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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development Development Through the LifespanThrough the Lifespan

Chapter 2Chapter 2Biological andBiological and

EnvironmentalEnvironmental

FoundationsFoundations

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Genotypes and PhenotypesGenotypes and Phenotypes

GenotypeGenotypeGenetic make-up Genetic make-up of an individualof an individual

PhenotypePhenotypeObservable Observable characteristics of characteristics of an individualan individual

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Genetic FoundationsGenetic Foundations

ChromosomesChromosomes – – store store and transmit genetic and transmit genetic informationinformation

GenesGenes – – segments of segments of DNA located along the DNA located along the chromosomeschromosomes

DNADNA – – substance of substance of which genes and which genes and chromosomes are chromosomes are mademade

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Chromosomes, Cells, and Sex: Chromosomes, Cells, and Sex: TerminologyTerminology

AutosomesAutosomes The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are notnot sex chromosomes sex chromosomes

Sex Sex ChromosomesChromosomes

23rd pair of chromosomes23rd pair of chromosomes Determines sexDetermines sex XX = female, XY = maleXX = female, XY = male

GametesGametes Sex cells: sperm and ovaSex cells: sperm and ova

ZygoteZygote Sperm and ovum unitedSperm and ovum united


TwinsTwins

Fraternal/DizygoticFraternal/Dizygotic two zygotes, or fertilized two zygotes, or fertilized

ovaova

Identical/MonozygoticIdentical/Monozygotic one zygote that divides one zygote that divides

into two individualsinto two individuals

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Chromosomal AbnormalitiesChromosomal Abnormalities

Down SyndromeDown Syndrome problems with the problems with the

twenty-first twenty-first chromosomechromosome

Sex chromosome Sex chromosome abnormalitiesabnormalities problems with the X problems with the X

or Y chromosomesor Y chromosomes

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Reproductive ChoicesReproductive Choices

Genetic counselingGenetic counseling

Genetic testingGenetic testing

Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicineand fetal medicine

AdoptionAdoptionRubberBall Productions


Reproductive TechnologiesReproductive Technologies

Donor inseminationDonor insemination In vitro fertilizationIn vitro fertilization Surrogate motherSurrogate mother New technologiesNew technologies

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Genetic CounselingGenetic Counseling

Helps couples:Helps couples: assess chances of hereditary assess chances of hereditary

disordersdisorders choose best course of actionchoose best course of action

risksrisks family goalsfamily goals

Recommended when:Recommended when: couple has had difficultiescouple has had difficulties aware of genetic problemsaware of genetic problems woman is over 35woman is over 35



Prenatal Diagnostic MethodsPrenatal Diagnostic Methods

AmniocentesisAmniocentesis Chorionic villus samplingChorionic villus sampling FetoscopyFetoscopy UltrasoundUltrasound Maternal blood analysisMaternal blood analysis Preimplantation genetic diagnosisPreimplantation genetic diagnosis



Amniocentesis and Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus SamplingChorionic Villus Sampling

Figure 2.5


AdoptionAdoption

Trends Trends international adoption international adoption older childrenolder children developmental issues developmental issues

Exhibit some difficultiesExhibit some difficulties

Most fare wellMost fare wellStockbyte Royalty Free


Environmental Contexts Environmental Contexts for Developmentfor Development

FamilyFamily Socioeconomic status Socioeconomic status

and family functioningand family functioning AffluenceAffluence PovertyPoverty Neighborhoods, towns, Neighborhoods, towns,

and citiesand cities Cultural contextCultural contextCorbis Royalty Free


Family Influences Family Influences on Developmenton Development

DirectDirect two-person relationshipstwo-person relationships

IndirectIndirect third partiesthird parties

Adapting to changeAdapting to change changes from within changes from within

and outside the familyand outside the family RubberBall Productions


Socioeconomic Status (SES)Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Social statusSocial status years of educationyears of education job prestige and skill job prestige and skill

requiredrequired

Economic statusEconomic status incomeincome

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Socioeconomic Status Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioningand Family Functioning

Timing and duration of family life Timing and duration of family life cyclecycle

Values and expectationsValues and expectations Education, status of womenEducation, status of women Communication and discipline Communication and discipline

stylesstyles Children’s cognitive Children’s cognitive

developmentdevelopment

Family Life


Risks of AffluenceRisks of Affluence

Alcohol and drug useAlcohol and drug use

AnxietyAnxiety

DepressionDepression

Unavailable parentsUnavailable parents overscheduledoverscheduled demandingdemanding

Unavailable parentsUnavailable parents overscheduledoverscheduled demandingdemanding

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The Importance of Regularly The Importance of Regularly Eating Dinner as a FamilyEating Dinner as a Family

Figure 2.6


Who Is Poor?Who Is Poor?

12.5% in United States12.5% in United States parents under age 25 with parents under age 25 with

young childrenyoung children elderly living alone, especially elderly living alone, especially

womenwomen ethnic minoritiesethnic minorities womenwomen childrenchildren

Senior Lifestyles


HomelessnessHomelessness

23% of homeless are families with 23% of homeless are families with children children

majority with children under age 5majority with children under age 5 poor school attendancepoor school attendance health issueshealth issues developmental delaysdevelopmental delays


Benefits of Strong Community Benefits of Strong Community Ties for Children and AdultsTies for Children and Adults

Social interaction, activitiesSocial interaction, activities Cooperation to provide clean, Cooperation to provide clean,

safe environmentsafe environment Participation in important Participation in important

taskstasks Mutual assistanceMutual assistance

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Extended FamiliesExtended Families

Three or more generations Three or more generations living togetherliving together

More common in many More common in many minority culturesminority cultures

BenefitsBenefits reduces stress of povertyreduces stress of poverty assistance for all generationsassistance for all generations emotional bonds, supportemotional bonds, support

Senior Lifestyles


Individualist and Individualist and Collectivist SocietiesCollectivist Societies

IndividualistIndividualistPeople define People define

themselves as themselves as separate from other separate from other people.people.

Largely concerned Largely concerned with personal needs with personal needs and goals.and goals.

CollectivistCollectivistPeople define People define

themselves as part themselves as part of a group.of a group.

Stress group goals Stress group goals over individual over individual goals.goals.


GeneticGenetic––Environment Environment CorrelationCorrelation

Passive correlationPassive correlation

Evocative correlationEvocative correlation

Active correlationActive correlation niche-pickingniche-picking

Absolute Family

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