chapter 3: communities + biomes 3-1: communities p.65-69
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 3: CHAPTER 3: COMMUNITIES + BIOMESCOMMUNITIES + BIOMES
3-1: COMMUNITIES3-1: COMMUNITIES
P.65-69P.65-69
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Life in a CommunityLife in a Community• Types of things found in your lawn:
– Weeds– Insects– Earthworms– Grubs– Soil– Fungi– Bacteria
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Life in a CommunityLife in a Community• How do all these things survive?
– The various combination of biotic + abiotic factors
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Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors• Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the
existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms
• Such as:– Availability of food + water– Predators– Temperature
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Common Limiting FactorsCommon Limiting Factors
• Sunlight• Climate• Temperature• Water• Nutrients/Food• Fire• Soil Chemistry• Space• Other Organisms
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Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors• Factors that limit one population in a
community may also have an indirectindirect effect on another population
• Example:– Lack of water
• Affects growth of grass• Affects # seeds produced• Affects # mice• Affects # hawks
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Ranges of ToleranceRanges of Tolerance• Tolerance
– The ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in biotic + abiotic environmental factors (“EXTREMES”)
– Represented by a GRAPH
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Succession: Changes over TimeSuccession: Changes over Time
• SuccessionSuccession– The orderly, natural changes and species
replacements that take place in the communities of an ecosystem
– Occurs in STAGES– Difficult to observe because it can take
decades or centuries for communities to succeed
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Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession• The colonization of barren land by
communities of organisms– Takes place on land where there are no
LIVING ORGANISMS– Example:
• Volcano
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Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession• Pioneer speciesPioneer species
– First species to appear on new, barren land– Example:
• Lichen – group of small organisms
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Primary Succession – the Primary Succession – the process…process…
• Pioneer species dies….
• Provides 1st stage of soil….
• New soil develops……
• Small weedy plants develop…
• New organisms move in…
• Area grows in size….
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Primary SuccessionPrimary Succession• After some time, primary succession slows
down and becomes stable
• Climax community– Mature, stable community with little or no
change– Change is dynamic – balances out– May last for hundreds of years
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Primary Succession StagesPrimary Succession Stages
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Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession• Sequence of changes that takes place
after an existing community is severely disrupted in some way– i.e. A natural disaster
• Community of organisms inhabiting an area gradually changes
• Occurs in areas that previously contained LIFE + land still contains soil
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Secondary SuccessionSecondary Succession• May take less time to reach climax
community
• Example:– Yellowstone National Park (1988)
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Secondary Succession StagesSecondary Succession Stages