chapter 29: civil rights
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Chapter 29: Civil Rights. The Segregation System. 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: “ separate but equal” Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races (public facilities). Challenging Segregation in the Courts (1950’s). NAACP challenges Jim Crow Laws - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 29: Civil Rights
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The Segregation System
• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: “separate but equal”
• Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races (public facilities)
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Challenging Segregation in the Courts (1950’s)
NAACP challenges Jim Crow Laws
Focused on segregated public education
• Places team of law students under Thurgood Marshall
- wins 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court
1st African-American on Supreme Court
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Brown v. Board of Education
• Marshall’s greatest victory is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
• In 1954, the Supreme Court unanimously strikes down school segregation
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Reaction to the Brown Decision
• Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate
• White Citizens Councils boycotts businesses that support desegregation --- KKK reappears
• Court hands Brown II, orders the acceleration of desegregation
• Eisenhower refuses to enforce compliance; considers it impossible
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Crisis in Little Rock• Gov. Orval Faubus has
National Guard turn away black students at Little Rock High School
• Elizabeth Eckford faces abusive crowd when she tries to enter school
• Eisenhower has National Guard paratroopers supervise school attendance
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Little Rock, Arkansas - 1957
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott• 1955 NAACP officer
Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat on bus
• Black citizens organize bus boycott and eventually win
• 1956 – Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation
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Martin Luther King & The SCLC King calls his brand of nonviolent resistance “soul force” - civil disobedience, massive demonstrations
-Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) - Join Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC)
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SNCC and Sit-Ins- Influenced by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to use sit-ins (lunch counter)
• First sit-in at Greensboro, NC Woolworth’s on TV (Feb. 1960)- Students were beaten, food thrown at them but refused to strike back
• Late 1960, lunch counters desegregated in 48 cities in 11 states
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Freedom Riders1961, CORE tests Court decision banning
interstate bus segregation Freedom riders—blacks, whites sit, use station
facilities togetherRiders brutally beaten by Alabama mobs; one
bus firebombed
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Arrival of Federal Marshalls• Alabama officials didn’t
protect riders from mobs• Newspapers throughout
nation denounce beatings• JFK sends 400 U.S.
marshals to protect riders • Interstate Commerce
Commission Act: - ban segregation in all
interstate travel facilities
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Integrating Ole Miss University• 1962, federal court rules
James Meredith may enroll at U of Mississippi
• Governor Ross Barnett refuses to let Meredith register
• JFK orders federal marshals to escort Meredith to registrar’s office
• Federal officials accompany Meredith to classes, protect his parents
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Kennedy Takes a Stand• June 1963, JFK sends troops to force Gov.
Wallace to desegregate University of Alabama• 3 Civil Rights Workers killed in Mississippi
“Mississippi Burning”
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Marching to Washington• August 1963, over 250,000 people converge on
Washington• Speakers demand immediate passage of civil
rights bill• King gives “I Have a Dream” speech
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Church Bombing• September 1963, 4 Birmingham girls killed
when a bomb is thrown into church.
• The person who threw the bomb was never caught.
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The Selma Campaign• 1965, Movement to
register black voters in Selma, Alabama
• King leads 600 protest marchers; TV shows police violently stop them
• Second march, with federal protection, swells to 25,000 people
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Malcolm XMember of the Nation of
Islam, Black Muslims, advocate blacks separate from whites
- believed whites were the source of black problems
Malcolm X - controversial
Muslim leader, speaker; gets much publicity
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Ballots or Bullets?• Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s
attitude toward whites (he becomes a Sunni Muslim)
• Splits with Black Muslims; is killed in 1965 while giving speech
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Black PowerCORE, SNCC become
more militant; SCLC pursues traditional tactics
Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for Black Power:
- African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites Tommy Smith
&John Carlos
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Black PanthersBlack Panthers fight police brutality, want
black self-sufficiencyPreach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent
confrontations with policeProvide social services in ghettos, win
popular support
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Civil Rights Legislation
Civil Rights Act of 1964 - prohibits discrimination because of race, religion, gender
Voting Rights Act of 1965- increases black vote in South
Civil Rights Act of 1968 Prohibits discrimination in housing More black students finish high school, college; get better jobsGreater pride in racial identity leads to Black Studies programs