chapter 3
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Chapter 3. Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems. Section 1 vocabulary (6):. community, limiting factor, ecological succession, primary succession, climax community, secondary succession. Community- (60). A group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Section 1 vocabulary (6):
1. community,
2. limiting factor,
3. ecological succession,
4. primary succession,
5. climax community,
6. secondary succession.
Community- (60)
• A group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time.
• It includes plants, animals and bacteria.
• the different species that live together in a habitat
limiting factor, (61)
• Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction or distribution of organisms.
• Examples include sunlight, soil chemistry, space or temperature.
• Plant and animal species living in an area, competition between species.
Limiting factors
• The range of tolerance the upper and lower limits of what an organism can survive!
• Temperature, pH, oxygen amounts all can have limits.
• There will be a optimal zone where the greatest number of the organism will be found and then less will be found towards the stress zones…
• 2. Would an organism with a wide or narrow range of tolerance be more likely to survive better when abiotic factors are greatly changed? _______________why?
ecological succession (62)
• The change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic or biotic factors.
• There are two types: primary and secondary
primary succession, (62)
• The establishment of a community on an area of exposed rock that does not have top soil.
• A slow process!
• New rock formations
• Volcanic areas!
• Starts small with pioneer organisms first producing dead decaying material to
• help produce soil.
Primary succession
• 3. What types of organisms are pioneer species?
• Why are they termed "pioneer?" ______________________________________________________
Climax community (63)
• A mature community that results when there is little change in the composition of species. The end result of primary succession.
• It takes a very long time for the climax community to be reached.
• Sometimes it is never reached.
Secondary succession (63)
• The orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact from an event such as fire, flood or windstorm.
• Pioneer species are the first to grow in this process . These are different from primary pioneer species. It is faster because soil is already present.
Secondary succession
• 4. What is the significant difference between primary and secondary succession?
•
• SC.912.L.17.4: Describe changes in ecosystems resulting from seasonal variations, climate change, and succession.
• 1. How do unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors affect species?
• 5. What is a climax community?
• 6. What generally happens to the size of the organisms in a population as succession occurs?
Section 2 Vocabulary (3) :
1. latitude,
2. climate,
3. biome
Latitude (65) The distance of any point on the surface of
Earth north or south of the equator.
• As you go to higher latitudes the temperature decreases due to the decrease in the sun’s intensity this is due to the curvature of the earth.
• 1. What causes changes in seasons?
• 2. How might global warming affect populations of organisms that have a narrow temperature tolerance?
• 3. How/why does latitude alter temperatures on earth?
Climate (66)• The average weather conditions in an area
Including temperature and precipitation.
• Latitude and altitude are major contributing factors to climate as is proximity to mountain ranges and large bodies of water
• .
• 4. What factors determine climate? Latitude and altitude = Temperature and precipitation
Biome (36)• A large group of ecosystems that share the
same climate and have similar types of communities.
• generally found at the same latitude and altitude, similar types of plant and animal species are found in the biomes.
• 5. What factors determine the 9 biomes?
Major Land biomes include :
• Tundra: treeless, permanently frozen soil permafrost.
• Boreal Forest: evergreens coniferous forest, taiga.
• Temperate Forest: deciduous trees, 4 seasons
• Temperate woodland ; mixed shrub less rainfall
• Temperate grassland: fertile soil, drought, prevents large trees
Major Land biomes• Desert: rate of evaporation exceeds rate of
precipitation, on every continent except Europe
Tropical Savanna
• : grasses, scattered trees, low precip
Tropical seasonal forest
• : dry trees drop leaves to conserve water
Tropical rain Forest
Large amounts of rainfall tall broad leaved trees.
• 6. Name the major biomes.
• 7. How can climate affect where're species live?
• 8. What types of things could cause the climate be temporally changed and then alter the population sizes as a result?
Section 3 Vocabulary (2)
1. photic zone,
2. aphotic zone
Aquatic Ecosystems• SC.912.L.17.2: Explain the general
distribution of life in aquatic systems as a function of chemistry, geography, light, depth, salinity, and temperature.
• 1. What are the major abiotic factors that affect aquatic ecosystems?
•
Aquatic Ecosystems
• Freshwater: Ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands
• Low salt content!
• Lakes are divided into zones:
• Top: littoral zone: shallow near the shore, allows sunlight to penetrate through.
• Limnetic zone: open water: plankton free floating
• Profundal zone: deepest part, no light
• 2. What are some freshwater ecosystems?
• Freshwater: Ponds, lakes, streams, rivers, and wetlands
Transitional Aquatic Ecosystems
• wetlands
• Swamps, bogs marshes: saturated with water.
• Estuaries: transitional very diverse, freshwater and salt mix.
• 3. What type of aquatic ecosystem are wetlands and estuaries know as? ________________________
Marine Ecosystems• Intertidal : where ocean meets land
• Photic: (80) a zone in the ocean water to a depth of about 200 meters also called the euphotic zone the area shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate!
• Large numbers of organisms can be found here!
• 5. Why is the photic zone so important?
• Aphotic (80) Below the photic zone, sunlight can not penetrate!
• Benthic: on the ocean floor.
• Abyssal: deepest part of the ocean
• These categories are based on the depth of the ocean.
• 4. What types of factors are used to divide the marine ecosystem into different sections? __________
•
• 6. If the salinity of the water was to change due to excessive evaporation or ice melts how might this alter the populations of organisms in the marine environments?
• 7. Where do phytoplankton live?
• Why do they need to live there?
• 8. Describe the conditions and the life found at the
• ocean's surface,
• in shallow water
• and in deep water
• 9. Explain the difference in the organisms found in the photic and aphotic zones.
Biomes interactive
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