Chapter 3

Powerpoint Questions

Q1

Transduction

A1

• The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity.

Q2

• Frequency

A2

• Number of complete waves, or cycles, that pass a given point per unit of time

Q3

• Three properties of sound waves

A3

• Wavelength, amplitude, purity

Q4

• Photons

A4

• Tiny particle packets of waves

Q5

• Synesthesia

A5

• Disorder in which the signals from the various sensory organs are processed in the wrong cortical areas, resulting in the sense information being interpreted as more than one sensation.

Q6

• Sound

A6

• Vibrations of the air molecules around us

Q7

• Who first proposed that light is actually tiny packets of waves

A7

• Albert Einstein

Q8

• Three psychological principles of light

A8

• Brightness; color; saturation

Q9

• Somatic pain

A9

• Detected by receptors in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints

Q10

• Subliminal perception and advertising

A10

• We do perceive sensory information subliminally but it does not influence our voluntary actions such as purchasing objects

Q11

• Saccadic movement

A11

• The small movements made by the eyes that are generally not consciously noticed by individuals but that keep us from becoming adapted to visual sensory input

Q12

• Sensation

A12

• The process that occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain.

Q13

• Opponent-process theory

A13

• Theory of color vision that proposes visual neurons are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color

Q14

• Somatic pain is a signal of

A14

• The body being damaged or about to be damaged

Q15

• The location to which the thalamus sends sensory information.

A15

• Cerebral cortex

Q16

• Rods

A16

• Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for non-color sensitivity to low levels of light

Q17

• Skin senses

A17

• The sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

Q18

• Visceral pain

A18

• Pain detected by receptors in the organs

Q19

• Cones

A19

• Visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision

Q20

• Hearing damage caused by a damaged eardrum or damage to the bones of the middle ear

A20

• Conduction hearing impairment

Q21

• Sensory adaptation

A21

• Tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging

Q22

• Color blindness

A22

• Vision that is color deficient due to having either no cones or cones that do not work properly

Q23

• The pathway that visual information takes to the occipital lobe

A23

• Lateral geniculate nucleus

Q24

• Key point to remember about habituation

A24

• In habituation the sensory receptors are still responding to stimulation but the lower centers of the brain (cerebellum) are not sending the signals from those receptors to the cortex.

Q25

• Light sensitive area at the back of the eye containing three layers including the ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and photoreceptors

A25

• retina

Q26

• Just noticeable difference

A26

• The smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time.

Q27

• Small hole in the Iris

A27

• Pupil

Q28

• Neurotransmitter that gives umami it’s brothy tastes

A28

• Glutamate

Q29

• The image on the pupil is focused and manipulated by this

A29

• The Iris

Q30

• the change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away

A30

• Visual accommodation

Q31

• The area of the retina that contains the greatest density of photoreceptors

A31

• fovea

Q32

• A clear structure behind the Iris that is suspended by muscles and changes shape to bring objects into focus

A32

• Lens

Q33

• Kinesthetic sense

A33

• Sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other

Q34

• Depth perception

A34

• The ability to perceive the world in three dimensions

Q35

• Monocular cues

A35

• Cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only

Q36

• Contiguity

A36

• The tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

Q37

• Brightness

A37

• Determined by amplitude of the wave

Q38

• Afterimages

A38

• Images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed

Q39

• Continuity

A39

• The tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex broken-up pattern

Q40

• Color (hue)

A40

• Determined by length of wave

Q41

• Trichromatic theory

A41

• Theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green

Q42

• Sense

A42

• A system that translates outside information into activity in the nervous system.

Q43

• What color do you get when you combine blue, red, and green light

A43

• White light

Q44

• Pacinian corpuscles

A44

• Skin receptors that respond to pressure

Q45

• Sensory receptors

A45

• Specialized forms of neurons stimulated by kinds of energy such as light or vibration instead of being stimulated by neurotransmitters

Q46

• Closure

A46

• The tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

Q47

• Perception

A47

• The method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion.

Q48

• Wavelength

A48

• The distance between peaks in a wave of light or sound

Q49

• The round muscle of the eye

A49

• Iris

Q50

• Absolute threshold

A50

• The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present.

Q51

• Similarity

A51

• The tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group

Q52

• What is the visible spectrum

A52

• The narrow band of light between 400nm and 700nm that is visible to the human eye

Q53

• Five basic tastes

A53

• Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

Q54

• Proximity

A54

• The tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping

Q55

• Saturation

A55

• The purity of the color people perceive with light. Light with only one wavelength would be highly saturated in that specific color

Q56

• Translating the physical properties of a stimulus into neural activity

A56

• Coding

Q57

• Dark adaptation

A57

• The recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights

Q58

• Location in the brain to which sensory nerves (except olfaction) transfer coded activity

A58

• Thalamus

Q59

• What kind of stimuli is often perceived of subliminally

A59

• Stimuli that produces fear

Q60

• A hearing impairment where the problem lies in the inner ear or the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain

A60

• Nerve hearing impairment

Q61

• Reversible figures

A61

• Visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed

Q62

• Linear perspective

A62

• The tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other

Q63

• Binocular cues

A63

• Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes

Q64

• A type of interneuron that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other

A64

• Bipolar cell

Q65

• Overlap

A65

• The assumption that an object appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer

Q66

• Figure-ground

A66

• The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background

Q67

• Brightness constancy

A67

• The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

Q68

• Taste buds line the walls of the

A68

• Papillae

Q69

• The two sources of light are

A69

• 1) Directly from the source, 2) indirectly as reflected off of a surface

Q70

• Optic chiasm

A70

• The crossover point of the visual information from the eyes to the brain

Q71

• Somesthetic senses

A71

• The body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses

Q72

• Light adaptation

A72

• The recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness

Q73

• Shape constancy

A73

• The tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina

Q74

• The axons of the retinal ganglion

A74

• Optic nerve

Q75

• The second step in sensory systems

A75

• Further modification of the incoming stimulus through transduction

Q76

• Light from the left visual field falls on the right side of each retina and goes directly to the

A76

• Right visual cortex

Q77

• Auditory canal

A77

• Short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum

Q78

• Light from the right visual filed falls on the left side of each retinal and goes directly to the

A78

• Left visual cortex

Q79

• Where in the brain is fear based stimuli perceived

A79

• Amygdala

Q80

• Light from the right visual field falls on the ( ) side of each retina

A80

• Left

Q81

• Bumps on the tongue

A81

• Papillae

Q82

• Blind spot

A82

• Area in the retina where the axons of three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, insensitive to light

Q83

• Subliminal perception

A83

• Perception of stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness

Q84

• The first step in sensory systems

A84

• Modification of the incoming stimulus by accessory structures

Q85

• Vestibular sense

A85

• The sensations of movement, balance, and body position

Q86

• Pinna

A86

• The visible part of the ear

Q87

• Aqueous Humor

A87

• Fluid filled layer behind the cornea that supplies nourishment to the eye

Q88

• Light from the left visual field falls on the ( ) side of each retina

A88

• Right

Q89

• Provides the color to the eye

A89

• Iris

Q90

• Came up with the law of just noticeable differences

A90

• Ernest Weber

Q91

• Cornea

A91

• A clear membrane that covers the eye. It serves to protect the eye and bends light waves so the image can be focused on the retina.

Q92

• Expanded on Ernest Weber’s work by studying absolute threshold

A92

• Gustav Fechner

Q93

• What area of the brain is responsible for filtering out constant stimuli during habituation

A93

• Cerebellum

Q94

• The “triage nurse” of the brain

A94

• Thalamus

Q95

• Why is the thalamus called the “triage nurse”

A95

• It does some processing of sensory information before sending the information to the cerebral cortex

Q96

• Iris

A96

• Round muscle of the eye

Q97

• Area of the brain that is the site of perception and sensation.

A97

• Cerebral cortex

Q98

• Procedure used to remove small portions of the cornea in order to change the curvature of the membrane and thereby improve focus

A98

• LASIK

Q99

• Habituation

A99

• The tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information

Q100

• Amplitude

A100

• The distance between the peak and the baseline of a wave

Q101

• Taste buds

A101

• Common name for taste receptor cells

Q102

• Congenital analgesia

A102

• Pain conditions where individuals cannot feel pain

Q103

• Size constancy

A103

• The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of distance

Q104

• Aerial perspective

A104

• The haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater.

Q105

• Texture gradient

A105

• The tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases

Q106

• Perception

A106

• The methods by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion

Q107

• Pitch

A107

• Psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of sound waves; higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches

Q108

• Limits of the human auditory spectrum

A108

• 20Hz and 20,000 Hz

Q109

• Cochlea

A109

• Snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid

Q110

• Wavelengths in sound are

A110

• Frequency or pitch

Q111

• Basilar membrane

A111

• Membrane that runs down the middle of the cochlea

Q112

• Olfactory bulbs

A112

• Areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells

Q113

• Organ of corti

A113

• The receptor cells for the sense of hearing found on the basilar membrane

Q114

• Membrane of the inner ear

A114

• Oval window

Q115

• Place theory

A115

• Theory of pitch that states that different pitches are experienced by the stimulation of hair cells in different locations on the organ of Corti

Q116

• Olfaction

A116

• The sensation of smell

Q117

• Sensory conflict theory

A117

• An explanation of motion sickness in which the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resulting in dizziness, nausea and other physical discomfort.

Q118

• Three bones of the middle ear

A118

• Hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), stirrup (stapes)

Q119

• Volley principle

A119

• Theory of pitch that states that frequencies from about 400 Hz to 4000Hz cause the hair cells (auditory neurons) to fire in a volley pattern, or take turns in firing

Q120

• Gustation

A120

• The sensation of taste

Q121

• Amplitude in sound is

A121

• volume

Q122

• Auditory nerve

A122

• Bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear

Q123

• Frequency theory

A123

• Theory of pitch that states that pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane

Q124

• Purity of sound is

A124

• Timbre or richness of tone

Q125

• Hertz (hz)

A125

• Cycles or waves per second, a measurement of frequency

Q126

• Supertasters

A126

• People with greater than average numbers of taste buds

Q127

• Relative size

A127

• Perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away

Q128

• Semicircular canals

A128

• Three somewhat circular tubes that coordinate with a specific plane of body movement

Q129

• Motion parallax

A129

• The perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away

Q130

• Accommodation

A130

• As a monocular cue, the brain’s use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away.

Q131

• Convergence

A131

• The rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant.

Q132

• Otolith organs

A132

• Tiny sacs of gelatin fluid and tiny crystals found just above the cochlea that help to tell a person the location of their head in relationship to their body and movement

Q133

• Binocular disparity

A133

• The difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects

Q134

• Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis

A134

• Disorder where individuals do not feel pain and also cannot sweat

Q135

• The two chemical senses

A135

• Gustation and olfaction

Q136

• Treatment for conduction hearing impairments

A136

• Hearing aids

Q137

• A hearing impairment where sound vibrations cannot be passed from the eardrum to the cochlea

A137

• Conduction hearing impairment

Q138

• Perceptual set

A138

• The tendency to perceive things a certain way because of previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions

Q139

• Decreases pain

A139

• Laughter, distraction, sense of control, competing signals from other senses

Q140

• Top-down processing

A140

• The use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole

Q141

• Food preference is impacted by

A141

• Individual, cultural, genetic influences, weight.

Q142

• Increase pain

A142

• Anxiety, fear, helplessness

Q143

• Bottom-up processing

A143

• The analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception

Q144

• Synesthesia

A144

• Disorder in which the signals from various sensory organs are processed in the wrong cortical areas, resulting in the sense information being interpreted as more than one sensation

Q145

• Gate-control theory

A145

• Theory of pain where a chemical substance for pain is released into the spinal cord and passes through a gate on the way to the brain. The brain then sends a reverse message either further opening the gate or closing the gate.

Q146

• Phantom limb

A146

• Condition where a person can still feel pain in a limb that has been amputated

Q147

• Hearing damage caused by exposure to loud noises

A147

• Nerve hearing impairment

Q148

• True/false taste sensations are processed all over the tongue

A148

• True

Q149

• Treatment for nerve hearing impairment

A149

• Cochlear implants

Q150

• Two types of hearing impairments

A150

• Conduction hearing impairment and nerve hearing impairment