Chapter 3-3,3-4, 3-Chapter 3-3,3-4, 3-55

The Growth of a Young Nation The Growth of a Young Nation

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Manifest Destiny- Manifest Destiny- Occurred in the 1840’s when Occurred in the 1840’s when expansionexpansion fever swept the country fever swept the country

The belief that the United States was ordained The belief that the United States was ordained to expand to the Pacific Ocean and into the to expand to the Pacific Ocean and into the Mexican and Native American Territory.Mexican and Native American Territory.

Land a great attraction for settlers.Land a great attraction for settlers. Merchants and manufacturers sought new Merchants and manufacturers sought new

markers.markers. Many moved after the Many moved after the Panic of 1837,Panic of 1837,when when

banks closed and many lost their money when banks closed and many lost their money when banks closedbanks closed their doors their doors

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Trails WestTrails West Santa Fe Trail- Santa Fe Trail- one of the trails west that one of the trails west that

stretched from Independence, Missouri to stretched from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico.Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Oregon Trail- Oregon Trail- stretched from stretched from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, OregonOregon

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

The Mormon Migration-The Mormon Migration- MormonsMormons founded by founded by Joseph Smith Joseph Smith in in

New York in 1827; the group moved New York in 1827; the group moved several times to escape persecution; several times to escape persecution; Mormons settled in Salt Lake City, UtahMormons settled in Salt Lake City, Utah

Brigham YoungBrigham Young took over leadership of took over leadership of Mormons after an anti-Mormon mob Mormons after an anti-Mormon mob tarred and feathered Joseph Smith.tarred and feathered Joseph Smith.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Texan IndependenceTexan Independence Texas at this time a Mexican territory and Texas at this time a Mexican territory and

Mexico wanted to make the land secure so Mexico wanted to make the land secure so they urged American’s to live in Texas with the they urged American’s to live in Texas with the promise of cheap land. promise of cheap land.

A prominent leader of these colonists was A prominent leader of these colonists was Stephen F. AustinStephen F. Austin..

Cultural issues arose between Mexico and the Cultural issues arose between Mexico and the Americans as the colonists wanted slaves and Americans as the colonists wanted slaves and Mexico had already abolished slavery.Mexico had already abolished slavery.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

In 1833 In 1833 Stephen F. AustinStephen F. Austin traveled to Mexico traveled to Mexico to ask their President, to ask their President, Santa Anna Santa Anna for the for the right for the Americans to govern right for the Americans to govern themselves.themselves.

Santa Anna imprisoned Stephen F. Austin, Santa Anna imprisoned Stephen F. Austin, suspended local powers in Texas; several suspended local powers in Texas; several rebellions broke out which rebellions broke out which led to the Texas led to the Texas Revolution.Revolution.

When Austin returned in 1835 he saw war as When Austin returned in 1835 he saw war as the only recourse or option.the only recourse or option.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

““Remember the Alamo”Remember the Alamo” Lieutenant Lieutenant Colonel William TravisColonel William Travis moved his moved his

men into the men into the AlamoAlamo, a mission and for in San , a mission and for in San AntonioAntonio

Travis believed that control of the Alamo was Travis believed that control of the Alamo was key to Mexico’s advancement North. key to Mexico’s advancement North.

From February 23, 1836 to March 6, 1836 From February 23, 1836 to March 6, 1836 Santa Anna attacked the Alamo. Santa Anna attacked the Alamo. AllAll of its of its defenders defenders were killedwere killed..

March 2, 1836; the Texans declare their March 2, 1836; the Texans declare their independence from Mexicoindependence from Mexico

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Later in March Santa Anna Later in March Santa Anna killed 300 Texans at killed 300 Texans at GoliadGoliad which infuriated the Texans. which infuriated the Texans.

Six weeks after the Texans defeat at the Alamo, Six weeks after the Texans defeat at the Alamo, Sam HoustonSam Houston, leader of the rebels led the Texans , leader of the rebels led the Texans in a victory against the Mexicans at San Jacinto. in a victory against the Mexicans at San Jacinto.

““Remember the Alamo!” Remember the Alamo!” was their battle cry.was their battle cry. Colonists captured Santa Anna and made him Colonists captured Santa Anna and made him

sign the sign the Treaty of Velasco Treaty of Velasco which granted the which granted the Texans independence.Texans independence.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

In 1844 Texas joined the United States; In 1844 Texas joined the United States; this annexation approved by this annexation approved by President President James K. PolkJames K. Polk who was a slaveholder. who was a slaveholder.

Conflict between northern and southern Conflict between northern and southern states as Texas was a slave state. states as Texas was a slave state.

Mexico angered by the Texas Mexico angered by the Texas annexation.annexation.

Conflict with Mexico over Texas’ border.Conflict with Mexico over Texas’ border.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

President James K. Polk tried to President James K. Polk tried to negotiate with Mexico for California and negotiate with Mexico for California and New Mexico to no avail.New Mexico to no avail.

President Polk further angered Mexico by President Polk further angered Mexico by siding with Texas over the border dispute siding with Texas over the border dispute and sent soldiers to cement the and sent soldiers to cement the boundary. A battle that President Polk boundary. A battle that President Polk won. won.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

In 1845, In 1845, John C. FremontJohn C. Fremont led soldiers into led soldiers into Mexico’s California in response Mexican Mexico’s California in response Mexican soldiers killed U.S. soldiers in Texas.soldiers killed U.S. soldiers in Texas.

In 1846, New Mexico fell to the U.S. led by In 1846, New Mexico fell to the U.S. led by Stephen KearnyStephen Kearny; several upper-class New ; several upper-class New Mexicans wanted to join the United States Mexicans wanted to join the United States and New Mexico fell to the U.S. without a and New Mexico fell to the U.S. without a fight.fight.

In June of 1846, American forces led by John In June of 1846, American forces led by John C. Fremont seized California. C. Fremont seized California.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

February 2, 1848- U.S. and Mexico sign February 2, 1848- U.S. and Mexico sign the the Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which , which established the Rio Grande as the established the Rio Grande as the boundary with Texas and ceded New boundary with Texas and ceded New Mexico and California to the U.S. Mexico and California to the U.S.

U.S. paid 15 million to Mexico which U.S. paid 15 million to Mexico which included present-day California, Nevada, included present-day California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming.parts of Colorado and Wyoming.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

The Gadsden Purchase- The Gadsden Purchase- established the established the current borders of the contiguous 48 current borders of the contiguous 48 states.states.

California Gold Rush- California Gold Rush- Gold was Gold was discovered in California.discovered in California.

The world took notice and people moved The world took notice and people moved to California and droves. to California and droves.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Market Revolution-Market Revolution- when people bought and when people bought and sold goods rather than make it for sold goods rather than make it for themselves.themselves.

Buying and selling in the 1840’s rose more Buying and selling in the 1840’s rose more than it had in previous decades.than it had in previous decades.

The quickening pace coincided with the The quickening pace coincided with the growth of growth of free enterprisefree enterprise, which is the , which is the freedom of private businesses to operate freedom of private businesses to operate competitively for profit with few government competitively for profit with few government regulations.regulations.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

In their pursuit of profit, businessmen called In their pursuit of profit, businessmen called entrepreneurs invested their money in new entrepreneurs invested their money in new industries. These businessmen stood to industries. These businessmen stood to lose it all if they failed but if they succeeded lose it all if they failed but if they succeeded they stood to gain substantial rewards.they stood to gain substantial rewards.

In 1837, In 1837, Samuel B. Morse Samuel B. Morse patented the patented the telegraph which sent messages in code telegraph which sent messages in code over a wire in a matter of seconds. This over a wire in a matter of seconds. This aided businesses tremendously.aided businesses tremendously.

The Jeffersonian EraThe Jeffersonian Era

The The Market Revolution Market Revolution lowered prices, lowered prices, produced better goods, improved produced better goods, improved transportation and communication. transportation and communication.

The North became more industrialized.The North became more industrialized. The South agricultural.The South agricultural.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Lowell Textile Mills- Lowell Textile Mills- A mill in Lowell, A mill in Lowell, Massachusetts; owners wanted women Massachusetts; owners wanted women workers as they could pay them lower workers as they could pay them lower wages than men. Lowell was a hard place wages than men. Lowell was a hard place to work and the owners had little sympathy to work and the owners had little sympathy for their workers.for their workers.

Strikes at Lowell- workers organized a Strikes at Lowell- workers organized a strikestrike, or work stoppage to protest work , or work stoppage to protest work conditions but the strikes were all to no conditions but the strikes were all to no avail. avail.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Immigrants came to the U.S. in droves from Immigrants came to the U.S. in droves from Europe between 1830 and 1860. Europe between 1830 and 1860.

Many Irish immigrants fled to the U.S. after Many Irish immigrants fled to the U.S. after the the Great Potato Famine led to mass Great Potato Famine led to mass starvation.starvation.

The Irish immigrants faced discrimination as The Irish immigrants faced discrimination as they were Roman Catholic, and because of they were Roman Catholic, and because of their willingness to work as cheap labor.their willingness to work as cheap labor.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Amidst growing labor unrest trade unions Amidst growing labor unrest trade unions joined together to form the joined together to form the National Trades’ National Trades’ UnionUnion. Their efforts were first hampered by . Their efforts were first hampered by courts stating their strikes were illegal.courts stating their strikes were illegal.

In 1842, the workers received a break as In 1842, the workers received a break as the Massachusetts Supreme Court the Massachusetts Supreme Court supported the workers right to strike in the supported the workers right to strike in the case of case of Commonwealth v. Hunt.Commonwealth v. Hunt.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

A A spiritual awakeningspiritual awakening swept the nation after swept the nation after 1790; this movement emphasized individual 1790; this movement emphasized individual responsibility for salvation, and that people responsibility for salvation, and that people could improve themselves and society.could improve themselves and society.

These religious ideas closely linked to These religious ideas closely linked to ideas of ideas of Jacksonian democracyJacksonian democracy that that stressed the importance and power of the stressed the importance and power of the common person. common person.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

The The Second Great Awakening- Second Great Awakening- Widespread Widespread Christian that lasted from the 1790’s to the 1830’s.Christian that lasted from the 1790’s to the 1830’s.

Primary Forum was the revival meeting which Primary Forum was the revival meeting which would last for days. would last for days.

UnitariansUnitarians- growing religious group that stressed - growing religious group that stressed the faith in the individual.the faith in the individual.

Unitarian Minister Unitarian Minister Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson developed a policy ofdeveloped a policy of transcendentalism, transcendentalism, which which emphasized that truth could be discovered by emphasized that truth could be discovered by observing nature and relating it to your religious observing nature and relating it to your religious experience.experience.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

African-American slaves heard the same African-American slaves heard the same sermons and heard the same songs as their sermons and heard the same songs as their masters and interpreted the stories, especially the masters and interpreted the stories, especially the exodus from Egypt, as a promise of freedom.exodus from Egypt, as a promise of freedom.

In the 1820’s In the 1820’s abolitionabolition, a movement to end , a movement to end slavery had taken hold.slavery had taken hold.

William Lloyd Garrison-William Lloyd Garrison- radical white abolitionist radical white abolitionist established the Liberator, an anti-slavery paper established the Liberator, an anti-slavery paper which demanded immediate emancipation.which demanded immediate emancipation.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Frederick Douglass- Frederick Douglass- escaped from bondage escaped from bondage who became an outspoken critic of slavery. who became an outspoken critic of slavery.

Douglass was sponsored by Garrison who Douglass was sponsored by Garrison who believed that slavery should be abolished by believed that slavery should be abolished by any means necessary. Douglass wanted any means necessary. Douglass wanted slavery abolished without violence. slavery abolished without violence.

Douglass began his own paper, the Douglass began his own paper, the North North StarStar..

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

The number of slaves owned varied throughout The number of slaves owned varied throughout the south. Most worked as house servants, farm the south. Most worked as house servants, farm hands, or in the fields. hands, or in the fields.

Some states allowed slaves to be Some states allowed slaves to be manumittedmanumitted, or , or enabled them to purchase their freedom. enabled them to purchase their freedom.

Some slaves rebelled against their condition, one Some slaves rebelled against their condition, one of those slaves was of those slaves was Nat TurnerNat Turner, a Virginia slave , a Virginia slave that led a revolt that killed 60 whites. Turner and that led a revolt that killed 60 whites. Turner and many of his followers were later executed.many of his followers were later executed.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

The Turner rebellion frightened slave-owners. The Turner rebellion frightened slave-owners. Some wanted emancipation, others wanted Some wanted emancipation, others wanted to tighten their restrictions on slaves. They to tighten their restrictions on slaves. They even used the Bible to grant validity to their even used the Bible to grant validity to their beliefs.beliefs.

Women at this time also mobilized for reform Women at this time also mobilized for reform by participating in the abolitionist movement, by participating in the abolitionist movement, and they got involved in the and they got involved in the temperance temperance movementmovement, which was a movement to , which was a movement to prohibit the drinking of alcohol. prohibit the drinking of alcohol.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Work for abolition and temperance Work for abolition and temperance accompanied gains in education for women. accompanied gains in education for women.

In the 1800’s more opportunities for women In the 1800’s more opportunities for women arose. arose.

Prudence Crandall- Prudence Crandall- opened a school for girls, opened a school for girls, and African-American girls. Crandall was and African-American girls. Crandall was forced to close this school due to opposition.forced to close this school due to opposition.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott- Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott- abolitionists who fought for women’s rights.abolitionists who fought for women’s rights.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young Nation Nation

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848- Seneca Falls Convention of 1848- attended by attended by more than 300 women. These women wrote a more than 300 women. These women wrote a resolution stating that women should have the resolution stating that women should have the right to vote. right to vote.

African-American Women found it difficult to African-American Women found it difficult to gain recognition of their problems. gain recognition of their problems.

Sojourner Truth- Sojourner Truth- former slave who spoke at a former slave who spoke at a women’s convention in 1851 that Black women women’s convention in 1851 that Black women were not weak and that they were feminine. were not weak and that they were feminine.

The Growth of a Young The Growth of a Young NationNation