chapter 3: ecosystems
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What are they and how do they work?. Chapter 3: Ecosystems. Cell Review. Smallest functional unit of life Cell theory All living things are made of cells Single or multi-cellular Prokaryotic Eukaryotic. http://www.cic-caracas.org/departments/science/Topic1.php. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 3: ECOSYSTEMS
What are they and how do they work?
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Cell Review
Smallest functional unit of life Cell theory
All living things are made of cells
Single or multi-cellular Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
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Ecology
Study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment (matter and energy)
Connections in Nature
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Levels of Organization
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Species
Set of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring
Classification system KPCOFGS Genus species or Genus species
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Population
Group of individuals of the same species hat live in the same place a the same time Variation – genetic diversity
Habitat – where they live
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Community
Biological community All the populations of
different species that live in a particular place
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Ecosystem
Community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment (soil, water, other forms of matter, and energy)
No clear boundaries Not isolated
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Biomes
Large regions of land with distinct climates and certain species Especially vegetation
Aquatic Biomes Marine Freshwater (2%)
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http://www.life.illinois.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/04Ecosystems/BiomeMap.gif
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Biosphere
The Global ecosystem in which all organisms exist and can interact wit one another
Parts of the atmosphere hydrosphere and geosphere where life exists
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Atmosphere
Thin spherical envelope of gases surrounding the earths surface Troposphere – greenhouse gases
Stratosphere – ozone layer
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Hydrosphere
All the water on or near the earth’s surface
Liquid, solid, gas forms 71% in Ocean
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Geosphere
Earth’s core, mantel and outer crust
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4 SPHERES MAKE UP THE LIFE – SUPPORT SYSTEM
3 Factors work together within the Spheres
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Gravity
Allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere
Enables movement and cycling of chemicals through air, water, soil and organisms
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Recycling of Matter within and between Ecosystems
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One way flow of high quality energy
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2 components of an Ecosystem Abiotic
Nonliving components water, air, nutrients, rocks, heat, solar energy
Biotic Living and once living biological components
Plants, animals, microbes
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Range of Tolerance
Different species and their populations thrive under different physical and chemical conditions
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Limiting Factor Principle
Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance
Contributes to population control
Examples?
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Trophic(feeding) levels
Producers Autotrophs “Self – feeders”
Photosynthesis6CO2 + 6H2O = light = C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chemosynthesis
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Trophic(feeding) levels
Consumers Heterotrophs “Other – feeders” Herbivores, Carnivores, Higher-level Carnivores, Omnivores,
Decomposers, Detritivores
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MANY OF THE WORLD’S MOST IMPORTANT SPECIES ARE INVISIBLE TO US
Page 61 Science Focus
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Food Chains
Sequence of organisms, each of which serves as a source of food or energy for the next
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Food Web
Complex network of interconnected food chains
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Useable energy decreases
Ecological efficiency % of usable chemical energy transferred from one tropic level to the next
Typically 10% Pyramid of Energy Flow
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http://www.mlms.logan.k12.ut.us/~mlowe/speds2o2b.html
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http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/ecological-pyramids
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OWL PELLETS, FOOD WEBS, AND BIOMASS PYRAMIDS
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NUTRIENT CYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE