chapter 3: infancy & childhood section 1: physical, perceptual, and language development section...

Chapter 3: Infancy & Childhood

Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development

Section 2: Cognitive & Emotional Development

Section 3: Parenting Styles & Social Development

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Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development

• Developmental psychology: the study of changes that occur as an individual matures

• Nature and Nurture

• Newborns– Capacities

• Grasping reflex: an infant’s clinging response to a touch on the palm of the hand

• Rooting reflex: an infant’s response in turning toward the source o touching that occurs anywhere around the mouth


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• Physical Development– Infant average birth weight = 7.3 pounds– Maturation: the internally programmed growth of a child– Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior that

happens as a result o experience

• Perceptual Development– Visual cliff

• Language Development– Can animals use language?

• chimps• Grammar

– How do children acquire language?Telegraphic speech: the kind of verbal utterances

in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear

• Where my doll• I goed to school


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Section 2: Cognitive & Emotional Development

• Cognitive Development– How does knowing change?

• Schema: a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world

• Assimilation: the process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s schemas

• Accommodation: the adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly observed events and experiences

• Object permanence: a child’s realization that an object exisits even when he/she cannot see or touch it

• Representational thought: the intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his/her mind


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• The principle of conservation– Conservation: the principle that a given quality

does not change when its appearance changes

– Egocentric: a young child’s inability to understand another person’s perspective

• Jean Piaget & the stages of cognitive development– Sensorimotor

» Birth – 2 years– Preoperational

» 2-7 years– Concrete operations

» 7-11 years– Formal operations

» 11- and beyond


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• Emotional Development– Experiments on animals

• Imprinting: inherited tendency of some newborns to follow the first moving object they see

• Critical period: a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned

• Surrogate Mothers– Wire vs. cloth

– Human Infants• Attachment at 6 months – 3 years

– Separation anxiety

• Stranger situation– Secure attachment– Avoidant attachment– Resistant attachment


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Section 3: Parenting Styles & Social Development

• Parenting Styles– Authoritarian: parents attempt to control and evaluate

the behavior and attitudes of children and adolescents in accordance with a set code of conduct

– Democratic/Authoritative: children and adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives

– Permissive/Laissez-Faire: children and adolescents have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a non-punishing, accepting attitude toward children


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• Effects of Parenting Styles– Establishment of limits– Assuming responsibility– Indentifying with parents– Independence

• Child Abuse– The physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent

treatment, or mistreatment of children under the age of 18 by adults entrusted with their care

• 906,000 confirmed cases in 2003

– Why is there child abuse?– What constitutes child abuse?

• Spanking?• Yelling?


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• Social Development–Socialization: the process of

learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live

–How can we describe socialization?

–What is the reason for socialization?

–Give examples of how we learn socialization in school…


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Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development

• Oral Stage –infant seeks pleasure around mouth (0-18 months)• Anal Stage – infant seeks pleasure centered on functions of

elimination (18months- 3 years)• Phallic Stage – infant seeks pleasure centered around genitals (3 –

6 years)• Latency Stage – sexual thoughts repressed; focus on developing

social and intellectual skills (6 years – puberty)• Genital Stage – sexual desires renewed; individual seeks

relationships with others (puberty through adulthood)

• Identification – the process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same gender parent

• Sublimation – the process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks


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Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

• Life periods in which an individual’s goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs

• Stages– 1 –trust versus mistrust (early infancy)– 2 –autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3)– 3 –initiative versus guilt (3-6)– 4 –industry versus inferiority (6-12)– 5 –identity versus role confusion (early teens)– 6 –intimacy versus isolation (young adult)– 7 –generality versus stagnation (middle adult)– 8 –ego integrity versus despair (older adult)


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Cognitive-Development Approach

• Games and Play– Role taking: children’s play that involves

assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience different points of view

• Teacher• Storekeeper• Ninja• Parent

– So how do these prepare the child for later life?


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Moral Development• Moral reasoning: deciding what is right or wrong

– The dying wife and the robbery• What is a moral dilemma?

– Stealing a loaf of bread for a hungry child• Is that a moral dilemma?

– Examples• Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

– Pre-conventional• Obedience and punishment• Instrumental relativist

– Conventional• Good/bad• Law and order

– Post-Conventional• Social contract• Universal ethics principle

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