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Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Pharmacodynamics

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Chapter 3. Pharmacodynamics. Contents. Contents. 1 、 Basic action 2 、 Therapeutic effect 3 、 Adverse reaction 4 、 Dose- effect relationship 5 、 Mechanism of action. 1 、 Basic action and Pharmacological effect. Drug action. Primary action. acting. drug. body. effect. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Chapter   3

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Pharmacodynamics

Page 2: Chapter   3

Contents Contents

1 、 Basic action

2 、 Therapeutic effect

3 、 Adverse reaction

4 、 Dose- effect relationship

5 、 Mechanism of action

Page 3: Chapter   3

1 、 Basic action and Pharmacological effect

  

Page 4: Chapter   3

Drug action

Primary action

drugactingbody effect

second action

Page 5: Chapter   3

Two effect

Excitation :

Inhibition :(兴奋)

(抑制)

Page 6: Chapter   3

正常正 常 强壮烦躁不安惊厥死亡

Excitation

镇静催眠麻醉

回苏

麻痹死亡

Inhibition

Page 7: Chapter   3

two characteristics :

1) specificity (特异性)

drug

2) Selectivity (选择性)(tissue binding)

Page 8: Chapter   3

2. Therapeutic effect

the therapeutic goal.

Favorable to the normalization

of physiological, biochemical

functions.

治疗目标

Page 9: Chapter   3

therapeutic effects

1 、 Etiological treatment

2 、 Symptomatic treatment

急則治标,缓则治本

标本兼治,不可偏废也

治疗效果

Page 10: Chapter   3

1) Etiological treatmentAims to eliminate pathogenic factor

e.g. antibiotics----- microbes infection

2) Symptomatic treatment Aims to allay or ameliorate symptom

e.g. analgesics --- analgesia

对因治疗

对症治疗

Page 11: Chapter   3

is a double edged sword !

Drug

Page 12: Chapter   3

3. Adverse reaction

Side reaction (副作用) Accompanied by the therapeutic effect. Appears at the therapeutic dose Depends drug`s intrinsic action. Expectable. Can be moderated

Page 13: Chapter   3

Toxic reaction (毒性反应)

Results from overdose and

excessive accumulation of drug

Can be expectable

Should be prevented

Page 14: Chapter   3

1 ) circulation

Acute Toxic reaction

2 ) respiratory

3 ) nervous

Page 15: Chapter   3

1 ) liver,kidney

3 ) endocrine

2 ) bone marrow

chronic Toxic reaction

4 ) other

Page 16: Chapter   3

 ⑴ Carcinogenesis

(致癌)

chronic4 ) other

⑵ Teratogenesis

(致畸) ⑶Mutagenesis

(致突变)

Page 17: Chapter   3

血药浓度降至有效浓度以下时残存的效应。

Residual effect (后遗效应 )

Withdrawal reaction

(停药反应)rebound reaction (回跃反应) : 突然停药后原有疾病加剧。

Page 18: Chapter   3

Allergic reaction ( 变态反应 )

hypersensitive reaction

1 ) unconcerned with dose

2 ) vary from drug to drug and person to person

( 因药而异,因人而异 )

(过敏反应)

(与剂量无关 )

Page 19: Chapter   3

Idiosyncrasy(特异质反应)

先天遗传异常 某些药物高敏。

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( 葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脱氢酶 )

genetic enzyme defects

( 遗传的缺陷 ),

Page 20: Chapter   3

Concentration-effect relationship

(浓效关系)Dose-response curve

( 量效曲线 )Graded dose-response curve

( 量反应曲线 )

Dose-effect relationship

(量效关系)

量效关系

Page 21: Chapter   3

1. dose / dosage (剂量)

用药的分量2 、 Dose-effect relationship

在一定的范围内药理效应

与剂量成正比。

3 、 dose-effect curve , D-E 曲线

(量 -效曲线)。

Page 22: Chapter   3

100%

50%

E

( A)

C

长尾 S型曲线

( B)

Log C

对称 S型曲线

Emax Emax

Fig 3-1 药物作用的量效关系曲线

Page 23: Chapter   3

E

100%

50%

0.1 1 10 300

pD2

C

亲和力指数

pD2

与亲和力成正比

Page 24: Chapter   3

作用强度

最小有效量常用量(治疗量)极量

最小中毒量最小致死量

剂量

量效曲线

Page 25: Chapter   3

Res

pon

se (

%)

concentration

10 9 8 7ECmin

Emin

100%

50%

Emin

ECmax

Emax

EC50

Page 26: Chapter   3

Efficacy ( 效能 )maximal effect (最大效应) .

Relative concentration or dose of drugs inducing equivalent effects(等效浓度或剂量, EC50 )

Potency (效价强度) :

Page 27: Chapter   3

各种利尿药的效价强度和最大效应比较

环戊噻嗪 氢氯噻嗪呋噻米

氯噻嗪

Page 28: Chapter   3

质反应的量-效曲线

Page 29: Chapter   3

Quantal Dose-effect curves

质反应的量 -效曲线

Page 30: Chapter   3

药物效应和毒性的量效曲线

Page 31: Chapter   3

therapeutic index

TITI = LD50

ED50

3治疗指数

Page 32: Chapter   3

EDED5050 LD50

Drug ADrug B

AB

…………………..…

......

……

.100%

50%

半数有效量( median effective dose , ED50 )

E LTI 药物安全性评价

Page 33: Chapter   3

TI 评价药物安全性不完全可靠

( certain safety factor,CSF) CSF = LD1 / ED99 >1

安全范围

可靠安全系数

ED95 ~ LD5 之间的距离

结论

Page 34: Chapter   3

significance

of dose-effect curve

1) 半数有效量( ED50 ) 2) 效能( efficacy ) 3) 效价强度( potency )

1 、评价药效:

量效曲线的意义

Page 35: Chapter   3

1) 半数致死量( LD50 ) 2) 治疗指数 ( therapeutic index, TI ) 3) 可靠安全系数  ( certain safety factor,CSF )

2 、评价药物的安全性评价药物的安全性

Page 36: Chapter   3

§3Drug

药物与受体

receptor

Page 37: Chapter   3

to sense 、 recognize 、 bind some

minimal chemical material and

Trigger physiologior

pharmacological effect

receptor?a functional protein

Page 38: Chapter   3

receptordrug

Page 39: Chapter   3

endogenous ligands

配体 (内源性配体)

1) neurotransmitters 神经递质2) hormones 激素 3 ) autocoid 自体活性物质

exogenous ligands (外源性配体): drug

Ligands

Page 40: Chapter   3

1 ) transmitter: Ach, NA,

3 ) autacoid: prostaglandin (前列腺素) histamine (组织胺)

Endogenous ligands

(乙酰胆碱,去甲肾上腺素)

2 ) hormone: adrenocorticoid, (肾上腺皮质激素) insulin (胰岛素) , thyroxin (甲状腺素)

Page 41: Chapter   3

characteristicsreceptor

sensitivity (灵敏性) : 剂量小

specificity (特异性): 结构要求高

saturability (饱和性): 数目有限

reversibility (可逆性):结合后可解离

multiple-variation (多样性):

分布不同,效应不同

Page 42: Chapter   3

相互作用

Two important factors 1 ) affinity (亲和力) ; 2 ) intrinsic activity, (内在活性 α )

D+R DR - -E ( - )

( + )

Drug-receptor interactions

Page 43: Chapter   3

affinity

? 能力 of D+R

intrinsic activity

D+R E

Page 44: Chapter   3

According occupation theory

D+R k1

k2

DR- - E

KD k1

k2 [D][R]

[DR]

Page 45: Chapter   3

当全部受体被占领时,效应达最大值 Emax ,当 50% 受体与药物结合时,

KD =〔 D 〕

The affinity is defined by the

dissociation constant( 解离常数 )

which is given the symbol KD. The

higher the KD, the lower the affini

ty.

KD

药物与受体的亲和力 (反比)

Page 46: Chapter   3

pD2 affinity index

- lgKDpD2

KD can be expressed without usi

ng mol units. pD2 and affinity ar

e in direct ratio( 呈正比 ) .

亲和力指数

Page 47: Chapter   3

intrinsic activity

& efficacy

药物与受体结合后激动受体的能力。内在活性与药物的效能成正比。常用α表示, 0≦ α≦1。

内在活性

效能

Page 48: Chapter   3

亲亲和和力力与与内内在在活活性性

a

b

c

E (%)

pD2 -lgC

亲和力: a= b=c 内在活性: a﹥b﹥c

Page 49: Chapter   3

亲和力: x y z ﹥ ﹥ 内在活性: x=y=z

x y z

E (%)

100

50

pD2x pD2y pD2z

Page 50: Chapter   3

♥ classification of drugs

acting on the receptor

1 、 agonist (激动药)

1 ) high affinity 2 ) high efficacy ( i.e. =1 ) .

Full agonists :

Page 51: Chapter   3

(部分激动药)

1 ) have high affinity

2 ) lower intrinsic activit

y

(0 α 1 ﹤ ﹤ ).

partial agonist :

Page 52: Chapter   3

antagonist (拮抗药)

1 ) have high affinity

2 ) no intrinsic activity

(0 α 1 ﹤ ﹤ ).

Page 53: Chapter   3

Two types of antagonist

1 ) competitive

2 ) non-competitive.

Page 54: Chapter   3

properties

competitive antagonist

1 ) occupy the receptor

2) do not activate receptor

3) The   curve   is   shifted    

    to   the   right

 

竞争性拮抗药

Page 55: Chapter   3

竞争性拮抗药

A A+B

Log C0

E B

Page 56: Chapter   3

non-competitive antagonist        

properties

Emax

1 ) don,t occupy the receptor

2 ) affinity

3 ) no intrinsic activity (0 α 1 ).﹤ ﹤

4)The curve is shifted to the right

非竞争性拮抗药

Page 57: Chapter   3

A+B

AE

Log C

非竞争性拮抗药

Page 58: Chapter   3

Types of receptors受体类型

1 、 G 蛋白耦联受体 ( G protein-coupled receptor )2 、配体门控离子通道受体 ( ligand-gated ion channel )3 、酪氨酸激酶受体4 、细胞内受体5 、其他酶类受体

Page 59: Chapter   3

细胞内信号转导

第一信使( first messenger ) : 多肽类激素、神经递质、细胞因子第二信使( second messenger ): cAMP cGMP 肌醇磷脂 钙离子第三信使( third messengers ): 生长因子 转化因子

Page 60: Chapter   3

Regulation of receptor 1 、 Receptor desensitization (脱敏) down regulation(receptor density)

agonist-specific desentization(same R)

agonist-nonspecific desentization(other R)

2 、 Receptor hypersensitization (增敏) up-regulation(receptor density)

Page 61: Chapter   3

Chapter 4

Factors affecting the

effects of drugs

影响药物效应的因素

Page 62: Chapter   3

1 、药物因素

药物制剂

固体: 片剂

液体:注射剂

软体: 软膏、栓剂

水乳油

Page 63: Chapter   3

给药途径

1 ) 静注

注射

口服

2 )药物理化性质3 )病人情况:昏迷、休克

Page 64: Chapter   3

注意 给药途径不同

药物性质不同硫酸镁

PO :导泻、利胆;IM :抗惊厥、抗癫痫

IV :降血压

Page 65: Chapter   3

1 、体外相互作用:配 伍禁忌

2 、体内相互作用药效学:协同、拮抗药动学: A 、 D 、 M 、 E 。

drug interaction

Page 66: Chapter   3

药效学:1 )协同作用: 1+1 22 )拮抗作用: 1+1 13 )相加作用: 1+1 2

4)无关作用: 1+1 1青 + 链 、 SD+SB 、 庆大 +SB

Page 67: Chapter   3

药动学:A : SB+ 庆大D :血浆蛋白结合率M :戊巴比妥 +其它药E :青霉素 + 丙磺舒

Page 68: Chapter   3

2 、机体因素

5 、病理状态

6、心理因素:安慰剂( placebo )

1 、年龄 2 、性别

4、特异质反应3、遗传因素

Page 69: Chapter   3

长期用药引起的机体反应性变 化

1) Tolerance (耐受性) :

机体对药物反应性降 低

Drug resistance (耐药性)

病原体对药物反应性降 低

Page 70: Chapter   3

依赖性

1 )生理依赖性(成瘾性)

2 )精神依赖性(习惯性)

Page 71: Chapter   3

停药综合征

停药后的反跳现象

(原症状加重)

Page 72: Chapter   3

1.side reaction

2. therapeutic index

3. agonist: full agonist,

partial agonist

4. antagonist : competitive,

non-competitive

5. tolerance

6. resistance

思考题

Page 73: Chapter   3

1 、简述药物的治疗效果和不 良反应2、评价药物药效和安全性指标有 哪些?3 、亲和力、内在活性、激动剂、 拮抗剂。4、从药动学或药效学角度简述药物 相互作用。

简答题

Page 74: Chapter   3