CHAPTER 29

The Civil Rights Era

NAACP:NationalAssociation for theAdvancement ofColored People

Plessy v. FergusonSeparate but equal1896

Thurgood Marshall:Chief lawyer for the NAACP

Brown v. Board of Education

Began integration in the schools

Little Rock, Arkansas…1957The Little Rock Nine

Little Rock governor Orval Faubus opposed integration

President Eisenhower...

Sent hundreds of soldiers to patrol the school grounds and protect the students.

When did Rosa Park refuse to give up her seat on the bus?

December 1, 1955(lasted 1 year)Boycott: A refusal to use-the city’s buses75% of riders were AfricanAmerican

Vocabulary

boycott – the refusal to use city buses

segregation – the separation of people of different races.

integration – the bringing of races together in public schools

civil disobedience – the refusal to obey laws that are considered unjust

He followed tactics of:A. Phillip Randolph

and Gandhi (nonviolent protest)

Who assassinated him?James Earl Ray in Memphis

Famous speech: I have a dream…***He became the leader of the civil rights movement.

S C L CSouthern Christian Leadership Conference

started by King and 60 ministers – non violent protest

Mohandas Gandhi…..He used nonviolent protestto help India gain independence from Great Britain.civil disobedience:The refusal to obey the ways that are considered unjust.

Richard Nixon

John Kennedy

Section 2

35th presidentU.S. Navy –WW II

U.S. Senator 1946/Mass.Wrote Profiles in Courage (about difficult decisions made by past U.S. senators)

New FrontierFirst Catholic President of the U.S.

RepublicanVice President under EisenhowerParticipated with Kennedy in 1st televised debates(He looked sickly)Nixon – 49.5% Kennedy

49.7%Kennedy more electorial votes 303/219

Kennedy – 49.7%Nixon – 49.5%

New Frontier

Social programsMore money for educationHelp poor people get jobsHelp African Americans fight for civil rights

The Assassination…

November 22, 1963Dallas, TexasLee Harvey OswaldOswald killed by Jack Ruby

Kennedy’s Vice President:Lyndon Johnson

“Great Society”

W AR

ON

POVERTY

22 years in Congress

Head Start

Upward Bound -

Job Corps

VISTA - Volunteers in Service to America

Preschool educationHelped poor kids attend college

Training to young people who want work

HUDDepartment of Housing and Urban Development

Helped fund public housing projects

Civil Rights Act of 1964Prohibited discrimination against African Americans in employment, voting, and public accommodations.

Medicare: helped pay for medical care for senior citizensMedicaid: helped poor people pay hospital bills and people with disabilities

Section 3

The Struggle Continues

Sit Ins: The act of protesting by sitting down

SNCC

tudent

onviolentoordination

ommittee

A group of African Americans and white CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) left D.C. bound for New Orleans called themselves…..

FREEDOM RIDERSInterstate buses- buses that crossed state lines

Robert Kennedy, U.S. attorney general ……Called for a “cooling off period”

“We have been cooling off for 350 years . If we cool off any more, we will be a deep freeze.”

James Meredith

1st African American to enroll at the University of Mississippi

Gov. George Wallace at the University of Alabama

The Children’s March happened in Birmingham, Alabama.Dr. King and the SCLC chose B’ham for the desegregation protest. President Kennedy sent 3,000 troops to restore peace. He presented new legislation giving all Americans…..

Right to be served in public places Barring discrimination in employment

March on Washington, D.C. 200,000 people / Dr. King

President Johnson: Civil Rights Act of 1964 which ended segregation in….. restrooms, stores, restaurants, theaters, and hotels

Selma march to Montgomery in 1964 President Johnson signed the…..

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Malcolm X: a leader in the Nation of Islam (or Black Muslims), emerged as a new voice for African Americans.First belief – blacks should separate themselves from whites..Later believed – “A society in which there could exist white-black brotherhood.”

They brought tensions between African Americans/police…..frustrated with poverty and unemployment

Assassinated…

April 4, 1968

By… James Earl Ray

In… Memphis, TN

Group packet work for section 4