chapter 3 atoms: the building blocks of matter. the atomic theory law of conservation of mass mass...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
![Page 2: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Atomic TheoryThe Atomic Theory
Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created
Law of definite proportions Compound is always composed of
same proportion of elements Law of multiple proportions
If two different compounds are composed of the same elements, the two elements form a ratio of small number
Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created
Law of definite proportions Compound is always composed of
same proportion of elements Law of multiple proportions
If two different compounds are composed of the same elements, the two elements form a ratio of small number
![Page 3: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Conservation of Mass
![Page 4: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Law of Multiple Proportions
Law of Multiple Proportions
![Page 5: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
DaltonDalton
All matter is composed of atoms Atoms of an element are identical
in size, mass and other properties Atoms cannot be subdivided,
created, or destroyed Atoms combine in simple whole-
number ratios Atoms are combined, separated, or
rearranged in chemical reactions
All matter is composed of atoms Atoms of an element are identical
in size, mass and other properties Atoms cannot be subdivided,
created, or destroyed Atoms combine in simple whole-
number ratios Atoms are combined, separated, or
rearranged in chemical reactions
![Page 6: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Modern Atomic TheoryModern Atomic Theory
All matter is composed of atoms Atoms of one element differ in
properties from atoms of another element
Atom - smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element
All matter is composed of atoms Atoms of one element differ in
properties from atoms of another element
Atom - smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element
![Page 7: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
ThompsonThompson
Current passed through cathode-ray tube
Current produced a stream of particles (cathode ray) that traveled towards the anode
Rays deflected from negatively charged object
Ratio of charge to mass of particles
Current passed through cathode-ray tube
Current produced a stream of particles (cathode ray) that traveled towards the anode
Rays deflected from negatively charged object
Ratio of charge to mass of particles
![Page 8: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
MilikanMilikan
Oil-drop experiment Charge of electron determined Calculated mass of electron using
ratio of charge to mass
Oil-drop experiment Charge of electron determined Calculated mass of electron using
ratio of charge to mass
![Page 9: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The ElectronThe Electron
Mass of 9.109 x 10-31 kg Atoms are neutral, so must contain
same number of electrons and protons
Electrons mass has negligible effect on total mass of atom
Mass of 9.109 x 10-31 kg Atoms are neutral, so must contain
same number of electrons and protons
Electrons mass has negligible effect on total mass of atom
![Page 10: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The NucleusThe Nucleus
Rutherford’s gold foil experiment Thin, gold foil bombarded with α
particles Some α particles deflected Caused by positively charged nucleus Volume of nucleus small
Rutherford’s gold foil experiment Thin, gold foil bombarded with α
particles Some α particles deflected Caused by positively charged nucleus Volume of nucleus small
![Page 11: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
RutherfordRutherford
![Page 12: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
RutherfordRutherford
![Page 13: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The NucleusThe Nucleus
Composed of two particles Protons Neutrons
Protons mass = 1.673 x 10-27 kg 1826 times greater than e-
Nuclear strong force Holds positive particles together
Composed of two particles Protons Neutrons
Protons mass = 1.673 x 10-27 kg 1826 times greater than e-
Nuclear strong force Holds positive particles together
![Page 14: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Atomic NumberAtomic Number
Atoms of different elements have different number of protons
Atomic number (Z) number of protons in the nucleus
Elements arranged in order of their atomic number on periodic table
Atoms of different elements have different number of protons
Atomic number (Z) number of protons in the nucleus
Elements arranged in order of their atomic number on periodic table
![Page 15: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mass NumberMass Number
Total number of protons and neutrons
Ex. Hydrogen Isotopes
Total number of protons and neutrons
Ex. Hydrogen IsotopesAtomic # # of Neutrons Mass #
Protium 1 0 1Deuterium 1 1 2Tritium 1 2 3
![Page 16: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
IsotopesIsotopes
Element may contain different number of neutrons
Isotopes have differing mass Naming
Helium-4 (hyphen notation) 4
2Helium (nuclear symbol)
Element may contain different number of neutrons
Isotopes have differing mass Naming
Helium-4 (hyphen notation) 4
2Helium (nuclear symbol)
![Page 17: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ProblemsProblems
How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in an atom of carbon-13?
Write the nuclear symbol for oxygen-16.
How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in an atom of bromine-80?
Write the nuclear symbol for carbon-13. Write the hyphen notation for the
element that contains 15 electrons and 15 neutrons.
How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in an atom of carbon-13?
Write the nuclear symbol for oxygen-16.
How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in an atom of bromine-80?
Write the nuclear symbol for carbon-13. Write the hyphen notation for the
element that contains 15 electrons and 15 neutrons.
![Page 18: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Relative Atomic MassesRelative Atomic Masses
Atomic mass unit (amu) 1/12 the mass of carbon-12 1.660 540 x 10-27 kg
Hydrogen-1 = 1 amu Average atomic mass
Weighted average of atomic masses of isotopes
Atomic mass unit (amu) 1/12 the mass of carbon-12 1.660 540 x 10-27 kg
Hydrogen-1 = 1 amu Average atomic mass
Weighted average of atomic masses of isotopes
![Page 19: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Average Atomic MassAverage Atomic Mass
Ex. 25% weigh 2.00 g 75% weigh 3.00 g (2.00 g x 0.25) + (3.00 g x 0.75) =
2.75 g
Ex. 25% weigh 2.00 g 75% weigh 3.00 g (2.00 g x 0.25) + (3.00 g x 0.75) =
2.75 g
![Page 20: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
ProblemProblem
What is the average atomic mass of copper which consists of 69.17% copper-63 (62.929 598 amu), and copper-65 (64.927 793 amu)?
What is the average atomic mass of copper which consists of 69.17% copper-63 (62.929 598 amu), and copper-65 (64.927 793 amu)?
![Page 21: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ProblemsProblems
Three isotopes of argon occur in nature - Ar-36, Ar-38, Ar-40. Calculate the average atomic mass of argon to two decimal places, given the following relative atomic masses and abundances of each of the isotopes: argon-36 (35.97 amu; 0.337%), argon-38 (37.96 amu; 0.063%), and argon-40 (39.96 amu; 99.600%).
Three isotopes of argon occur in nature - Ar-36, Ar-38, Ar-40. Calculate the average atomic mass of argon to two decimal places, given the following relative atomic masses and abundances of each of the isotopes: argon-36 (35.97 amu; 0.337%), argon-38 (37.96 amu; 0.063%), and argon-40 (39.96 amu; 99.600%).
![Page 22: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The MoleThe Mole
Amount of substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12
Counting unit like dozen Dozen = 12 Mole = 6.022 x 1023
Avogadro’s number 6.022 x 1023
Amount of substance that contains as many particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12
Counting unit like dozen Dozen = 12 Mole = 6.022 x 1023
Avogadro’s number 6.022 x 1023
![Page 23: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Molar MassMolar Mass
Mass of one mole of pure substance
Units → g/mol Molar mass = atomic mass in amu
Mass of one mole of pure substance
Units → g/mol Molar mass = atomic mass in amu
![Page 24: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ConversionsConversions
![Page 25: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ConversionsConversions
1 mol/(6.022 x 1023) atoms Molar mass/mol
1 mol/(6.022 x 1023) atoms Molar mass/mol
![Page 26: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
ProblemsProblems
What is the mass in grams of 3.6 mol of the element carbon, C?
What is the mass in grams of 0.733 mol of the element chlorine, Cl?
How many moles of copper, Cu, are in 3.22 g of copper?
How many moles of lithium, Li, are in 2.72 x 10-4 g of lithium?
What is the mass in grams of 3.6 mol of the element carbon, C?
What is the mass in grams of 0.733 mol of the element chlorine, Cl?
How many moles of copper, Cu, are in 3.22 g of copper?
How many moles of lithium, Li, are in 2.72 x 10-4 g of lithium?
![Page 27: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ProblemsProblems
How many moles of carbon, C, are in 2.25 x 1022 atoms of carbon?
How many moles of oxygen, O are in 2 000 000 atoms of oxygen?
How many atoms of sodium, Na, are in 3.80 mol of sodium?
What is the mass in grams of 5.0 x 109 atoms of neon, Ne?
How many moles of carbon, C, are in 2.25 x 1022 atoms of carbon?
How many moles of oxygen, O are in 2 000 000 atoms of oxygen?
How many atoms of sodium, Na, are in 3.80 mol of sodium?
What is the mass in grams of 5.0 x 109 atoms of neon, Ne?
![Page 28: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
ProblemsProblems
How many atoms of carbon, C, are in 0.020 g of carbon?
What mass of silver, Ag, contains the same number of atoms as 10.0 g of boron, B?
How many moles of CO2 are in 66.0 g of dry ice, which is solid CO2
How many atoms of carbon, C, are in 0.020 g of carbon?
What mass of silver, Ag, contains the same number of atoms as 10.0 g of boron, B?
How many moles of CO2 are in 66.0 g of dry ice, which is solid CO2
![Page 29: Chapter 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter. The Atomic Theory Law of conservation of mass Mass is neither destroyed nor created Law of definite](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032206/56649ee75503460f94bf7d30/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Chapter ReviewChapter Review
Pg. 89 1, 8, 11, 17, 18acd, 20, 21, 22ade,
23abcd
Pg. 89 1, 8, 11, 17, 18acd, 20, 21, 22ade,
23abcd