chapter 3 inflammation and repair. learning objectives list characteristics and clinical...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 3
Inflammation and Repair
![Page 2: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning Objectives
• List characteristics and clinical manifestations– Acute inflammation– Types of exudates: serous, purulent, fibrinous,
hemorrhagic• Describe possible outcomes of an inflammatory
reaction and its harmful effects• Explain chemical mediators of inflammation and
role in intensifying the inflammatory process• Compare inflammation and infection
![Page 3: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Inflammatory Reactions
• A nonspecific response to any agent that causes cell injury
• Agents may be– Physical (heat or cold)– Chemical (concentrated acid)– Microbiologic (bacterium or virus)
![Page 4: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Local and Systemic Effects of Inflammation
• Local effects– Capillary dilatation
• Increased blood flow, increased warmth and redness
– Increased capillary permeability, leading to extravasation of fluid, leading to swelling
– Attraction of leukocytes• Migrate to site of injury• Adhere to endothelium of small blood vessels
• Systemic effects: fever, leukocytes
![Page 5: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Local and Systemic Effects of Inflammation
![Page 6: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Characteristic Signs of Inflammation
• Heat and redness– Dilated blood vessels and slowing of blood
through vessels
• Swelling– Accumulation of fluid and exudate due to
extravasation of plasma
• Tenderness and pain– Irritation of nerve endings
![Page 7: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Acute inflammation, earExtensive burn with marked fluid
extravasation
© Courtesy of Leonard Crowley, M.D./University of Minnesota Medical School
![Page 8: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Inflammatory Process (1 of 2)
• Acute inflammatory process– Polymorphonuclear leukocyte cell
• Most important cell in acute inflammatory response; actively phagocytic cell
• Mononuclear cells (monocytes, macrophages) follow later to clean up tissue debris
![Page 9: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Inflammatory Process (2 of 2)
• Severe inflammatory process– Systemic effects become evident (feeling ill,
fever)– Bone marrow accelerates production of
leukocytes resulting in increased levels in bloodstream
– Liver produces acute phase proteins such as C-reactive protein
• Mild inflammatory process– Self-limiting, subsides with tissue resolution
![Page 10: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Outcome of Inflammation
• Depends on amount of tissue damage– Severe inflammatory process
• Tissue damage → replacement of damage cells → heal with scarring
– Mild inflammatory process• Self-limiting, subsides with tissue resolution
![Page 11: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Outcomes– Resolution– Repair– Areas of destruction replaced by scar
tissue– Mediators intensify inflammatory process– Mediators generate more mediators
Outcome of Inflammation
![Page 12: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Exudate• Fluid mixture of protein, leukocytes, and tissue
debris• Proportion of protein and inflammatory cells vary• Serous: primarily fluid, little protein• Purulent: largely inflammatory cells (pus)• Fibrinous: rich in fibrinogen; coagulates and forms
fibrin; produces a sticky film on surface of inflamed tissue
• Adhesions: bands of fibrous tissue that bind adjacent tissue together
• Hemorrhagic: increased red blood cells
![Page 13: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation (1 of 2)
• Chemical agents that intensify the inflammatory process
• Cell-derived mediators– Mast cells: specialized connective tissue cells
with granules filled with histamine, a vasodilator– Histamine and serotonin: also in blood platelets– Prostaglandins– Leukotrienes: synthesized from arachidonic acid
![Page 14: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation (2 of 2)
• Mediators from blood plasma– Bradykinin– Complement
• Activated by antigen-antibody reaction• Series of proteins that interact in a regular
sequence
![Page 15: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
![Page 16: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Lysosomal Enzymes and Antigen-Antibody Reaction
• Lysosomal enzymes– From cytoplasm of phagocytic cells neutrophils and
monocytes that can digest protein material
• Antigen-antibody reaction– Activates complements generating mediators
• Harmful effects of inflammation– Tissue injury results in part from the injurious agent
and the inflammatory reaction itself– Adrenal corticosteroids: used to suppress a persistent
inflammatory
![Page 17: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Infection
• Inflammatory process caused by disease-producing organisms
• “itis”: suffix indicates an infection or inflammatory process such as appendicitis, hepatitis, colitis
• Cellulitis: acute spreading infection at any site
• Abscess: infection associated with breakdown of tissues, formation of pus
![Page 18: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Infection
• Septicemia: overwhelming infection where pathogenic bacteria gain access to bloodstream
• Pathogenic: capable of producing disease
• Virulence: a measure of severity of disease
• Host: affected individual or animal
![Page 19: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Infection
© Courtesy of Leonard Crowley, M.D./University of Minnesota Medical School
![Page 20: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Infection
• Involves the relationship between invading organism and defenses of the body
![Page 21: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Infection
• Factors influencing the outcome– Virulence of organism– Numbers of invading organisms– Host resistance
![Page 22: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Chronic Infection
• State in which the pathogenic organism and the host are evenly matched
• Relatively quiet, smoldering inflammation, associated with repeated attempts of the body at healing
• Predominant cells: lymphocytes, plasma cells, and monocytes
![Page 23: Chapter 3 Inflammation and Repair. Learning Objectives List characteristics and clinical manifestations –Acute inflammation –Types of exudates: serous,](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/56649f155503460f94c29d17/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Discussion
1. How do the mediators of inflammation function?2. What are the possible outcomes of an
inflammation?3. An exudate high in fibrinogen can coagulate
producing fibrin that causes a sticky film on tissues that causes normally separate tissues to adhere together. This results from the production of: – Serous exudate– Purulent exudate– Fibrinous exudate – Hemorrhagic exudate– None of the above