chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 mapping the earth. chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 why study maps? why do we need maps?...

Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68Chapter 3 p. 52 - 68

Mapping the EarthMapping the Earth


Why Study Maps?Why Study Maps?

Why do we need maps?Why do we need maps? What types of maps are there?What types of maps are there? How have maps changed?How have maps changed?


CartographyCartography

The art of map making.The art of map making.

Maps contain symbols, descriptions, Maps contain symbols, descriptions, legends or keys, scales, and compass legends or keys, scales, and compass direction.direction.

North always points to the top of the map.North always points to the top of the map.


ScalesScales

A scale indicates the relationship A scale indicates the relationship between the distance on the map to between the distance on the map to the actual distance.the actual distance.

A scale can be represented as A scale can be represented as graphical, fractional, or verbal.graphical, fractional, or verbal.


Lines of LatitudeLines of Latitude

Lines of latitude describe positions Lines of latitude describe positions north or south of the equator.north or south of the equator.

Lines of latitude are also sometimes Lines of latitude are also sometimes called called parallelsparallels because they never because they never intersect with each other.intersect with each other.


LatitudeLatitude

Equator 0Equator 0° latitude° latitude

Latitudes north of the equator are labeled Latitudes north of the equator are labeled °N°N

Latitudes south of the equator are labeled Latitudes south of the equator are labeled °S°S

Poles are 90°N or S, which is the highest Poles are 90°N or S, which is the highest possible latitude line.possible latitude line.


Lines of LongitudeLines of Longitude

Lines of longitude describe positions Lines of longitude describe positions east or west of the prime meridian.east or west of the prime meridian.

Lines of longitude are sometimes Lines of longitude are sometimes called meridians.called meridians.

Longitude or Meridians are semicircles Longitude or Meridians are semicircles that run from the north pole to south that run from the north pole to south pole.pole.


LongitudeLongitude

Prime meridian 0Prime meridian 0° longitude° longitude Degrees longitude always begin from the Degrees longitude always begin from the

prime meridian.prime meridian. Longitudes east of the prime meridian are Longitudes east of the prime meridian are

labeled °E.labeled °E. Longitudes west of the prime meridian are Longitudes west of the prime meridian are

labeled °W.labeled °W. Longitude lines run east and west until Longitude lines run east and west until

they reach 180° known as the they reach 180° known as the International Date Line.International Date Line.


Finding DirectionFinding Direction

Using latitude and longitude lines we Using latitude and longitude lines we can determine locations.can determine locations.

Similar to plotting points on a graph.Similar to plotting points on a graph. Use units in degrees, minutes, and Use units in degrees, minutes, and

seconds.seconds. Use compass directions north, south, Use compass directions north, south,

east, and west.east, and west.


Using UnitsUsing Units

The smaller the unit the more The smaller the unit the more specific the location becomes, similar specific the location becomes, similar to telling time on a clock.to telling time on a clock.

Degrees, minutes, seconds (like Degrees, minutes, seconds (like Hours, minutes, seconds)Hours, minutes, seconds)


UnitsUnits 60 min. in 1 deg. (like 60 min. in 1 hr.)60 min. in 1 deg. (like 60 min. in 1 hr.)

60 sec. in 1 min.60 sec. in 1 min.


Map ProjectionsMap Projections

Flat representation of the Earth’s Flat representation of the Earth’s curved surface.curved surface.

Because the Earth is curved all maps Because the Earth is curved all maps result in distortion in some manner result in distortion in some manner size, shape, or direction.size, shape, or direction.


Map ProjectionsMap Projections

Larger the area being shown the Larger the area being shown the greater the distortion.greater the distortion.

Most accurate part of the Most accurate part of the map=where the paper meets the map=where the paper meets the globe. globe.

Farther the paper is from the Farther the paper is from the globe=more distortionglobe=more distortion


Type of Map ProjectionsType of Map Projections

CylindricalCylindrical Wrap a cylinder of paper around a globe.Wrap a cylinder of paper around a globe. Meridians appear as straight lines and Meridians appear as straight lines and

have equal space between them.have equal space between them. Like a perfect grid pattern.Like a perfect grid pattern. Accurate near the equator and distorted at Accurate near the equator and distorted at

the edges.the edges. Advantages: Locate positions easier and Advantages: Locate positions easier and

shapes of small areas are well preserved.shapes of small areas are well preserved.


Types of Map ProjectionsTypes of Map Projections ConicConic Form a cone with a piece of paper and Form a cone with a piece of paper and

place it on a globe.place it on a globe. Cone touches one parallel.Cone touches one parallel. PolyconicPolyconic Many conic maps used to increase Many conic maps used to increase

accuracy with each cone touching a accuracy with each cone touching a different latitude.different latitude.

Advantage: Relative size and shape of Advantage: Relative size and shape of small areas on the map are nearly the small areas on the map are nearly the same as those on the globe.same as those on the globe.


Types of Map ProjectionsTypes of Map Projections

AzimuthalAzimuthal Place a flat sheet of paper on a globe.Place a flat sheet of paper on a globe. The paper only touches one point on the The paper only touches one point on the

globe.globe. Advantages: navigate air travelAdvantages: navigate air travel Great circles appear as straight lines, Great circles appear as straight lines,

therefore, by drawing a straight line therefore, by drawing a straight line between two points navigators can find a between two points navigators can find a great circle route shortening the distance.great circle route shortening the distance.


Think Pair ShareThink Pair Share

1. Questions that have been raised in my mind are...

2. A new understanding I have is…

3. How do we create map projections?

4. What do you find difficult about map projections?


Topographic MapsTopographic Maps

Topo maps show the surface features Topo maps show the surface features of the earth, both natural and of the earth, both natural and constructed features.constructed features.

Topo maps also show elevationsTopo maps also show elevations• Sea Level = 0 ft.Sea Level = 0 ft.

The elevation is depicted by contour The elevation is depicted by contour lines.lines.• Contour lines never intersect and always Contour lines never intersect and always

close on themselves.close on themselves.


Topographic MapsTopographic Maps

The contour line interval is the The contour line interval is the distance from one contour to distance from one contour to another. The interval is provided in another. The interval is provided in the maps legend.the maps legend.

Relief is the difference in elevation Relief is the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest between the highest and lowest point.point.• Bench marks can often times help in Bench marks can often times help in

determining specific points on the map.determining specific points on the map.


LandformsLandforms

Contour lines that form a V indicates Contour lines that form a V indicates a valley, the V points upstream.a valley, the V points upstream.

The closer the contour lines are to The closer the contour lines are to each other the steeper the landform each other the steeper the landform will be.will be.

Depression contours are closed loop Depression contours are closed loop contours that have short contours that have short perpendicular lines inside the loop perpendicular lines inside the loop that point toward the depression.that point toward the depression.


Geologic and Soil MapsGeologic and Soil Maps

Geologic maps indicate the rock Geologic maps indicate the rock type, age, folds, and faults.type, age, folds, and faults.

Soil maps classify and describe soils Soil maps classify and describe soils located in a given area.located in a given area.

chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 mapping the earth. chapter 3 p. 52 - 68 why study maps? why do we need maps?...

Documents

longitude lines

straight lines

lines of latitudelines

lines of longitudelines

map projectionslarger

longitudedegrees longitude

north pole

types of maps