Chapter 27: The Path Chapter 27: The Path of Empire of Empire

1890-18991890-1899

Imperialist Strings Imperialist Strings

►Reverend Josiah Strong- Reverend Josiah Strong- Our Country: Its Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis Possible Future and Its Present Crisis Inspired missionaries to travel to foreign Inspired missionaries to travel to foreign

nations nations

►Social Darwinism- earth belongs to Social Darwinism- earth belongs to strong & fitstrong & fit

►Alfred Thayer Mahan- Alfred Thayer Mahan- The Influence of The Influence of Sea Power upon HistorySea Power upon History Control of the sea is key to world dominanceControl of the sea is key to world dominance

Monroe’s Doctrine Monroe’s Doctrine

►Gold discovered in contestedGold discovered in contestedarea between Venezuela area between Venezuela

& British Guiana & British Guiana ► US declared that BritishUS declared that British

were violating Monroe were violating Monroe DoctrineDoctrine

► Britain rejected relevanceBritain rejected relevanceof Monroe Doctrineof Monroe Doctrine

► US willing to go to war US willing to go to war ► Britain chose not to fight warBritain chose not to fight war

Effects of Venezuelan Effects of Venezuelan ConflictConflict

►Prestige of the Monroe Doctrine was Prestige of the Monroe Doctrine was enhancedenhanced

►Latin American countries pleased by Latin American countries pleased by determination of US to protect them determination of US to protect them

►““Great Rapprochement”- reconciliation Great Rapprochement”- reconciliation between the United States & Britainbetween the United States & Britain Became a cornerstone of foreign policies Became a cornerstone of foreign policies

for both nations for both nations

Hawaii Hawaii

► 1820- first missionaries in Hawaii 1820- first missionaries in Hawaii ► Profits of sugar cultivation became less Profits of sugar cultivation became less

profitable under McKinley Tariff of 1890profitable under McKinley Tariff of 1890 US wanted to annex Hawaii US wanted to annex Hawaii

►Queen Liliuokalani insisted against annexation Queen Liliuokalani insisted against annexation ►Overthrown in 1893 by white Overthrown in 1893 by white

RevolutionistsRevolutionists► Cleveland withdrew treaty to annex Cleveland withdrew treaty to annex

Hawaii Hawaii

Cubans Rise in Revolt Cubans Rise in Revolt

► Cuban sugar profit became less profitable w/ Cuban sugar profit became less profitable w/ Tariff of 1894Tariff of 1894

► Cubans revolted against Spanish in 1895Cubans revolted against Spanish in 1895► American sympathies went to CubaAmerican sympathies went to Cuba

US had investment & annual trade stake in CubaUS had investment & annual trade stake in Cuba► Cubans sent to reconcentration camps Cubans sent to reconcentration camps

where they were treated poorlywhere they were treated poorly► 1896- Congress passes resolution that 1896- Congress passes resolution that

recognized belligerence of revolted Cubansrecognized belligerence of revolted Cubans Cleveland refused to budge Cleveland refused to budge

MaineMaine Explosion Explosion

►““Yellow JournalismYellow Journalism”” Presents little or no well-researched news, Presents little or no well-researched news,

uses eye-catching headlines to sell more uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapersnewspapers

►Caused Americans to think conditions in Caused Americans to think conditions in Cuba were worse than they actually were Cuba were worse than they actually were

►American ship American ship MaineMaine blew up in Havana blew up in Havana port (Feb. 1898)port (Feb. 1898) American journalists claimed Spain had sunk itAmerican journalists claimed Spain had sunk it War w/ Spain was imminent War w/ Spain was imminent

War Begins War Begins

►Madrid had agreed to US 2 demands: end of Madrid had agreed to US 2 demands: end of reconcentration camps & armistice w/ reconcentration camps & armistice w/ Cuban rebelsCuban rebels

►McKinley did not want war, but American McKinley did not want war, but American people did people did

► April 1898- McKinley sends war message to April 1898- McKinley sends war message to CongressCongress

► Teller Amendment-Teller Amendment- proclaimed that when proclaimed that when the U.S. had overthrown Spanish misrule, it the U.S. had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cubans their freedom would give Cubans their freedom

Start of War Start of War

►Americans went to war enthusiastically Americans went to war enthusiastically ►Army numbered only 2100 officers and Army numbered only 2100 officers and

28,000 men 28,000 men 200,000 Spanish troops in Cuba 200,000 Spanish troops in Cuba

►Spanish navy in wretched condition Spanish navy in wretched condition Thousands of miles from home Thousands of miles from home

Victory at ManilaVictory at Manila

►Theodore Roosevelt (assistant navy Theodore Roosevelt (assistant navy secretary) ordered Commodore secretary) ordered Commodore George Dewey to descend upon George Dewey to descend upon Spain’s Philippines in event of war Spain’s Philippines in event of war

►May 1, 1898- Dewey attacks & May 1, 1898- Dewey attacks & destroys 10 ship Spanish fleet at destroys 10 ship Spanish fleet at Manila Manila

►““Battle of Manila Bay” Battle of Manila Bay”

Unexpected Imperialistic Unexpected Imperialistic EffectsEffects

►Foreign warships gathered in Manila Foreign warships gathered in Manila harborharbor

►US captured Manila in August 1898US captured Manila in August 1898►Focused attention on HawaiiFocused attention on Hawaii

Needed archipelago to send supplies & Needed archipelago to send supplies & reinforcements to Dewey reinforcements to Dewey

►Congress passed joint-resolution to annex Congress passed joint-resolution to annex Hawaii Hawaii Approved by McKinley, July 1898Approved by McKinley, July 1898

►Residents of Hawaii granted US citizenshipResidents of Hawaii granted US citizenship

Confused Invasion of Cuba Confused Invasion of Cuba

►Spanish government sent fleet of Spanish government sent fleet of warships to Cuba after outbreak of warwarships to Cuba after outbreak of war Blockaded by more powerful American Blockaded by more powerful American

fleetfleet

►General William ShafterGeneral William Shafter led American led American forces sent to drive out the Spanish forces sent to drive out the Spanish Ill-prepared for war in the tropicsIll-prepared for war in the tropics

Rough RidersRough Riders► Regiment of volunteersRegiment of volunteers► Consisted largely of western cowboys (& ex-polo Consisted largely of western cowboys (& ex-polo

players, ex-convicts)players, ex-convicts)► Commanded by Colonel Leonard WoodCommanded by Colonel Leonard Wood► Organized principally by Theodore Roosevelt, Organized principally by Theodore Roosevelt,

lieutenant colonel lieutenant colonel ► Fought in El Caney & San Juan Hill Fought in El Caney & San Juan Hill

Curtains for Spain in AmericaCurtains for Spain in America

►Spain’s fleet is defeated in Santiago, Spain’s fleet is defeated in Santiago, Santiago surrenders Santiago surrenders

►General Nelson Miles began descent General Nelson Miles began descent upon Puerto Ricoupon Puerto Rico Met w/ little resistanceMet w/ little resistance Saw Americans as liberating heroes Saw Americans as liberating heroes

►Several men lost lives to sickness Several men lost lives to sickness (typhoid fever) during war (typhoid fever) during war

McKinley: Duty, Destiny & McKinley: Duty, Destiny & DollarsDollars

►Spanish & American negotiators met in Spanish & American negotiators met in Paris to begin peace discussionsParis to begin peace discussions

►Americans secured Guam & Puerto RicoAmericans secured Guam & Puerto Rico►Philippines presented McKinley w/ a Philippines presented McKinley w/ a

problemproblem Arguments for and against annexation?Arguments for and against annexation?

►America agrees to pay Spain $20 million America agrees to pay Spain $20 million for The Philippines for The Philippines

““Curse” of Empire Curse” of Empire

►Anti-Imperialistic League-Anti-Imperialistic League- sprang into sprang into being to fight McKinley’s imperialistic being to fight McKinley’s imperialistic motivesmotives

►William Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan Ratified treaty in order to give Filipinos Ratified treaty in order to give Filipinos

their independence their independence

Perplexities in Puerto Rico & Perplexities in Puerto Rico & Cuba Cuba

►Foraker Act of 1900-Foraker Act of 1900- Congress granted Congress granted Puerto Ricans a limited degree of Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government popular government 1917- grants them US citizenship 1917- grants them US citizenship

► Insular CasesInsular Cases►Platt Amendment-Platt Amendment- replaces Teller replaces Teller

Amendment, ensured US involvement Amendment, ensured US involvement in Cuban affairsin Cuban affairs US could intervene w/ troopsUS could intervene w/ troops

New Horizons in Two New Horizons in Two HemispheresHemispheres

►Spanish-American war lasted only 113 Spanish-American war lasted only 113 daysdays

►US prestige as a world power US prestige as a world power increasedincreased

►““splendid little war” splendid little war” ►US became full-fledged Far Eastern US became full-fledged Far Eastern

powerpower