Chapter 3

• Application Software– Programs designed to perform specific tasks for

users• System Software

– Programs that control the operations of the computer and its devices

– Operating System - A type of system software that contains instructions that coordinate all the activities among computer hardware devices

– Utility program - A type of system software that performs a specific task

Antivirus Programs

• A utility that prevents, detects, and removes viruses from a computer’s memory or storage devices

User Interface

• Controls how you enter data or instructions and how information displays on the screen

A graphical user interface (GUI)Combines text, graphics, and other visual

images to make software easier to use

Application Software Productivity Software - Software that assists people in

becoming more effective and efficient while performing daily activities

• Project Management Software- Allows you to plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project

• Accounting Software- Helps companies record and report their financial transactions

• Desk Top Publishing (DTP)- Enables professional designers to design and produce sophisticated documents that contain text, graphics, and brilliant colors

Integrated Software

Software that combines applications such as word processing, spreadsheet, and database into a single, easy-to-use package

• Software Suite - A collection of individual applications sold as a single package

Application SoftwareWhat are the categories of application software?

p. 3.2 Fig. 3-1

Next

Chapter 7 Storage

• The media on which data, instructions, and information are kept, as well as the devices that record and retrieve these items

p. 7.4 Fig. 7-4

Memory Versus StorageWhat is access time?• The amount of

time it takes the device to locate an item on a disk

• Defines the speed of a disk storage device

Memory (RAM)

Compact Disc

Floppy Disk

Tape

Hard Disk

cost

less

exp

ensi

ve

mor

e ex

pens

ive

speed

faster

slower

Next

Floppy Disk

• A portable, inexpensive storage medium

• Consists of a thin, circular, flexible plastic disk with a magnetic coating

• Enclosed in a square-shaped plastic shell

• Today’s standard disk is 3.5” wide

• Most floppy disks today are high density (HD) with a capacity of 1.44 MB

p. 7.8 Fig. 7-8

Floppy Disks

What are tracks and sectors?

• Track: a narrow recording band that forms a full circle on the surface of the disk

• Pie shaped sections break the tracks into small arcs called sectors

• A sector can store up to 512 bytes of data

• A typical floppy disk stores data on both sides of the disk

Next

sector18 per track

track80 per

side

80 tracks per side X 18 sectors per track X 2 sides per disk X 512 bytes per sector = 1,474,560 bytes

Formatting

• The process of preparing a disk for reading and writing

• Formatting marks bad sectors as unusable

Write-Protect Notch

• A small opening with a cover that you slide up or down

• Protects floppy disks from accidentally being erased

Hard Disks

• Consists of several inflexible, circular platters that store items electronically

• A platter is coated with a material that allows items to be recorded magnetically on its surface

• The components of a hard disk are enclosed in an airtight, sealed case to protect them

Cylinder

• The location of a single track through all platters

• A single movement of the read/write head arms can read all the platters of data

Disk Cache

• A portion of memory that the processor uses to store frequently accessed items

Partition

• You can divide a formatted hard disk into separate areas called partitions

• Done by issuing a special operating system command

• Each partition functions as if it were a separate hard disk drive

Compact Disk (CD)

• A flat, round, portable, metal storage medium that usually is 4.75 inches in diameter and less than one-twentieth of an inch thick

• Most personal computers today include some type of compact disc drive

• Also called an optical disc• Items are stored using microscopic pits

(indentations) and land (flat areas) that are in the middle layer of the disk

• A laser light reads items from the compact disc

CD-ROM

• A silver-colored compact disc that uses the same laser technology as audio CDs for recording music

• Can contain text, graphics, audio, and video• The manufacturer writes, or records, the contents

of standard CD-ROMs• You cannot erase or modify the contents• A CD-ROM drive or CD-ROM player is used to

read items on a CD-ROM• A typical CD-ROM holds about 650 MB of data,

instructions, and information

Other Forms of CD’s

• CD-R (compact disc-recordable)CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable)

DVD-ROM (digital video disc-ROM

• An extremely high capacity compact disc capable of storing from 4.7 GB to 17 GB

• You must have a DVD-ROM drive or DVD player to read a DVD-ROM

• Looks just like a CD-ROM but data, instructions, and information is stored in a slightly different manner to achieve a higher storage capacity

Magnetic Tape

• A magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large amounts of data and information at a low cost

• Uses sequential Access

Fragmentation

• When a file is stored in clusters that are not next to each other, the file is said to be fragmented.

• Fragmentation causes the computer to run slowly, because reading data from several locations on the disk takes longer than if the data were all in one location.

Defragmentation

• Reorganizes store data so files are located in contiguous clusters improving the speed of the computer.

Zip Disk

• High capacity disk

• Can store 250 MB of data.

Access Time

• The speed of a storage device.

• The minimum time it takes the device to locate a single item on a disk.

• Measured in nanoseconds (billionths of a second)

Sequential and Direct access

• Sequential - The computer must write and read tape records consecutively.

• Direct Access – ability to locate a particular data item or file immediately

• How is data stored on disk, on tape?– Data is stored on disk by direct access– Data is stored on tape by sequential access

What type of secondary storage uses lasers?

• CD and DVD

Explain how a disk can become fragmented.

• By modifying documents on disk. The modified document may need more space then the original document

What can be done about it?

• Defragmentation software will reallocate all of the documents stored.

Chapter 8

• System Software – Programs that control the operations of the computer

and its devices

– Operating System - A type of system software that contains instructions that coordinate all the activities among computer hardware devices

– Utility program - A type of system software that performs a specific task

Operating System Functions

• Booting – starting or restarting a computer

• Managing programs

• Managing Memory

• Scheduling Jobs

• Configuring devices

• Providing housekeeping services

Managing Programs

• Single user/single tasking – allows only one user to run one program(task) at one time

• Single user/multitasking – Allows a single user to work on two or more applications that reside in memory at the same time

• Multiuser – two or more users to be on a computer at a time. Only one person has the CPU’s attention at any given time.

• Multiprocessing – operating system that can support 2 or more CPU’s running programs at the same time.

Configuring devices

• Device driver – software program that tells the operating system how to communicate with a device such as a printer

• Plug and Play – computer recognizes a new device and automatically loads the drivers and other software

Names of operating systems

• DOS – text based user interface still in use outside of windows

• Windows – GUI user interface operating system – Latest Windows is Windows XP

• MAC OS – GUi user interface operating sytem used on Macintosh computers

• UNIX – Developed at Bell labs – is a multiuser operating system

• Linux – free, multitasking UNIX-Type operating system

Utility Programs

• Disk defragmenter

• Backup utility

• File compression

• Diagnostic utility

Access Questions

• What is a database?

• What is a field, record and table?

• What is a primary key field and Why is it needed?

• What 3 types of information must be known to create the structure of a table?

More Access Questions

• How is data added to a table?

• How many tables does a database have?

• Why are tables joined?

• More Access Questions

• What is a Query?

• Why are Queries important?

• What is a wildcard and how is it used?

More Access Questions

• How do you find various totals?• How do you add computed fields?• Be able to do exercises similar to the

assignments. • What is the difference between Form view,

Design view, and Datasheet view?• Be able to use selection criteria.• What is a form or a report?

PowerPoint Questions

• What is the purpose of PowerPoint?

• How do you insert a new slide?

• What are slide layouts?

• What are slide Designs?

• What is the purpose of a placeholder?

• What various forms can PowerPoint print?

Questions

• What are the various Views?• What is the purpose of Master View?• What is the advantage of inputting through

outline mode?• How do you insert clip art on a slide?• What is promote and demote?• Be able to do projects similar to the

assignments.

Miscellaneous

• How do you create a web page from a Word Document?

• How are links added?• What did we use to do a mail merge in

Word?• Name the 3 ways to embed or link an Excel

spreadsheet in Word and explain the differences between the three results