A M E R I C A E X PA N D S I N T H E F I R S T H A L F O F T H E 1 9 T H

C E N T U RY

CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG

NATION

THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA: SECTION 1

• Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and his Federalist Party

• While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr

• For six days the House of Reps took vote after vote until 36 votes later – Jefferson prevailed (Led to 12th Amendment)3rd President of the

U.S. 1800-1808

1800 Election Results

SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT

Jefferson’s theory of government, known as Jeffersonian Republicanism, held that simple, limited government was the best for the people

Jefferson decentralized the government, cut costs, reduce bureaucracy, and eliminate taxes

Jefferson Memorial

JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT

• Before leaving office, John Adams (2nd President), attempts to “pack” the Federal courts with Federalists Judges

• Jefferson argued this was unconstitutional

• Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall rules in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that part of the Judicial Act was unconstitutional

• Established principle of Judicial Review – the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

• By 1803, French leader Napoleon had abandoned his dreams of an American Empire

• He needed money to fight European wars, so he accepted Jefferson’s offered of $15,000,000

• More than doubled the size of our country

• Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new territory

MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT

• After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison

• Madison was two-term President 1808-1816

• Known as the “Father of the Constitution, Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of 1812

4th President 1808-1816

WAR OF 1812 – U.S. VS. BRITAIN

• Causes: British “impressment” (seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into their navy) upset Americans

• The War: 1814 – British sack D.C. Burn White house

• Andrew Jackson leads great victory in New Orleans

• Treaty of Ghent signed, Christmas Eve, 1814

British Impressment of U.S. seamen upset

Americans

RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812

Results of the war included:

End of the Federalist Party (opposed war)

Encouraged industries in U.S.

Confirmed status of U.S. as a strong, free, and independent nationDespite the burning of the

President’s mansion, the U.S. emerged strong

NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY

• James Monroe was elected president in 1816

• Immediately, Nationalism clearly established as key concern of administration

• Treaty with Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) secured Florida & southern- most areas of SE America

THE MONROE DOCTRINE

• In the early 19th Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization • In his 1823 address

to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine)

What idea does this political cartoon convey?

REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES

• The Northeast continued to develop industry while the South and West continued to be more agricultural

• The Industrial Revolution reached America by the early-mid 19th century

• New England first to embrace factory system

• Especially in textile (fabric) mills

SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL

• Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an agricultural power

• Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable

• The South became a “Cotton Kingdom”

• More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves

1820 = 1,500,000 slaves

Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber

from seeds

BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM

• Economic differences created political tension between North & South

• As the regions moved apart, politicians attempted to keep nation together

• House Speaker Henry Clay’s American Plan called for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an improved infrastructure to help travel

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• In 1818 settlers in Missouri applied for statehood

• Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether Missouri should be admitted as a “free” state

• Henry Clay organized a compromise in which Missouri was “slave” but Maine would be “free”

• Also Louisiana Territory split at 36 30’ north latitude HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT

COMPROMISER

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820