chapter 3 cultural conformity &adaptation. section 1: the american value system certain values...
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Chapter 3Chapter 3Chapter 3Chapter 3CULTURAL CONFORMITY CULTURAL CONFORMITY
&&
ADAPTATIONADAPTATION
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SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM
• Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans
• Robin Williams outlined a set of 15 values that are central to the American way of life
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PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT
• Value because our nation was built on individualism and competition
• Most evident in the area of employment
• Usually measured in terms of wealth and power
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WORK• Value regardless of the rewards
involved• Seen as a sign of virtue• People who choose not to work are
viewed as lazy or immoral
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MORALITY AND HUMANITARIANISM
• U.S. was founded upon strong religious faith
• Also was founded upon a belief in justice & equality
• Most Americans view the world in terms of right & wrong (morality)
• They are also quick to help those in need (humanitarianism)
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EFFICIENCY & PRACTICALITY
• Americans tend to believe that every problem has a solution
• We tend to judge items based on their usefulness (practicality) and people on their ability to get things done (efficiency)
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PROGRESS & MATERIAL COMFORT
• We tend to believe that with hard work and determination life will continue to improve (progress)
• We believe in the ability of science to make the world a better & more comfortable place (material comfort)
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EQUALITY & DEMOCRACY
• U.S. was founded upon the principle of equality
• Americans believe that democracy is the best form of government
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FREEDOM
• Americans value freedom of personal choice and freedom from direct government interference in people’s daily lives and business dealings
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SELF-FULFILLMENT• A commitment to the full development of
one’s personality, talents, and potential• Significant new value that has emerged in
the U.S. • Some scientist view this as harmful
– Christopher Lasch: wrote The Culture of Narcissism
• Extreme self-centeredness
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Social Control• Every society develops norms that
reflect values its members consider important
• Norms must be upheld for society to run smoothly
• Two basic means through which norms are enforced:– Internalization– Sanctions
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Internalization of Norms
• When we believe a norm is good, useful, etc. we generally follow it and expect others to do the same
• We make norms so much a part of who we are we don’t even have to think about it… we JUST DO IT
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Sanctions• When we don’t internalize norms
we sometimes have to be motivated by sanctions.
• Two types of sanctions:– Positive: – Negative:
• Each of these can be Formal or Informal
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Social Control• Enforcing norms through sanctions or
internalization.• Agents of social control include:
– Authority figures– Police– Courts– Religion– Family
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Sources of Social Change
• Values & Beliefs– Ideology– Social Movement
• Technology• Discovery
– Invention• Population• Diffusion• Physical Environment• Wars & Conquest
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Resistance to Change• Ethnocentrism
• Cultural Lag
• Vested Interests