CHAPTER 3: CELLS AND TISSUES

Microscope Lab: Letter e

Anatomy of a Generalized Cell

Did you hear?!

QUIZ tomorrow on these structures

and functions!

Anatomy of a Generalized Cell: QUIZ

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VOYAGE INSIDE THE CELL15 min

VOYAGE INSIDE THE CELL15 min

Cell Diversity

There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.

REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.

1. Cells that connect body parts.

A. FibroblastElongated shapeFibrousLots of Rough ERBig Golgi Complex

celleng-tech.com

www.bioch.ox.ac.uk

www.davidlnelson.md

www.footdoc.ca

Cell Diversity

There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.

REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.

1. Cells that connect body parts.

B. ErythrocyteRed blood cellsCarries oxygenConcave shape provides extra surface area to take on oxygenNo organelles

www.adamdorman.com

Cell Diversity

There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.

REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.

2. Cells that cover and line body organs.

Epithelial CellHexagonal shapePack into sheetsIntermediate filamentsResists tearing

upload.wikimedia.org

learn.hamamatsu.com

Cell Diversity

There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.

REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.

3. Cells that move organs and body parts.

A. Skeletal and Smooth muscle cells.

Elongated shapeLots of contractile filaments

www.blobs.org

Skeletal Muscle Cell

Smooth Muscle Cellclass.kmu.edu.tw

Flash:Insane Feats of Strength

Cell Diversity

There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.

REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.

4. Cells that store nutrients.

Fat Cells

Made of a cell that becomes filled with a lipid droplet.

www.blobs.org

“Empty” Cell

“Filled” Cell

Teenage Obesity 30:00 http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=9F3F8962-C7F4-49F5-8D7A-15C990C343D3&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US#

Cell Diversity

There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.

REFER to TXT Figure 3.7 pg 65 and descriptions found in text.

5. Cells that fight disease

Macrophage Cells

Contain lots of lysosomes and use pseudopods (false feet) to capture disease units.

www.blobs.org

Flash:Macrophage Cytokine Release relfe.com

Cell Diversity

There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.

6. Cells that gather information and control body functions.

Nerve Cells (Neurons)

Have long extensions called Processes that receive and send messages.

www.blobs.orgimages.dpchallenge.com

2.bp.blogspot.com

Cell Diversity

There are seven primary types of cells found in humans. These types are defined by what they do.

7. Cells used for reproduction

Egg Cells (Oocyte)Female reproductive cell

Sperm Cells Male reproductive cell

www.blobs.org

2.bp.blogspot.com

Membrane Transport

Solution = homogeneous mixture of two or more components.Solute = the substance present in the smallest amount in the solution.

Example: Kool-Aid dissolved in WaterWater is the solvent. Kool-Aid is the solute.

Intracellular Fluid = fluid within the cellInterstitial Fluid = fluid around the outside of the cell

Contains nutrients, regulatory substances like hormones, salts, waste products.

Each cell pulls what it needs from the interstitial fluid and deposits waste into the interstitial fluid.

Intracellular Fluid Interstitial Fluid

• Membrane is made of special kind of lipid – phospholipids– “split personality”

• Membrane is a double layer – phospholipid bilayer

inside cell

outside cell

lipid

“repelled by water”

“attracted to water”

phosphate

Membrane Transport

Semi-permeable membrane

• Cell membrane controls what gets in or out• Need to allow some materials — but not all —

to pass through the membrane – semi-permeable (semi – partly)

• only some materials can get in or out

aa H2Osugar lipids salt waste

So what needs to get across the membrane?

O2

Membrane Transport

Crossing the cell membrane

• What molecules can get through the cell membrane without doors or help?– fats and oils can pass directly through

inside cell

outside cell

lipid

salt

aa H2Osugar

waste

but…what about other stuff?

Membrane Transport

Cell membrane protein channels• Need to make “doors” through membrane

– protein channels allow substances in & out• specific channels allow specific material in & out• H2O channel, salt channel, sugar channel, etc.

inside cell

outside cellwaste salt

H2O aa sugar

Membrane Transport

• Channels are made of proteins– proteins both “like” water & “like” lipids

bi-lipidmembrane

protein channelsin bi-lipid membrane

Membrane Transport

Protein channels (cont.)• Proteins act as open doors in the membrane

– channels to move specific molecules through cell membrane

HIGH

LOWCo

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Sugar molecules

Membrane Transport

Simple Diffusion • Move from HIGH to LOW

inside cell

outside cell

Which way will these fat molecules move?fat

fat

fat

fat

fat

fat fat

fatfat

fat

fat

fat

fat

fat

LOW

HIGH

Membrane Transport

Facilitated Diffusion• Move from HIGH to LOW through a channel

inside cell

outside cell

sugar

sugar

sugar

sugar

sugarsugar

sugarsugar

sugarsugar

sugar

Which way will sugar move?

sugar

sugar

LOW

HIGH

Membrane Transport

Membrane Transport

Filtration = movement of water and solutes across a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure usually exerted by the blood.

Active transport• Cells may need to move molecules

against concentration gradient – need to pump “uphill”

• from LOW to HIGH using energy

– Solute PUMP– Requires ATP

Low High

Notice the direction of Amino Acid movement and the concentrations!Na+ activates the pump.

ATP

Membrane Transport

Bulk Transport

Exocytosis = movement of substances OUT of the cell.Endocytosis = movement of substances INTO the cell.

Osmosis

Movement of Water Across Cell Membrane

Osmosis diffusion of water from high concentration of

WATER to low concentration of water across a semi-permeable membrane

High Low

Membrane Transport

Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis• Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & water loss

freshwaterbalancedsaltwater

Membrane Transport

Cell Processes

Mitosis = Division of one cell into two identical cells.

Interactive Mitosis http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

Cell Processes

Protein Synthesis =Processes that use DNA to create proteins.

BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Tissues = groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Epithelium: (epithe = covering) tissues of linings, coverings or glands

Functions:ProtectionAbsorptionSecretion

Characteristics:1. Fit closely together.2.Held together by desmosomes and tight junctions.3.Always have one free edge called the apical surface that is exposed to the body’s exterior or an organ cavity.4.Lower surface rests on a basement membrane which it secretes.5.Avascular = No blood supply of their own.6.Regeneration = ability to make more of themselves.

Characteristics:1. Fit closely together.2.Held together by desmosomes and tight junctions.3.Always have one free edge called the apical surface that is exposed to the body’s exterior or an organ cavity.4.Lower surface rests on a basement membrane which it secretes.5.Avascular = No blood supply of their own.6.Regeneration = ability to make more of themselves.

BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Simple Epithelium = one layer of cellsStratified Epithelium = more than one layer of cellsPseudostratified Epithelium = one layer that looks like two.

Squamous = flatCuboidal = short cubesColumnar = tall columns

BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Simple Squamous EpitheliaSimple Squamous Epithelia

Characteristics:• One layer.• Look like floor tiles.• Found in membranes where filtration or exchange of substances occurs.

Examples:• Lining of air sacs in lungs.• Walls of capilaries.• Serosae = slick membranes lining the body cavity and covering organs.

Why would this type of tissue need to be thin?Why would this type of tissue need to be thin?

nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr

BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Simple Cuboidal EpitheliaSimple Cuboidal Epithelia

Characteristics:• One layer.• Look like cubes packed together.• Found in glands and ducts.

Examples:Salivary glandsPancreasKidney tubules

nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr

BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Simple Columnar EpitheliaSimple Columnar Epithelia

Characteristics:• One layer.• Look like columns packed together.• Found in body cavities.• Goblet Cells = produce lubricating mucus.

Examples:Digestive tractMucosae = lining of body cavities that open to exterior.

BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Pseudostratified Columnar EpitheliaPseudostratified Columnar Epithelia

Characteristics:• One layer.• Looks like two layers because some cells are shorter than others. (pseudo = false)• Functions in absorption and secretion.• Some have cilia.

Examples:Respiratory tract

cilia

nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr

BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Stratified Squamous EpitheliaStratified Squamous Epithelia

Characteristics:• Multiple layers.• Most common stratified tissue.• Cells at free edge are squamous. Cells at basement membrane can be columnar or cuboidal.• Found where abuse or friction occurs.

Examples:EsophagusMouthOuter skin

BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Stratified Cuboidal or Columnar EpitheliaStratified Cuboidal or Columnar Epithelia

Characteristics:Multiple layers.Rare.Found in ducts of large glands.

Examples:Salivary glands

nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr

BODY TISSUES: EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Transitional EpitheliaTransitional Epithelia

Characteristics:Multiple layers.Highly modified.Forms lining of a few organs.

Examples:BladderUretersUrethra

nte-serveur.univ-lyon1.fr

BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue

Cartilage tissue: softer than bone, more flexible.

Hyaline cartilage = lots of collagen fibers hidden by rubbery matrix that looks like glass (hyalin = glass).

Function: LarynxRibs to breastboneEnds of bones at jointsFetal “bones”

qwickstep.com

BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue

Cartilage tissue: softer than bone, more flexible.

Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage = highly compressible cushionlike discs between vertebrae.

Function: Vertebral cushioning

BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue

Dense Connective/Fibrous tissue: collagen matrix.

Fibroblasts = fiber-forming cells between collagen fibers.Strong, rope-like structures.Tendon = attaches skeletal muscles to bones.Ligament = attaches bones to bones.

Function: Connections

kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca

BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue

Areolar tissue:

• Most widely distributed.• Soft, pliable.• Acts as a glue to hold organs together and in their places.• Lamina propria = areolar tissue that underlies all mucosa epithelium.• Looks like mostly space (aerola = small open space)

Function: Cushions and protectsAbsorbs waste materials

www.tvcc.edu

athletictapeinfo.com

cheneyhs.org

BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue

Adipose tissue:

Commonly called “FAT.”Areolar tissue in which fat cells predominate.

Function: Subcutaneous layer under skin.InsulationProtection

guaranteedtosleep.com

BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue

Reticular Connective tissue:

Associated with reticular cells (similar to fibroblasts).

Function: Forms Stroma (framework) that supports free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow.

www.unomaha.edu

www.malecare.com

www.helenjaques.co.uk

BODY TISSUES: CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Types of Connective TissueTypes of Connective Tissue

Blood:

Also called “vascular tissue.”Made of blood cells surrounded by blood plasma (fluid).

Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, water, etc.

blog.lib.umn.edu

kska.org

BODY TISSUES: MUSCLE TISSUES

MUSCLE TISSUE

• Highly Specialized to contract or shorten.• Elongated.• Also called “muscle fibers.”

Function: Produces movement.

www.uic.edu

www.deviantart.comwww.athleteofficial.com

BODY TISSUES: MUSCLE TISSUES

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal Muscle:

• connective sheets• attached to skeleton• voluntarily controlled• cells are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate (many nuclei)

Function: Movement

www.uic.edu

www.clccharter.org

BODY TISSUES: MUSCLE TISSUES

Types of Muscle Tissue

Cardiac Muscle:

• Found only in heart.• Has striations.• Fit together at intercalated disks (like clasped fingers).• Gap junctions allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell which produces electrical beat.• Involuntary muscle.

Function: Pumps blood.

cache1.asset-cache.net

ucl.ac.ukjournals.prous.com

academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu

BODY TISSUES: MUSCLE TISSUES

Types of Muscle Tissue

Smooth Muscle:

• Also called “visceral muscle.”• No striations.• Found in walls of hollow organs (stomach, blood vessels, uterus, etc.)• Makes cavity of organ smaller or larger.• Peristalsis = wavelike motion that keeps food moving through the digestive system.

Function: Pushes substances through an organ along a specific pathway.

medsci.indiana.eduPeristalsis http://www.mennellmedia.co.uk/VideoProjects/Peristalsis/Peristalsis.html

BODY TISSUES: NERVOUS TISSUES

Nervous Tissue:

• Neurons = cells making up nervous tissues.• Neurons receive and conduct electrical impulses in the form of chemicals.• Has supporting cells to help protect and insulate.

FUNCTION:• Irritability and conductivity.

TISSUE REPAIR TISSUE REPAIR How tissue repair works:

Regeneration = replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells.

Fibrosis = repair by the formation of scar tissue.

Scar tissue = connective tissue used for repair.

la.rsmjournals.com

Method of repair depends on1. type of tissue damaged2. severity of the injury

Method of repair depends on1. type of tissue damaged2. severity of the injury

Generally speaking, clean cuts (incisions) heal better than ragged tears (lacerations).

Incisions

biomedcentral.com

laceration

myskin-info.com

BODY TISSUES: NERVOUS TISSUES

Wound healing:

1.Capillaries become permeable.2.Clotting agents enter wound area.

http://adam.about.com/care/Blood-clotting-animation.htm

3. Clot exposed to air forms a scab.

enjoylongerhealth.com

Refer to pg 85 Fig 3.21Refer to pg 85 Fig 3.21

BODY TISSUES: NERVOUS TISSUES

Wound healing:

4.Granulation Tissue forms.(Pink tissue composed of mostly

capillaries that grow into the damaged area.)

5.Phagocytes in granulation tissue will dispose of clot and tissues that are no longer needed.

lookfordiagnosis.com

astrographics.com

BODY TISSUES: NERVOUS TISSUES

Wound healing:

6. Fibroblasts synthesize collagen fibers (scar tissue) to fill in the gap.

derma-rollers.com

eurekalert.org

Matrix fibers (blue)Growth factors (green)Smooth muscle protein (red)

BODY TISSUES: NERVOUS TISSUES

Wound healing:

7.Surface epithelium regenerates under the scab.

8.Scab detaches.

9.New epithelium covers underlying scar tissue (scar tissue may be visible or not).

NOTE: Scar tissue cannot perform the function of the tissue it has replaced.

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES

Life begins as a single cell…

…and that cell gives rise to a wide variety of cells.

tutorvista.com

dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES

Most cells (except neurons) continue to divide until puberty.

Skin and intestinal cells regenerate continually.

Liver cells will regenerate as needed.

Heart and nerve cells become amitotic (cannot replace lost cells).

trustnutrition.info

sodahead.com

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES

Aging begins once maturity is reached.

Aging man http://www.dlwaldron.com/ageproganimat.html

Environmental factors can affect the aging process.

Environmental factors can affect the aging process.

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES

Other modifications of cells and tissue can occur at any time.

Neoplasm = cells that fail to stop multiplying

Benign = nonspreading

Malignant = spreading

Hyperplasia = enlargement of tissues/organsex. Anemia leads to bone marrow hyperplasiaex. Breast enlargement during pregnancy

Hemangioma

The large red mass within the tongue most likely represents a

benign neoplasm of blood vessels--a "hemangioma."

Hemorrhage is the most common complication of such lesions

drstoute.com

HyperplasiaHyperplasia of the vaginal area in a

canine.

Hyperplasia of breast during pregnancy.

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES

Atrophy = decrease in size

Can occur if the tissue loses its normal stimulation.

Atrophied brain (left side) of patient with Huntington’s

disease.

hdroster.iu.edu

Atrophied bone marrow due to osteoporosis.

vibrogymstudio.com

“A new locus for recessive distal spinal muscular atrophy…”

jmg.bmj.com

CSI: Autopsy 3:55 http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/science/health-human-body-sci/human-body/real-csi-sci.html

Anatomy in Acti

on!

Canine Bone Repair 2:49 http://www.myvnn.com/page.asp?id=39&media_type=11&story_id=105

Assignment:TXT pg 89 1-11TXT pg 90 At the Clinic #1 and #3