absorbed (and often drained of its specificity) into

such relatedconcepts as territorial justice, environmental justice, the urbanization of injustice, the

reduction of regional inequalities. Critical spatial thinking today hinges around three principles:

a) The ontological spatiality of being (we are all spatial as well as social and temporal beings).

b) The social production of spatiality (space is socially produced and can therefore be socially

changed).

c) The socio-spatial dialectic (the spatial shapes the social as much as the social shapes the

spatial).

Concept of Spatial Justice are (1) In the broadest sense, spatial (in) justice refers to an intentional

and focused emphasis on the spatial or geographical aspects of justice and injustice. As a starting

point, this involves the fair and equitable distribution in space of socially valued resources and the

opportunities to use them. (2) Spatial justice as such is not a substitute or alternative to social,

economic, or other forms of justice but rather a way of looking at justice from a critical spatial

perspective. From this viewpoint, there is always a relevant spatial dimension to justice while at the

same time all geographies have expressions of justice and injustice built into them. (3) Spatial

(in)justice can be seen as both outcome and process, as geographies or distributional patterns that

are in themselves just/unjust and as the processes that produce these outcomes. It is relatively easy

to discover examples of spatial injustice descriptively, but it is much more difficult to identify and

understand the underlying processes producing unjust geographies. (4) Locational discrimination,

created through the biases imposed on certain populations because of their geographical location, is

fundamental in the production of spatial injustice and the creation of lasting spatial structures of

privilege and advantage. The three most familiar forces shaping locational and spatial discrimination

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are class, race, and gender, but their effects should not be reduced only to segregation. (5) The

political organization of space is a particularly powerful source of spatial injustice, with examples

ranging from the gerrymandering of electoral districts, the redlining of urban investments, and the

effects of exclusionary zoning to territorial apartheid, institutionalized residential segregation, the

imprint of colonial and/or military geographies of social control, and the creation of other core-

periphery spatial structures of privilege from the local to the global scales. (6) The normal workings

of an urban system, the everyday activities of urban functioning, is a primarysource of inequality and

injustice in that the accumulation of locational decisions in a capitalisteconomy tends to lead to the

redistribution of real income in favor of the rich over the poor. Thisredistributive injustice is

aggravated further by racism, patriarchy, heterosexual bias, and many otherforms of spatialand

locational discrimination.Note again that these processes can operate withoutrigid forms of spatial

segregation. (7) Geographically uneven development and under development provides another

framework for interpreting the processes that produce injustices, but as with other processes, it is

only when thisunevenness rigidifies into more lasting structures of privilege and advantage that

interventionbecomes necessary. (8) Perfectly even development, complete socio-spatial equality,

pure distributional justice, as well as universal human rights are never achievable.Every geography in

which we live has some degree ofinjustice embedded in it, making the selection of sites of

intervention a crucial decision.

In the end, spatial justice could be explained as integrative of urban rural interactions. Integration of

cities with their exurbs can be viewed negatively as sprawl. For rural development, the simple

factthat growth cannot be understood as isolated from urban fates leads to the study of urbanrural

linkage models (Partridge et al, 2007). That urban development can affect rural population through

growth or decline is captured by the terms spread and backwash effects.The recent growth in

literature around agglomeration economies and amenities relates the growth in cities to growth in

outlying areas. However, they tend to incongruously impose an assumption across all study sites:

that outlying areas enjoy the growth benefits of only the closestcity.

According to Hirschman (1958, p. 188), the most important of the positive effects are the more

developed regions purchases and investments in the less developed region. In contrast,

Hirschmans negative (backwash or polarization) effects include migration from the rural area to the

more developed region, especially of the more skilled and trained workers, and weak production in

the outlying region, caused by superior urban competition.

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As summarized by Barkley, Henry, and Bao (1996), the flow of investment funds, spending for goods

and services,people,firms and employment, knowledge and technology, and government outlays

result in positive and negative growth implications for rural areas. These implications range from the

life-cycle theory movement of firms to the fringe(providing spread effects) to the investment of rural

funds in expanding urban markets(backwash effects). Whether these flows occur, or to what extent

they occur, relies on arange of factors, including production methods, distance, and the context of

the outlyinglocations, such as whether the locations offer high quality public services and

lowerpublic sector costs (Henry, Barkley, and Bao, 1997). While most research, including

thatpresented here, favors the predomination of spread effects, the range of flows and

thepreconditions guiding the magnitude of flows presents the possibility that backwasheffects could

dominate (e.g., Barkley, Henry, and Bao, 1994). At its simplest, spread and backwash can be

measured by either population changeor income change as a function of distance to and growth in

the nearest city (Berry,1970; Gaile, 1980). Regardless of a towns economic structure or amenities

(though thesefeatures certainly matter, as discussed below; see also Blank, 2005), it is possible for

thecommunity to grow if its excess labor can access the city, or if the community can accessthe

urban service and recreation sectors. As Partridge et al. (2007) describe, the concept of population

growth effects that are solely attributable to distance to the urban center canbe called the urban

distance discount (UDD). In addition to the UDD, several factors may influence spread and backwash

effects, most notably, the income and population growthrates of the nearest city or set of cities, and

the characteristics of the non metropolitan community, such as age and economic structure.

Figure 3.1

The Problem and Issue of Spatial Justice In Greater Malang Source : Analysis, 2015

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Greater Malang has experience of spatial injustice because of backwash effect. It affected by

inappropriate of rural-urban linkages. Urban has increasing proggresively their economic sector

which is the secondary and tertiary sectors, but It doesnt promote the primary sector as their raw

materials sources which comes from rural. The Urban absorb most of rural sources without given

fairly reimbursement. Large area in rural did not developed well, so they are being left behind than

the cities. The disparities could be solved by spread effect paradigm development. To achieve the

spatial justice in Greater Malang, once of spread effect paradigm to promote the spatial justice is

Agribussines.

The oposite of Backwash Effect is a spread effect. Spread effect is a phenomena when the resource

and production either agriculture and production distribute in balance. To achieve the spread effect,

the appropriate concept that can implemented in Greater Malang is anagribusiness concept.

Agribusiness concept is a concept that have a purpose to increase the value of the an agriculture

commodities with processing, innovation and marketing.

3.2. Spread Effect of Development

3.2.1 Agrobusiness

According to the picture, the concept of agrobussines is a systematic relation and stages of

agricultural activities.To achive the agribussines concept, the area must have a commodities as main

raw materials to produce some competitive products. The commodities can be food plant product,

vegetables, fruits, livestock and fishes. To produce competitive products, farmer of group of farmer

must have a good seedling, good fertilizer, agriculture equipments and so on. To fulfill theirneeds, a

group of farmer should borrow money or applying credit to financial agent. The financial agent can

be bank, koperasi and so on. To produce a competitive product, farmer or group of farmer also need

some facilities they are regulation about farming, transportation to ease the agricultural distribution

and marketing of agriculture things.

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Figure 3.2

Sub-System Linkages In Agribussines Source : Firdaus, 2008

Figure 3.3

AgribusinessEvolution Source : Firdaus, 2008

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According to this picture, agriculture activities was growing time to time. Agriculture begin with

collecting and hunting activities. This period is happened in pre-history ages. In this period, human

not use an agriculture equipment and produce the food only to fulfiill their needed. In age when

agriculture technique is discovered, about at 2.000 yeras BC, human begin to use agriculture

equipment to produce foods product. In this period, the purpose of agriculture activities still fulfill

theirdaily needs. The big changes had happened when human realized that they have a different

resource, different needed and they can serve it by their self. At this age, human use an agriculture

equipment, begin to cultivation with a process. The purpose of their activities are fulfill their needed

and sell it into market, although the scale of marketing still in domestic area (region).

In modern ages in agriculture context, at 1900 farmer begins to introduce processing after the

produce the commodities. This effort can increase the value of commodities. When it happens, the

market segmentation and area distribution are becoming larger. Foods trading specially agriculture

products not only in domestic area, but until foreign area (ex-region). The stages and effort in

agriculture activities from begining to trading usually called agribusiness.

3.2.2 Agribusiness In Planning context

Figure 3.4

Agribusiness Concept In Planning Context Source : Authors, 2015

According to the agribusiness concept, the teamtries to develop the planning concept depend on

regional role in framework agribusiness concept. In commodity aspect, the area that is role in this

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partsouthern, part and Nortern Part of Malang Regency. It's same with agriculture things. In those

parts, Malang Regency have a role as agricultural product provider. In this part, the dimensions of

commodities areaneconomist. The next aspect is a supporting facilities aspect. Supporting facilities

aspect is an aspect that should build to increasing the quality, quantity and competitiveness of

agriculture production. The main area that should allocate those facilities is in the farming town (

Perri urban area). Because of in this area, the agriculture product should get some processing before

sell to market area. The important supporting facilities are bank, koperasi, market, regulation and

transportation.

1. Bank

Bank as a credit provider should allocate in perri urban area because of to added value some

product, community need a capital.

2. Koperasi

Koperasi is a community corporation that uses a family principle. Koperasi not only have a

function like a bank, but also can keep stability of agriculture product price. The mechanism

happen with agreement between koperasi members about price.

3. Transportation

Transportation facilities consist of road and vehicle. Transportation facilities in perri urban

area should have a big scale to distribute commodities, product and equipment from

agriculture based area to market area and opposite.

4. Market

In perri urban area, the market has a function as collects and transit place. It means that this

market must have a storage to save the commodities before transfer to another area.

5. Regulation

To support the agribusiness activities, local government have to formulate regulation that

can strengthening this activities and keep sustainability of agiculture sectors.

In the last stages of agribusiness before transfering and selling the agriculture product to market

place is inovation stages. This stages consist of marketing, added value and processing. This stage is

can achieved by several tools. They are community based development and interduce technology

and new inovation in agriculture processing.

From this figure, we can identify an aspect that influence and involve in agribusiness. They are

spatial aspect, community aspect, economy aspect, governace aspect, infrastructure (physical)

aspect, and tecnology aspect.

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Figure 3.5

Agribussines Management Source : Authors, 2015

1. Spatial aspect

In this aspect, we talk about infrastructure distribution, infrastructure optimum location,

infrastructure allocation and avalibility of infrastructure. In spatial concept, the infrasstructure,

either main and suporting agriculture infrastrucvture should be availible and can be accesed by

farmer or group of farmer. Those infrastructure also should be increas the agriculture

productivity and percapita income specially to proplr who involve in agribusiness activity.

2. Community aspect

When talking about empowerment, the important terms is community. In this aspect,

community should increas the participation in planning and developing thier environment,

specialy social environment. The main idea of community participation in this concept are

coordination, colaboration and cooperation between all of community in developing suporting

infrastructure, doing added value to agriculture produc and invole in formulate planning and

development plan.

3. Economy aspect

Economy aspect have a significant role to determine what sectors or commodities should

develop and make it to be competitive advantages product. In this aspect, stakeholder should

make a consideration about commodities that eligible to develop depend on economic

condition such as price, production, market oportunity and advantages (comparative and

competitive).

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4. Governance aspect

To achieve the agribusiness concept, some area needs a good governance aspect. The imprtant

things in governance consept is how the stakeholders doing coordination, colaboration and

create a system to suport agribusiness activity. The expected out come from governance aspect

are regulation about agibusiness, comitment to build infrastructure and comitment to keeping

sustaibnability of agriculture economic based development.

5. Infrastructure aspect

Inftrastructure cant be seperated from activities specially agribusiness. Because of

infrastructure have a big role to keeping activities on. In this aspect, infrastructure shoulad

develop appropriate with community and development plan needed. Based infrastrucutre

should develop in peri urabna area as tertiery area of agribusiness activity such as road, bank,

koperasi, market and so on.

6. technology aspect

Agriculture product can give more incoime and benefit to agribusiness player if the adding value

to the agriculture product. To adding value, player need a technology in processsing and

marketing their product. The technology must give more benefit then negative impact. It is

means that the technology should effective, eficient, appropriate usees and have an

environemnt awareness.

3.3. Planning Concept

In planning concept, author trying to elaborate the agrobusiness concept, planning activities and

aspect of development. Planning concept consist of six part, they are spatial concept, community

concept, economy concept, governace concept, infrastructure (physical) concept, and technology

concept.

Goals : To achieve the agrobusiness concept in perri urban area as effort to deceasing the disparity

between urban area and rural area.

Objectives

To achieve the goals, there are some aspect that can to do. They are:

1. Identify and develop the competitive sectors or commodities.;

2. Formulating regulation to suport the agribusiness activities.

3. Developing the suporting facilities;

4. Empowering the communities;

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5. Create competitive advantages product;

6. Increasing the welfare and prosperity of agrivusiness player.

Table 3.1 Objectives of Planning Concept

No Objectives Concept Details

1 Identify and develop the competitive sectors or commodities

Economic - Identify the tipology of commodities. - Developing potency of economy specially in

agriculture sectors and commodities; 2 Formulating regulation to suport

the agribusiness activities. Community - Create community instutuion that have fungtion

to representer communities in formulate regulation with government

Governance

- Create abd formulate appropriate regualtion to suppoert agribusiness activity

3 Developing the suporting facilities Governance - Formulate budget and planning to create infrastructure

- Synchronizing development intra sub-government and extra governmenet

Spatial - Devide the area in to three part. Collecting facilities area, Processing and added value facilities area and marketing area.

- Distribute facilities appropriate with areas. Governance - Create coordination and colaboration in providing

facilities - Create governing body to manage the

agrobusiness suporting facilities Infrastructure - Develop the base infrastructure

- Develop the new technology infrastructure 4 Empowering the communities Community - Strengtening social capital

- Increasing community participation - Build koperasi

5 Create competitive advantages product

Technology - Introduce modern technology in processing agriculture product

- Introduce inovation pproduct of agriculture commodities;

- Introduce market and economy knowledge Source : Authors, 2015

Chapter 3Preliminary Concept For StrengtheningSpatial Justice In Greater Malang