Chapter 3

Chapter 3The Growth of a Young NationSection 1The Jeffersonian EraJohn Adams vs Thomas Jefferson

Election of 1800Adams was a FederalistJefferson was a Democratic-RepublicanJefferson beat Adams by 8 electoral votes, but tied with Aaron BurrHouse re-votes 35 times in the next 6 daysAlexander Hamilton finally intervened because he HATED Burr. He convinces a few federalists to cast blank votes so Jefferson can win.Burr becomes vice president, this seems silly so we pass the 12th amendment. Runner up no longer becomes vice president.Jeffersonian RepublicanismPeople should control a simple governmentReduced size of army, halted expansion of the navy, and lowered expenses for government social functions.Also went against Hamilton by eliminating internal taxes and reducing the influence of the Bank of the United States.Took office in Washington D.C., next two presidents came from the South.Midnight JudgesAt midnight Adams signed federalist judges in, papers werent delivered until Jefferson took office. Jefferson said appointments were invalid and Madison (the Secretary of State) refused to deliver the papers.Marbury (one of the midnight judges) sues Madison.Supreme Court says Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional and therefore Marbury will not receive his papers.This establishes Judicial Review. The newly defined, super important, job of the Supreme Court.Louisiana PurchaseAfter the French and Indian War, France had to give Spain The Louisiana Territory (From Mississippi to Rocky Mountains).In 1800 Napoleon convinces Spain to give this land back.Napoleon plans to use it for a colonial empire he wants to set up in America.Napoleon had to abandon this plan because of problems in Europe. So, he sells it to America for $15 million.The purchase more than doubles the size of the United States.Lewis and Clark Sacagawea

Conundrum for JeffersonRemember, as a Democratic-Republican, he believes in a strict or loose interpretation of the Constitution?STRICTThe Constitution does NOT say that he, as the president, can purchase new land for the country, therefore he CANNOT!!!In order to better the country he must turn his back on his political ideals.Causes of The War of 1812United States vs. Great Britain, Round 2Although mad at French and British we focus on British because of impressment (they capture our ships and force our sailors into their navy).Officials in British Canada were supplying weapons to Native Americans so they could fight American settlers.Southern and Western War Hawks demand war.

Course of the WarMadison asks Congress to declare war on Great Britain in June of 1814.Because of Jeffersons military cuts we are ill-prepared to fight a war.Britain was also occupied with Napoleon.Biggest British victory: August of 1814, the British sack and burn Washington D.C.Biggest American victory: January of 1815, the Americans under Andrew Jackson win at New OrleansIronically the Treaty of Ghent, an armistice, had already been declared on Christmas Eve of 1814, but news travels slowly across that big blue thing.Consequences of the WarLed to the end of the Federalist Party because they mostly opposed the warEncouraged American manufacturing because during the war Britain would not sale certain products to use and therefore we had to learn to make our own.Confirmed to Great Britain and to other countries that the United States was indeed a free and independent nation.Most interesting outcome of the war?It gave us our national anthem written by Francis Scott Key and inspired by the defense of Fort McHenry on September 14, 1814.

Territory and BoundariesNorthern border is 49th parallel from Michigan to the Rocky Mountains.British and America agree to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory for ten years.Adams convinced Spain to give us Florida.Establishes western boundary of U.S. (follow Sabine, then straight up to Arkansas, follow Arkansas, then straight up to 42nd parallel and west to the ocean.Monroe DoctrineNapoleon invades Spain and Portugal who have to give up their claims in the Americas to focus on fighting Napoleon. Once Napoleon is no longer a threat, they want their land claims back.Russians are setting up trading posts in California which they claim is still part of Alaska.Because of these threats, America must act. Monroe warns Europe to not interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere, (no new colonies and no attempts to overthrow new independent countries). The U.S. will not involve itself in Europe or in existing colonies.Section 2The Age of JacksonNorthern IndustryIndustrial Revolution takes off in the NorthThe geography makes it better for factoriesIts economy was already based on trade and shipping, now they add manufacturingFarmers in the North begin specializing in one crop, selling it, then using their money to buy what they needed from Northern factories.Where does this leave the South?Southern AgricultureGeography lends itself to a plantation economyCotton Gin makes the cotton crop more profitable in the South, but requires more slave laborSouthern economy is tied to slaveryBetween 1790 and 1820 slave population more than doubles from 700,000 to 1.5 million (meanwhile the Northern states were either outright abolishing it or phasing it out)

Nationalism vs. SectionalismI am an American first and a Westerner or Utahan second. Clays American System

Plan to make America independentEstablish a protective tariffRe-charter the National Bank for a unified currencySponsor the development of transportation systemsSouth could be the food and raw goods producer, North would buy their foods and raw goods, turn them into something else in their factories and South would buy the Norths manufactured goods. If it could be achieved we would not have to rely on another country and entangle our politics in theirs for the sake of money.The Missouri CompromiseWhen Missouri applies for statehood the balance of power is upset, what to do now?Maine is admitted as a free state, Missouri is admitted as a slave stateThe rest of the Louisiana Territory was split into two parts. North of 36 30 line banned slavery (except Missouri), South of line, slavery was legalThe 1824 ElectionJohn Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) beats Andrew JacksonMany believed there was a conspiracy set up by Adams and Henry Clay who should be on opposite sidesAdams made Clay his Secretary of State which split the Democratic-Republican party.Clay became the National Republican Party and Jackson became the Democratic PartyDuring Adams presidency voting requirements are eased, allowing more common men to voteThe 1828 ElectionBecause of the easing up of voting restrictions three times more men were eligible to vote in 1828 than 1824These new voters viewed Jackson as a common man like them and voted for himJackson wins

Spoils SystemThe belief that each new administration should fire everyone from the previous administration and replace them with their friends or political alliesAs a result the best man does not always get the job and competent people are firedJackson felt this was fair howeverIndian Removal ActThere was a growing trend of removal treatiesStates forcing the Natives in their boundaries to move westThe Cherokee tribe did not quietly go, instead they fought back by suing the state of GeorgiaThe Supreme Court declares that Georgia cannot regulate the Cherokee or invade Cherokee landsA perceived victory turns into a tragedy when Jackson refuses to obey the Supreme CourtTrail of Tears

Cherokee were rounded up and put in waiting camps for yearsFall of 1838 they were sent off 1,000 at a time to make the 800 mile journey on footAs winter arrived more and more died on the journey (1/4) to Indian TerritoryNullification CrisisRemember those protective tariffs as part of the American System? They go higher in 1824 and again in 1828To Southerners the one in 1828 becomes known as the Tariff of AbominationsBecause of this tariff not as many Americans were buying British stuff, so the British no longer wanted to buy American stuff (like cotton)The South was now required to buy more expensive stuff from the North than less expensive stuff from BritainNullification Crisis cont.Calhoun decides that states must still be sovereign and declare acts of Congress unconstitutional (like the tariffs)Congress debates this for awhile, then in 1832 raises tariffs againSouth Carolina declares tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void and threatened secession if customs officials tried to collect the taxJackson wants to pass the Force Bill to use the military to collect the tax from naughty statesClay steps in again with a compromise to lower tariffs over the next ten years and pass the Force BillJacksons Bank WarJackson felt the Second Bank of the United States only helped the wealthy and not common people so he did what he could to destroy itJackson won reelection in 1832 Started withdrawing all government funds from the National Bank and placing them in state pet banks that were loyal to the Democratic PartyThe National Bank then became just another bankAlthough Jackson won, he lost a lot of support and his opponents created the Whig partyPanic of 1837Van Buren is now president and suffers consequences of Jacksons Bank WarPet banks printed more paper currency than they had gold and silver to back upBank runs cause the banks to close, life savings to disappear, businesses to die and 1/3 of the population out of workHarrison and TylerAlthough Harrison is a Whig, he dies 30 days into his term because of pneumonia that he got from walking to his inaugural addressTyler, the VP, now becomes president and is not so much a Whig

Section 3Manifest DestinyManifest DestinyThe belief that it is our God-given right to spread from sea to shining seaLeads to exploring the west and taking lands from Mexico and the NativesTrails WestSanta Fe Trail: 780 miles, uses old Native trails from Independence to Santa Fe, mostly used for trade with Mexicans and Natives, first travel separately, then in groups, then separate againOregon Trail: Independence to Oregon City blazed by missionaries, followed by adventurers, settlers and fur trappersMormon Migration: Mostly follows Oregon Trail, escaping religious persecution, led by Brigham Young after original leader (Joseph Smith) was murdered

Mexican IndependenceMexico wins independence from Spain in 1821Gains control of the Spanish missions and opens up the surrounding land to government officials and then opens up Texas to Americans to help secure the landBecause of invitation to Americans, they soon outnumber the TejanosStephen Austin even sets up a whole perfect society in Texas

Texas Revolution

Tension grew between Anglos and Tejanos over language, slavery, religionAustin goes to President Santa Anna and asks for greater autonomy in Texas, he is then arrested for inciting a rebellionAustin is let go and then really does start a rebellion, Santa Anna sends out troops that meet Austins menRemember the AlamoRebels station themselves in the Alamo to prevent Santa Anna from moving farther northSanta Anna attacks the fort while Texans officially declare their independence and create a constitution almost identical to the U.S.sAfter 13 days the Mexicans scaled the walls and killed everyone inside, losing hundreds of their own in the battleThen Santa Anna executes 300 rebels which spreads the spirit of rebellion under the slogan Remember the Alamo6 weeks later rebels surprise the Mexicans and kill 630 of them in 18 minutes, then force Santa Anna to sign the Treaty of Velasco granting Texas its independence.Texas then wants to be annexed by the United States (Because of slavery Southerners agree, Northerners do not want to risk war with Mexico.)James K. Polk wins the next election which is a clear cry for annexationWar with MexicoU.S. annexed Texas and Mexico is madThere is a border dispute between Texas and Mexico, Polk wants Texas, New Mexico and California so he supports TexasMexico refuses to speak with a negotiator sent by PolkThis angers Polk and he sends troops into the disputed area and claims itIn a skirmish Mexico kills some of the soldiers and Polk asks Congress for warTroops sent to New Mexico are greeted by rich Mexicans who want to join the U.S.Americans in California declared their independence from Mexico so when troops arrived California soon fellAfter 1 year of fighting Mexico gave up and signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: border is Rio Grande and we get California and New Mexico too, we also agree to pay them $15 million, and $10 million later for a small chunk of land called the Gadsden PurchaseGold RushJanuary 24, 1848 gold discovered at Sutters Mill in CaliforniaEveryone in California went gold crazy and the next year saw a pouring in of people from the East who also wanted to strike it richCalifornias population explodesAnd Horace Greely says Go West, Young Man

Section 4The Market RevolutionMarket Revolution

First half of the 19th century where people increasingly bought and sold more goods rather than made their ownU.S. Market Expands1840-1850 saw more growth than 1800-1840Free Enterprise: the freedom of private business to operate competitively for profit with little government regulationEntrepreneurs: business men who invest their own money in new industries. Kind of like gamblingInventions and ImprovementsSamuel Morse-telegraph, sends code by wire to turn into messagesRobert Fulton-steam engine, creates a need for canals and helps with railroads

The Market Revolution Transforms the Nation14% have manufacturing jobs, most still live in rural areasThey make products better and quicker than ever and new transportation allows these goods to be shipped all over the countryTransportation and Communication make regions more interdependent, steam boats on the Mississippi link North and South; Erie Canal, railroads and telegraph link East to WestNortheast industrializes more so farmers head to the Midwest: use new tools like steel plow and reaperChanging Workplace

Moving production from home to factory split families, created new communities and changed relationship between employer and employeeJobs no longer took skill, just factories and common workersLowell, Massachusetts: Girls flock to work at the factories which at first were nice, but turn into cramped, dark, dank, dangerous place to work long hours.Strikes800 Lowell Mill girls strike, most are pressured to return after the leader is firedTwo years later they strike again with the same resultWorkers mostly strike for higher pay, some for shorter hoursIneffective because they were easily replaced with immigrantsImmigration1845-1854 nearly 3 million new immigrantsMostly from Ireland because of the Great Potato FamineHeavily persecuted because of religion and poverty

National Trades UnionPeople who do the same job across various industries join togetherAt first they dont have much success because courts were trying to claim that striking was illegalIn Commonwealth v. Hunt Massachusetts Supreme Court guarantees a workers right to strikeSection 5Reforming American SocietySecond Great Awakening

Renewed interest in religionHeld revival meetings that went on for daysAt the end church membership doubledUnitarians and TranscendentalistsUnitarians believe reason is the path to perfection, rather than focusing on emotionTranscendentalists believe each person must have their own personal spiritual experience with nature. Movement headed by Ralph Waldo Emerson.The African-American ChurchIn the South they must attend the church of their masters if they are allowed to attend at all. Although they read the same scriptures and sing the same hymns, they interpret them differently. Slaves see a promise to be free, slave owners see a justification of slavery.In the North they create their own that become religious, social and educational centers.William Lloyd GarrisonAbolitionistStarts an abolitionist paper called The LiberatorWants end of slavery NOWAlthough starts with mostly black support he gains more and more support for his movement and AGAINST colonization of Africa.

Frederick Douglas

AbolitionistStarts an abolitionist paper called The North StarJoined with Garrison for awhile before splitting because Douglas wanted peaceful abolition and Garrison wanted it by any means necessaryLife Under SlaverySuckedHard work mostly in the fieldsWork until deathWomen rapedChildren soldConstant punishment

Turners RebellionNot all slaves go peacefully about their sucky livesVirginia slave started a rebellion that spread to four plantations and resulted in the deaths of 60 whites.Eventually they are stopped and most of them are killed.Women Mobilize for ReformAlthough they had no rights, no legal status and were not even considered citizens many women support the abolition movement. Some because they feel a moral obligation to because of the Second Great Awakening, others see it as a path to Womens Rights.

Education for Women

Women dont need an education beyond enough chemistry to boil a pot and enough geography to know her way around the houseSome women disagree and start gaining higher education through schools like the Troy Female SeminaryOther still consider it silly enough that they quip Theyll be educating cows next.Education and Womens Health unhealthy because they never bathe or exerciseAlso wear corsets which rearrange internal organs, break bones, and make lungs atrophyWomens Rights MovementWomen involved in the abolition movement are often pushed aside by the men.They decide to start their own convention to declare a list of grievances they have against men.This is called the Seneca Falls Convention