chapter 3 cultural conformity &adaptation. section 1: the american value system certain values...

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Chapter 3 Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY CULTURAL CONFORMITY & & ADAPTATION ADAPTATION

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Page 1: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

Chapter 3Chapter 3Chapter 3Chapter 3CULTURAL CONFORMITY CULTURAL CONFORMITY

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ADAPTATIONADAPTATION

Page 2: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM

• Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans

• Robin Williams outlined a set of 15 values that are central to the American way of life

Page 3: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT

• Value because our nation was built on individualism and competition

• Most evident in the area of employment

• Usually measured in terms of wealth and power

Page 4: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

WORK• Value regardless of the rewards

involved• Seen as a sign of virtue• People who choose not to work are

viewed as lazy or immoral

Page 5: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

MORALITY AND HUMANITARIANISM

• U.S. was founded upon strong religious faith

• Also was founded upon a belief in justice & equality

• Most Americans view the world in terms of right & wrong (morality)

• They are also quick to help those in need (humanitarianism)

Page 6: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

EFFICIENCY & PRACTICALITY

• Americans tend to believe that every problem has a solution

• We tend to judge items based on their usefulness (practicality) and people on their ability to get things done (efficiency)

Page 7: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

PROGRESS & MATERIAL COMFORT

• We tend to believe that with hard work and determination life will continue to improve (progress)

• We believe in the ability of science to make the world a better & more comfortable place (material comfort)

Page 8: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

EQUALITY & DEMOCRACY

• U.S. was founded upon the principle of equality

• Americans believe that democracy is the best form of government

Page 9: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

FREEDOM

• Americans value freedom of personal choice and freedom from direct government interference in people’s daily lives and business dealings

Page 10: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

SELF-FULFILLMENT• A commitment to the full development of

one’s personality, talents, and potential• Significant new value that has emerged in

the U.S. • Some scientist view this as harmful

– Christopher Lasch: wrote The Culture of Narcissism

• Extreme self-centeredness

Page 11: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

Social Control• Every society develops norms that

reflect values its members consider important

• Norms must be upheld for society to run smoothly

• Two basic means through which norms are enforced:– Internalization– Sanctions

Page 12: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

Internalization of Norms

• When we believe a norm is good, useful, etc. we generally follow it and expect others to do the same

• We make norms so much a part of who we are we don’t even have to think about it… we JUST DO IT

Page 13: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

Sanctions• When we don’t internalize norms

we sometimes have to be motivated by sanctions.

• Two types of sanctions:– Positive: – Negative:

• Each of these can be Formal or Informal

Page 14: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

Social Control• Enforcing norms through sanctions or

internalization.• Agents of social control include:

– Authority figures– Police– Courts– Religion– Family

Page 15: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

Sources of Social Change

• Values & Beliefs– Ideology– Social Movement

• Technology• Discovery

– Invention• Population• Diffusion• Physical Environment• Wars & Conquest

Page 16: Chapter 3 CULTURAL CONFORMITY &ADAPTATION. SECTION 1: THE AMERICAN VALUE SYSTEM Certain values are shared by the majority of Americans Robin Williams

Resistance to Change• Ethnocentrism

• Cultural Lag

• Vested Interests