Chapter 3Chapter 3

Cell ProcessesCell Processes

Nature of MatterNature of MatterSection 3-1 H.W pg 73. ques. 1-4 & pg. 92 ques. Section 3-1 H.W pg 73. ques. 1-4 & pg. 92 ques.

4-7, 104-7, 10►Everything around you is composed of Everything around you is composed of

matter and energy.matter and energy.

►MatterMatter- is anything that takes up space - is anything that takes up space and has a mass.and has a mass.

►EnergyEnergy- is anything that brings about - is anything that brings about change. It can hold things together and change. It can hold things together and also break things apart.also break things apart.

Energy Energy ► Where do we get our energy?Where do we get our energy?- From food. What about plants?From food. What about plants?- SunlightSunlight

Our food contains chemical energy. When we Our food contains chemical energy. When we eat it, our bodies break the bonds between eat it, our bodies break the bonds between the food particles.the food particles.

- Whenever a bond is broken energy is Whenever a bond is broken energy is released. And this is where we get our released. And this is where we get our energy from.energy from.

Other examples of heat are:Other examples of heat are:

Heat & electricityHeat & electricity

States of MatterStates of Matter► Matter comes in four states.Matter comes in four states.

1.1. Solid- rockSolid- rock

2.2. Liquid- waterLiquid- water

3.3. Gas - oxygenGas - oxygen

4.4. Plasma- the sun & starsPlasma- the sun & stars

AtomsAtoms

►What are atoms?What are atoms?--AtomsAtoms are the building blocks of are the building blocks of mattermatter..

So, what is matter?So, what is matter?--Matter is anything that has a mass and takes up Matter is anything that has a mass and takes up

space.space.- Matter surrounds us, and could take the form of Matter surrounds us, and could take the form of

solid, liquid or gas.solid, liquid or gas.

- What are some examples of matter?What are some examples of matter?- RocksRocks- DesksDesks- AirAir- WaterWater

Atoms (continued)Atoms (continued)

► Is fire matter?Is fire matter?

No.No.

What about light?What about light?

No.No.

Neither one of these things is matter Neither one of these things is matter because they don’t take up any space.because they don’t take up any space.

Atoms (continued)Atoms (continued)

► Is all matter visible?Is all matter visible?- No. Air is matter as well as other colorless No. Air is matter as well as other colorless

gasses like butane, or propane.gasses like butane, or propane.- What causes matter to take these various What causes matter to take these various

forms and shapes? forms and shapes? - Its all depends on the way their atoms are Its all depends on the way their atoms are

put together and also the shape that their put together and also the shape that their atoms take on.atoms take on.

- In your body has several types of atoms In your body has several types of atoms that combine in different ways. These that combine in different ways. These atoms form proteins, DNA, tissues and atoms form proteins, DNA, tissues and other things that makes you a person.other things that makes you a person.

►Also, many other objects you see Also, many other objects you see around you are composed of many around you are composed of many different types of atoms.different types of atoms.

►However these are things that are However these are things that are only made up of one type of atom. only made up of one type of atom. These things are called the These things are called the elements.elements.

►Elements are substances that are Elements are substances that are made of only one type of atom and made of only one type of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical substances by ordinary chemical means.means.

Compounds & MixturesCompounds & Mixtures

►Combinations that are made when the Combinations that are made when the atoms of more than one element atoms of more than one element combine are called combine are called compoundscompounds..

►Water is a compound made of what 2 Water is a compound made of what 2 elements?elements?

►H 2 0. This way of writing water is H 2 0. This way of writing water is called its chemical formula. called its chemical formula.

►NaCl is sodium chloride. Does anyone NaCl is sodium chloride. Does anyone know what NaCl’s common name is?know what NaCl’s common name is?

Compounds & MixturesCompounds & Mixtures

►Molecular Compounds-Molecular Compounds- these form these form when different atoms share their when different atoms share their outermost electrons.outermost electrons.

►Ex: Every Hydrogen atom has 1 Ex: Every Hydrogen atom has 1 outermost electron. So if you have 2 H outermost electron. So if you have 2 H atoms, they will share its electrons atoms, they will share its electrons with Oxygen's outermost electron and with Oxygen's outermost electron and make a molecule of water.make a molecule of water.

Compounds & MixturesCompounds & Mixtures► Ionic Compounds- These occur when to ions Ionic Compounds- These occur when to ions

of opposite charge bond to form a electrically of opposite charge bond to form a electrically neutral charge.neutral charge.

► An ion is an atom that has lost or gained an An ion is an atom that has lost or gained an electron.electron.

- So Na- So Na++ an ion of neutral Na, it lost an electron an ion of neutral Na, it lost an electron therefore it has a positive charge.therefore it has a positive charge.

- Cl- Cl-- is an ion of neutral Cl, it gained an electron is an ion of neutral Cl, it gained an electron and therefore it has a negative charge.and therefore it has a negative charge.

These two ions are going to be attracted to These two ions are going to be attracted to each other because of their opposite charges. each other because of their opposite charges. Like magnets.Like magnets.

So, when they are together they bond to form So, when they are together they bond to form an ionic compound called NaCl. And now its an ionic compound called NaCl. And now its neutral because the opposite charges cancel neutral because the opposite charges cancel each other out.each other out.

MixturesMixtures

► A A mixturemixture is composed is composed of two or more of two or more substances that are not substances that are not chemically combined.chemically combined.

- Two types of Mixtures:Two types of Mixtures:1) 1) Heterogeneous Heterogeneous

mixture- mixture- the the components of this components of this type of mixture are not type of mixture are not mixed evenly and each mixed evenly and each component retains its component retains its own propertiesown properties..

MixturesMixtures

2) 2) Homogeneous Mixture- Homogeneous Mixture- These These types of mixtures are evenly mixed types of mixtures are evenly mixed throughout. And individual throughout. And individual components cannot be seen.components cannot be seen.

-They are also called solutions.-They are also called solutions.

An Example would be how salt An Example would be how salt dissolves in water. dissolves in water.

Organic vs. Inorganic Organic vs. Inorganic CompoundsCompounds►Organic Compound-Organic Compound- an organic an organic

compound is a compound that compound is a compound that contains carbon.contains carbon.

- Organic compounds are usually Organic compounds are usually associated with living things.associated with living things.

- However, there are some non-living However, there are some non-living things that contain carbon. But these things that contain carbon. But these organics are usually products of living organics are usually products of living things or things that were once living.things or things that were once living.

- Ex: Coal- coal is an organic compound Ex: Coal- coal is an organic compound that is not living but it is produced by that is not living but it is produced by decaying plant material.decaying plant material.

Four Major Organic Four Major Organic CompoundsCompounds

► All four of these major organic All four of these major organic molecules are considered to be molecules are considered to be macromoleculesmacromolecules, or large molecules , or large molecules and are present in all living things.and are present in all living things.

► They are:They are:

1.1. Carbohydrates- or sugarCarbohydrates- or sugar

2.2. ProteinsProteins

3.3. LipidsLipids

4.4. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Four Major Organic Four Major Organic CompoundsCompounds

1) Carbohydrates- These are organic 1) Carbohydrates- These are organic macromolecules that are used to supply energy macromolecules that are used to supply energy and could also aid in cell structure.and could also aid in cell structure.

- Carbohydrates store a lot of chemical energy, Carbohydrates store a lot of chemical energy, and are used first by our bodies when energy is and are used first by our bodies when energy is needed.needed.

- Plant cell walls contain a chemical called Plant cell walls contain a chemical called cellulose which is a carbohydrate that is used to cellulose which is a carbohydrate that is used to give a plant cell its sturdy structure.give a plant cell its sturdy structure.

- Ex: Sugars and Starches are carbohydratesEx: Sugars and Starches are carbohydrates- Some others are:Some others are:- Glucose (in our blood)- Glucose (in our blood)- Maltose (milk sugar)Maltose (milk sugar)- OSE at the end of a scientific word usually OSE at the end of a scientific word usually

means it’s a carbohydrate.means it’s a carbohydrate.

Four Major Organic Four Major Organic CompoundsCompounds

2) 2) ProteinsProteins- macromolecules that have - macromolecules that have many different functions, like structure many different functions, like structure & enzyme action.& enzyme action.

►Proteins are largely found in our muscles Proteins are largely found in our muscles and our DNA codes for proteins.and our DNA codes for proteins.

►A sub group of proteins called enzymes A sub group of proteins called enzymes are very important.are very important.

- An An enzymeenzyme- regulates all chemical - regulates all chemical reactions in a cell.reactions in a cell.

- Enzymes usually end in ASE, like Kinase. Enzymes usually end in ASE, like Kinase.

Four Major Organic Four Major Organic CompoundsCompounds

3) 3) LipidsLipids- These macromolecules are fats. - These macromolecules are fats. - Fats do not dissolve in water or it is not Fats do not dissolve in water or it is not

soluble in water. soluble in water. - Out of all of the major organic compounds, Out of all of the major organic compounds,

fats store the most energy. fats store the most energy. - Our bodies do not use fats as a primary Our bodies do not use fats as a primary

source for energy because it is easier to source for energy because it is easier to break a carbohydrate to release energy than break a carbohydrate to release energy than it is a lipid.it is a lipid.

- Ex: Wax, Soap, OilsEx: Wax, Soap, Oils- Phospholipid- is a lipid with a phosphate Phospholipid- is a lipid with a phosphate

molecule attached to it. These are very molecule attached to it. These are very important when discussing transport important when discussing transport because they are found in cell membranes.because they are found in cell membranes.

Four Major Organic Four Major Organic CompoundsCompounds

4) 4) Nucleic Acids-Nucleic Acids- These are the largest These are the largest of the major organic molecules, and of the major organic molecules, and they store coded information in cells in they store coded information in cells in the form of DNA and RNA.the form of DNA and RNA.

DNADNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid- found in all - Deoxyribonucleic acid- found in all cells, makes up our genetic material cells, makes up our genetic material and controls all cell activity.and controls all cell activity.

RNARNA- Ribonucleic acid- is used to make - Ribonucleic acid- is used to make enzymes and other important protiens.enzymes and other important protiens.

Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds►Inorganic compoundsInorganic compounds are compounds are compounds

that do not contain carbon.that do not contain carbon.-Inorganic compounds contain elements -Inorganic compounds contain elements

that living things need. that living things need. Ex: Plants take up inorganic compounds Ex: Plants take up inorganic compounds

from the soil like Sulfur and Phosphorus from the soil like Sulfur and Phosphorus which we need in our diet. which we need in our diet.

So when we eat the plants we in turn eat So when we eat the plants we in turn eat the inorganics.the inorganics.

-Is water inorganic?-Is water inorganic?Yes, water is the most important Yes, water is the most important

inorganic substance on Earthinorganic substance on Earth

Importance of WaterImportance of Water►Living things are composed of more than Living things are composed of more than

50% water and depend on it to survive.50% water and depend on it to survive.- Someone can live without food for Someone can live without food for

weeks but can only survive without weeks but can only survive without water for days.water for days.

- Plants, algae, and fungi need water to Plants, algae, and fungi need water to grow and also reproduce. grow and also reproduce.

- All chemical reactions of living things All chemical reactions of living things occur in water solutions.occur in water solutions.

- Organisms use water to transport Organisms use water to transport materials through their bodies. Like our materials through their bodies. Like our blood, which is mostly water and it blood, which is mostly water and it carries minerals and vitamins and carries minerals and vitamins and oxygen to our cells and tissues.oxygen to our cells and tissues.

Three Characteristics of Three Characteristics of WaterWater

1) 1) PolarityPolarity- because of covalent bonds and - because of covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds a water molecule is polar, hydrogen bonds a water molecule is polar, meaning it has to oppositely charged ends.meaning it has to oppositely charged ends.

- One end is + and the other is - . These One end is + and the other is - . These opposite charges allows water molecules opposite charges allows water molecules to be attracted to one another like to be attracted to one another like magnets.magnets.

Three Characteristics of Three Characteristics of WaterWater

2) 2) Large Temperature Range-Large Temperature Range- When When you heat molecules they always begin you heat molecules they always begin to move faster. to move faster.

- Water molecules heat slowly because Water molecules heat slowly because the attraction between two water the attraction between two water molecules is very strong. molecules is very strong.

- This is good because it allows water to This is good because it allows water to stay a liquid over a wide range in stay a liquid over a wide range in temperature.temperature.

Three Characteristics of Three Characteristics of WaterWater

►Density of water-Density of water- When water is frozen When water is frozen it becomes less dense then when it is a it becomes less dense then when it is a liquid. liquid.

- It becomes less dense because when you It becomes less dense because when you freeze the distance between its freeze the distance between its molecules shrinks.molecules shrinks.

- This allows frozen water, ice, to float in This allows frozen water, ice, to float in liquid water.liquid water.

When ice forms over a lake it actually When ice forms over a lake it actually protects the animals that live in the water protects the animals that live in the water underneath from bad weather conditions.underneath from bad weather conditions.

Moving Cellular MatterMoving Cellular MatterSection 3-2 H.W. pg. 78 ques. 1-4 & pg. 92 ques. 1-3Section 3-2 H.W. pg. 78 ques. 1-4 & pg. 92 ques. 1-3

► Cells take in food, oxygen and other Cells take in food, oxygen and other substances from their environments.substances from their environments.

- They also release waste materials into their They also release waste materials into their environments.environments.

- The movement of materials into and out of a The movement of materials into and out of a cell is a process called cell is a process called transporttransport..

- Cells transport materials through their Cells transport materials through their cell cell membranemembrane which is which is selectively selectively permeablepermeable, meaning it allows some things , meaning it allows some things to enter or leave the cell while keeping to enter or leave the cell while keeping other things out or vice versa.other things out or vice versa.

► The cell membrane is selective in The cell membrane is selective in respect to size.respect to size.

- Large molecules are rarely let into or Large molecules are rarely let into or out of a cell because of their size. out of a cell because of their size. However, something small like a water However, something small like a water molecule or a drug will enter easily. molecule or a drug will enter easily.

Things move through a cell in different Things move through a cell in different ways. Which way depends on three ways. Which way depends on three things:things:

1)1) The size of the particle.The size of the particle.2)2) If energy is required to move the If energy is required to move the

particle.particle.3)3) Which part of the membrane it wants to Which part of the membrane it wants to

enter through.enter through.

Three ways in which materials Three ways in which materials move through cellsmove through cells

1)1) Passive Transport-Passive Transport- This is the This is the movement of material through the cell movement of material through the cell membrane without the use energy.membrane without the use energy.

2)2) Active Transport-Active Transport- This the movement This the movement of material through a cell membrane of material through a cell membrane with the use of energy.with the use of energy.

3)3) Endocytosis & Exocytosis-Endocytosis & Exocytosis- Here the Here the cell membrane actually opens to allow cell membrane actually opens to allow material out, or engulfs material to material out, or engulfs material to take it in.take it in.

Passive TransportPassive Transport►Three types of passive transport:Three types of passive transport:1) 1) DiffusionDiffusion- This is the movement of - This is the movement of

material from an area of higher material from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to an area of lower concentration.concentration.

- This will continue until the amount of This will continue until the amount of molecules in both areas reach molecules in both areas reach equilibrium.equilibrium.

- EquilibriumEquilibrium- means balanced or equal- means balanced or equal

Ex: Blood diffuses into our tissues.Ex: Blood diffuses into our tissues.

Passive TransportPassive Transport2) 2) OsmosisOsmosis- This kind of passive - This kind of passive

transport is simply the diffusion of transport is simply the diffusion of water. Everything that we said about water. Everything that we said about diffusion is the same for osmosis except diffusion is the same for osmosis except osmosis only deals with water and osmosis only deals with water and nothing else.nothing else.

3) 3) Facilitated diffusion-Facilitated diffusion- Here special Here special molecules inside the cell membrane let molecules inside the cell membrane let materials into the cell. materials into the cell.

These special molecules are called These special molecules are called transport proteins.transport proteins.

Active TransportActive Transport

►Active transport,Active transport, unlike passive unlike passive transport, requires the use of energy.transport, requires the use of energy.

- Active transport also uses transport Active transport also uses transport proteins to get material into the cell.proteins to get material into the cell.

- However, here instead of just letting However, here instead of just letting molecules pass through like in molecules pass through like in facilitated diffusion the transport facilitated diffusion the transport proteins actually bind to a molecule and proteins actually bind to a molecule and brings it into the cell.brings it into the cell.

- Once the particle is released inside the Once the particle is released inside the cell the transport protein is than free to cell the transport protein is than free to bind another molecule.bind another molecule.

Endocytosis & ExocytosisEndocytosis & Exocytosis

►EndocytosisEndocytosis- The cell membrane - The cell membrane surrounds the particle that it wants to surrounds the particle that it wants to take into the cell.take into the cell.

►ExocytosisExocytosis- Contents inside the cell - Contents inside the cell are packaged in a vesicle made from are packaged in a vesicle made from the cell membrane and released into the cell membrane and released into the surrounding environment.the surrounding environment.

►This is how bacteria enter and leave a This is how bacteria enter and leave a cell.cell.

Energy of LifeEnergy of LifeSection 3-3 H.W. pg 85 ques. 1-4 & pg.92 7-10Section 3-3 H.W. pg 85 ques. 1-4 & pg.92 7-10

►Whenever you run or walk or move you Whenever you run or walk or move you use energy. And we said that we get use energy. And we said that we get our energy from the food that we eat.our energy from the food that we eat.

► In the food we eat there is stored In the food we eat there is stored chemical energy that we release and chemical energy that we release and use when we digest our food.use when we digest our food.

►This change from stored energy to used This change from stored energy to used energy is called a energy is called a chemical reaction.chemical reaction.

► In our bodies we have many chemical In our bodies we have many chemical reactions that go on all the time. The reactions that go on all the time. The total of all the chemical reactions in an total of all the chemical reactions in an organism is called organism is called metabolismmetabolism..

EnzymesEnzymes► We said that We said that enzymesenzymes were proteins that were proteins that

regulate chemical or metabolic reactions.regulate chemical or metabolic reactions.► So this means for any metabolic reaction an So this means for any metabolic reaction an

enzyme must be present for it to work.enzyme must be present for it to work.

- Lets use you trying to open a can of soup for - Lets use you trying to open a can of soup for an example. For you to do this properly you an example. For you to do this properly you would need a can opener, you would not be would need a can opener, you would not be able to do it with just your hands.able to do it with just your hands.

- Enzymes basically take the place of the can - Enzymes basically take the place of the can opener in a metabolic reaction. Without the opener in a metabolic reaction. Without the enzyme the metabolic reaction would not enzyme the metabolic reaction would not occur.occur.

EnzymesEnzymes► Enzymes can do two different things:Enzymes can do two different things:

1)1) They can take two different They can take two different compounds and make them one.compounds and make them one.

2)2) Or it can take one compound and Or it can take one compound and break it down into two different break it down into two different compounds.compounds.

                                                

EnzymesEnzymes►Enzymes have the ability to make Enzymes have the ability to make

these changes to molecules by binding these changes to molecules by binding to them and either creating bonds to them and either creating bonds between them or breaking bonds between them or breaking bonds between them.between them.

►The molecules that an enzyme binds The molecules that an enzyme binds to change is called a to change is called a substratesubstrate..

►After an enzyme alters the substrate it After an enzyme alters the substrate it then releases it as a then releases it as a productproduct..

                                                )

EnzymesEnzymes

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis► Living things are divided into two Living things are divided into two

broad groups:broad groups:

1)1) ConsumersConsumers- organisms that can’t - organisms that can’t make their own food.make their own food.

2)2) ProducersProducers- organisms that can - organisms that can make their own food.make their own food.

What are some examples of producers & What are some examples of producers & consumers?consumers?

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis►Plants and many other producers Plants and many other producers

convert energy, in the form of convert energy, in the form of sunlight, into chemical energy in the sunlight, into chemical energy in the form of sugars or carbohydrates that form of sugars or carbohydrates that they use for food.they use for food.

►Producers that use photosynthesis are Producers that use photosynthesis are usually green, why?usually green, why?

- Chlorophyll- a green pigment that Chlorophyll- a green pigment that traps sunlight so that its energy can be traps sunlight so that its energy can be used to make carbohydrates.used to make carbohydrates.

- Do you know what plant organelle Do you know what plant organelle chlorophyll is found?chlorophyll is found?

- The chloroplast.The chloroplast.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

► Photosynthesis is Photosynthesis is the use of water, the use of water, light and COlight and CO22 and and making Omaking O22 and and carbs for the plant carbs for the plant to use.to use.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis►Along with making carbohydrates Along with making carbohydrates

plants also can store them in their plants also can store them in their cells.cells.

►During Photosynthesis plants always During Photosynthesis plants always make sugar, even if the plant already make sugar, even if the plant already has enough sugar already.has enough sugar already.

►So excess carbs or sugars are stored So excess carbs or sugars are stored in plants, and are used for growth, in plants, and are used for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. maintenance, and reproduction.

Why is Photosynthesis Why is Photosynthesis importantimportant

1)1) We need oxygen that plants produceWe need oxygen that plants produce

2)2) Photosynthesis allows plants that we Photosynthesis allows plants that we eat to grow, like apple trees.eat to grow, like apple trees.

3)3) We eat cheese which comes from We eat cheese which comes from milk which comes from cows who eat milk which comes from cows who eat the grass as part of their diet. the grass as part of their diet.

So no matter what you eat So no matter what you eat photosynthesis has both indirect and photosynthesis has both indirect and direct involvement in its production.direct involvement in its production.

RespirationRespiration►RespirationRespiration- is the process in which - is the process in which

chemical reactions breakdown food chemical reactions breakdown food molecules into simpler substances molecules into simpler substances with the use of oxygen and in turn with the use of oxygen and in turn release their stored energy. release their stored energy.

►When we eat food our bodies use When we eat food our bodies use oxygen that we get from the air to oxygen that we get from the air to break down food molecules and break down food molecules and release their energy.release their energy.

►Respiration occurs in the cells of all Respiration occurs in the cells of all living things.living things.

Breaking down Breaking down CarbohydratesCarbohydrates► The easiest type of food for our cells break The easiest type of food for our cells break

down are carbohydrates.down are carbohydrates.-Respiration of carbohydrates begins in the -Respiration of carbohydrates begins in the

cytoplasm of a cell.cytoplasm of a cell.- Here carbohydrates are broken down into a Here carbohydrates are broken down into a

simpler form of sugar called glucose.simpler form of sugar called glucose.- Then these glucose molecules are broken Then these glucose molecules are broken

down inside the cells mitochondria where down inside the cells mitochondria where energy is released.energy is released.

- Inside the mitochondria, oxygen is needed Inside the mitochondria, oxygen is needed to breakdown glucose for energy.to breakdown glucose for energy.

- After the glucose is broken down in the After the glucose is broken down in the mitochondria, with the use of oxygen, water mitochondria, with the use of oxygen, water and COand CO22 are released as waste. are released as waste.

FermentationFermentation►When cells do not have enough oxygen When cells do not have enough oxygen

to undergo respiration, they use a to undergo respiration, they use a process called process called fermentationfermentation to release to release energy stored in glucose molecules.energy stored in glucose molecules.

► Just like respiration, fermentation Just like respiration, fermentation begins in the cytoplasm of a cell and begins in the cytoplasm of a cell and carbohydrates are broken down into carbohydrates are broken down into glucose.glucose.

►However, in fermentation, glucose does However, in fermentation, glucose does not move into the mitochondria and not move into the mitochondria and glucose must be broken down in the glucose must be broken down in the cytoplasm instead.cytoplasm instead.

FermentationFermentation►The waste products of fermentation The waste products of fermentation

are COare CO22

and lactic acid.and lactic acid.

- Our muscles use fermentation to Our muscles use fermentation to release energy when we run out of release energy when we run out of oxygen to run respiration.oxygen to run respiration.

- The production of lactic acid causes The production of lactic acid causes our muscles to become sore and stiff.our muscles to become sore and stiff.

FermentationFermentation►We are not the only organisms to use We are not the only organisms to use

fermentation. Bacteria use fermentation. Bacteria use fermentation to produce lactic acid also. fermentation to produce lactic acid also. And they are sometimes added to milk And they are sometimes added to milk to make cheese.to make cheese.

►Have you ever made bread and put Have you ever made bread and put yeast into the dough. The yeast is a yeast into the dough. The yeast is a fungi that uses fermentation to breaks fungi that uses fermentation to breaks down sugar in the bread dough.down sugar in the bread dough.

►This break down of sugar releases COThis break down of sugar releases CO2 2

and makes the dough rise.and makes the dough rise.

How are photosynthesis and How are photosynthesis and respiration relatedrespiration related

►Photosynthesis- uses sunlight, water and Photosynthesis- uses sunlight, water and COCO2 2 to make sugar and oxygen.to make sugar and oxygen.

►Respiration uses these products of Respiration uses these products of photosynthesis to then make COphotosynthesis to then make CO2 2 and and sugar.sugar.

►The COThe CO2 2 and sugar from respiration are and sugar from respiration are used by plants during photosynthesis.used by plants during photosynthesis.

Test on Chapter 3 in one Test on Chapter 3 in one week!!!!!!!week!!!!!!!