Chapter 28

Cold War and a New Cold War and a New Western World, Western World,

1945 - 19651945 - 1965

p. 885

Development of the Cold War

Differing historical perspectives Power politics Soviets concerned about its western borders United States unwilling to give up its new power

and prestige Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments

were entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary

Confrontation of the Superpowers

Truman Doctrine, March 12, 1947 Civil war in Greece and Turkey

Marshall Doctrine, June 1947, European Recovery Program $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe Soviet view

George Kennan and containment Soviets dismantle and remove factories Blockade of Berlin, 1948-1949 Germany separated, 1949

West German Federal Republic, September German Democratic Republic, October

Communist win Chinese civil war, 1949 Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, 1949 Military alliances

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949 Warsaw Pact, 1955

p. 889

p. 890

p. 890

Map 28-1, p. 891

Globalization of the Cold War

Korean War North Koreans invaded the south, 1950 Chinese intervene when UN troops approach the border Uneasy truce, 1953 Presidency of Dwight Eisenhower, 1952-1960

Policy of massive retaliation Central Treaty Organization Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971), leader of Soviet Union Berlin Crisis ICBM missile and Sputnik I launched Berlin Wall, 1961

President John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) Summit meeting in Vienna

p. 892

Chronology, p. 893

The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Move toward Détente Fidel Castro (b. 1927)

Overthrows Fulgencio Batista, 1959 Established a communist regime

Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961 Discovery by US of missile bases being built President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade

of Cuba Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying

missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba

Europe and the World: Decolonization Africa: The Struggle for Independence

Kwame Nkrumah; Convention People’s Party Jomo Kenyatta; Kenya African National Union French in North Africa

Granted full independence to Morocco and Tunisia in 1956 Guerrilla war in Algeria

South Africa African National Congress Apartheid Nelson Mandela

Ghana was the first to gain independence, 1957 Others followed

Portuguese gave up Angola and Mozambique, 1975

p. 895

Map 28-2, p. 896

Conflict in the Middle East

Emergence of new independent states Arab League, 1945 Zionists wanted Palestine for a homeland After World War II sympathy grew for the Jews President Truman approves the idea of an

independent Jewish state within Palestine Israel proclaimed a state, May 14, 1948 The move angers the Arab states Palestine Liberation Organization formed in 1964

Yasir Arafat (b. 1929) June 5, 1967, the Six Day War begins

Map 28-3, p. 898

Asia: Nationalism and Communism Philippines granted independence, 1946 India

Muslims and Hindus Divided between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, January 30,

1948 British grant independence to Ceylon (Sri

Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar) French efforts to keep Vietnam

Map 28-4, p. 899

p. 902

Chronology, p. 903

China Under Communism

Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) Mao Zedong (1893-1976)

Victory in 1948 Chiang Kai-shek goes to the Island of Taiwan Collectivization of all farmland and most industry

and commerce nationalized, 1955 Great Leap Forward, 1958 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976

Red Guards

Recovery and Renewal in Europe

The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev Stalin’s method for the recovery of the Soviet Union By 1947 The Soviet Union had attained pre-war levels Very few consumer goods produced Stalin continued his iron rule until his death in 1953 Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)

Ends the forced labor camps Condemns Stalinist programs There seem to be a loosening of restraint Encourages rebellion in satellite nations

Rebellions will be crushed Agricultural setbacks Industrial decline

Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain In 1945 Soviet Union occupied all of the Balkans Communist governments were under the control of the

Soviet Union Albania and Yugoslavia were the exceptions

Albania had a Stalinist type regime, but became more and more independent

Josip Broz, Tito, took control of Yugoslavia Eastern European countries followed the Soviet pattern

Five year plans Farm collectivization

Khrushchev’s Rule Khrushchev interferes less with the satellite countries Rebellion in Poland

Wladyslaw Gomulka , 1956, elected first secretary Poland follows its own socialist plan

Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain: Hungary & Czechoslovakia Hungary, 1956

This time dissent was directed at communism as well Dissatisfaction and economic problems creates tense

situation Imry Nagy (1896-1958) declares Hungary free, November 1,

1956 Promises free elections Soviet Union attacks Budapest, November Janos Kadar (1912-1989) replaced Nagy

Czechoslovakia, 1968 Antonin Novotny (1904-1975) Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992), “socialism with a human

face” Initiated reforms Reform crushed by the Warsaw Pact

Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy Europe recovered rapidly from World War II Marshall Plan money was important to the recovery France: The Domination of De Gaulle

Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) Feels he has mission to reestablish the greatness of France

Algerian crisis Defeat in Indochina Fifth Republic, 1958

Powers of the President enhanced Invested heavily in the nuclear arms race Economic growth Student riots, May 1968 Resignation of de Gaulle, April 1969 

Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the Economy West Germany: A New Nation?

Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) Reconciliation with France Resurrection of the economy Adenauer succeed by Ludwig Erhard.

Great Britain: The Welfare State Clement Atlee (1883-1967)

British Welfare State Meant dismantling of the British Empire

Continued economic problems Italy

Christian Democrats

p. 906

Chronology, p. 907

Western Europe: The Move toward Unity European Coal and Steel Community European Economic Community

(Common Market)

p. 907

American Politics and Society in the 1950s Influence of the New Deal

New Deal influence continued by Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson

Prosperity of the 1950’s McCarthyism and the “Red Scare”

An Age of Upheaval: America in the 1960’s & Lyndon Johnson Great Society War on Poverty Job Corps Department of Housing and Urban Development Civil Rights Act, 1964 Voting Rights Act, 1965 Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968)

Southern Christian Leadership Conference Assassinated, 1968

Malcolm X Summer of 1965 Antiwar protests

Kent State University, 1970

p. 909

Development of Canada

Economic development Military concerns

Supports the United Nations NORAD

Postwar Society

The Structure of European Society Middle class joined by new group of white

collar workers Further urbanization Rising income Mass tourism

Patterns Old and New: Women in the Postwar Western World Participation in the workforce declines until

end of 1950s “Baby boom”

Birth control Increased employment in the 1960s Feminist Movement: The Quest for Liberation

Right to vote Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986)

The Second Sex, 1949

p. 911

p. 911

p. 911

Revolutions: Sexual & Student

Permissive Society Sexual revolution Breakdown of the traditional family Drug culture

Education and Student Revolt Higher education becoming more widespread Problems

Overcrowding Professors who paid too little attention to students Authoritative administrators Seemingly irrelevant education

Student strikes in France, 1968 Protest Western society and the war in Vietnam

Revolutions: Sexual & Student Continued Postwar Art

Abstract Expressionism Postwar literature

Samuel Beckett Albert Camus

Existentialism

Religion Karl Barth

The Explosion of Popular Culture

Culture as a Commodity Mass consumer society

Americanization of the World Movies, music, advertising, and television

British Broadcasting Corporation Rock-and-roll Beatles Elvis Presley

p. 914

p. 915

p. 916

Timeline, p. 918

Discussion Questions

What was the reasoning behind the ending of colonial holdings?

What changes in the Eastern European countries took place under Khrushchev?

Was the problem in post-Colonial India more politically or religiously based?

Why would France not become the third super power that De Gaulle wanted?

What societal changes, especially in the US, took place in the 1970’s?