chapter 27 lecture - oakparkusd.org€¦ · chapter 27 empire and expansion, 1890–1909 ... •...

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Chapter 27

EmpireandExpansion,1890–1909

Presented by:

Mr. Anderson, M.Ed., J.D.

I.AmericaTurnsOutward– Manydevelopmentsfednation'sambitionforoverseasexpansion:• FarmersandfactoryownerslookedbeyondAmericanshoresasagriculturalandindustrialproductionincreased

• ManybelievedAmericahadtoexpandorexplode:– Country bursting fromgrowth inpopulation, wealth, andproductive capacity

• “Yellowpress” describedforeignexploitsasmanlyadventures

• MissionarieslookedoverseasinspiredbyJosiahStrong'sOurCountry:ItsPossibleFutureandItsPresentCrisis

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I.AmericaTurnsOutward(cont.)

• AggressiveAmericansinterpretedDarwinismtomeanearthbelongedtostrongandfit—i.e.,U.S.A.—

– Theodore Roosevelt and HenryCabotLodge– America would have tobecomean imperial power tosurvive inaworld ofaggressive imperial industrial powers

• Developmentofasteelnavyfocusedattentionoverseas:– Supported byCaptain Alfred ThayerMahan's TheInfluence ofSeaPowerupon History, 1660-1783

– Mahan arguedcontrol of seas =key toworld dominance

– America'snew internationalinterestmanifesteditselfinseveralways:


• BigSisterpolicy:– Pushed bySecretaryofState JamesG.Blaine– Aimed to rally LatinAmerica nations behind U.S.leadership– As well asopenLatin American markets toU.S.exports– Blaine presided over firstPan-American Conference (1889):

» Modest beginnings of important series of inter-Americanassemblages

• CrisesmarkedpathofU.S.diplomacyinlate1880sandearly1890sasU.S.A.becameincreasinglyassertiveabroad:

– American andGerman navies nearlycametoblows in 1889overSamoan Islands inSouth Pacific

– Lynchingofeleven Italians in NewOrleans (1891)broughtAmerica and Italy tobrinkofwar


– American demands onChile afterdeath oftwo American sailors in1892inport ofValparaiso madehostilities between twocountries seem likely

– Argument between United StatesandCanada over seal hunting nearPribilof Islands, off coastofAlaska

• SeriesofcrisesbetweenUnitedStatesandGreatBritainin1895-1896:

– Border dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela:» Richard Olney, SecretaryofState, became involved, topoint ofalerting USnavalpower

» Cleveland urgedCongress foracommission todrawborder betweenBritish Guiana andVenezuela

» Sober second thoughts onboth sides helped avoidwar– GreatRapprochement—reconc il iation between United StatesandGreatBritain becamecornerstone ofboth nations' foreign policies as1900sdawned

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II.Spurning theHawaiianPear

• Hawaiianearlyattraction forAmericans:– WaystationandprovisioningpointforYankeeshippers,sailors,andwhalers

– In1820earlymissionariesarrivedpreaching:• ProtestantChristianity• Protectivecalico

– Hawaiibecamemajorcenterforsugarproduction– AmericanscametoregardHawaiiasanextensionofU.S.coastlineandwarnedotherpowersaway

II.Spurning theHawaiianPear(cont.)

• McKinley Tariff (1890):• RaisedbarriersagainstHawaiiansugar• WhiteplantersrenewedeffortstosecureU.S.annexationofHawaii

• Blockedbystrong-willedQueenLiliuokalani:– Insisted native Hawaiians should control the islands

• In1893,afewwhites,withopenassistanceofU.S.troops,toppledHawaiiangovernment

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IISpurning theHawaiianPear(cont.)

• TreatyofannexationrushedtoWashington,butstoppedbypresidentialchangeinUnitedStates:

– President Cleveland abruptly withdrew treaty– Commission later determined mostHawaiian nativesopposed annexation

• HawaiianpearcontinuedtoripenuntilUnitedStatesacquireditsoverseasempirein1898(seeMay27.1)

Map 27-1 p611

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III.CubansRiseinRevolt

• Cuba's massesroseagainstSpanishoppressors in1895:– Rootsofrevoltpartlyeconomic:

• SugarproductioncrippledbyAmericantariff(1894)thatrestoredhighduties

• Cubansadoptedascorched-earthpolicy:– Insurrectos torched canefields andsugar mills; dynamitedpassenger trains

– Destructive tacticsmenaced American interests on island

III.CubansRiseinRevolt(cont.)

– AmericanssympathizedwithCubanunderdogs:• Americanbusinessinvestmentsof$50millioninCuba• Annualtradeof$100million• Possibilityofmuch-anticipatedPanamaCanal

– FueladdedbyarrivalofSpanishgeneral“Butcher”Weyler:• Heundertooktocrushrebellion:

» Byherding many intobarbed-wire reconcentration camps» Where theycould notgiveassistance toarmed insurrectos» Poor sanitation causednumerous Cuban deaths


– Atrocitiesredmeatforsensational“yellowjournalism” ofHearstandPulitzer

– Early in1898WashingtonsentbattleshipMainetoCubafor“friendlyvisit”:• ActuallytoprotectandevacuateAmericans

– February 15,1898: Maine mysteriously exploded inHavanaharbor with loss of260sailors

– Two investigations resulted:» Spaniards concluded explosion hadbeen internal andpresumably accidental

» Americans arguedblast caused byamine

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– U.S.Navyadmiral H.G.Rickover in1976 confirmed originalSpanish findings

• Americansin1898embracedtheirexplanation:– Washington demanded andSpain agreed to:

» An end to reconcentration camps» An armistice with Cuban rebels

• McKinleyinajam:– Didnotwant hostilities, butneither didhewant Spain to remain inpossession ofCuba

– Healsodid notwant afully independent Cuba, overwhichUnited Statescould exercisenocontrol

– “Wobby Willie” recognized inevitable, gave thepeople whattheywanted


• HealsoacknowledgedAmerica'scommercialandstrategicinterestinCuba:

– OnApril 11,1898, McKinley sent warmessage toCongress– Urgedarmed intervention to freeoppressed Cubans– Legislators responded uproariously with what wasessentially adeclaration ofwar

– Theyalso adopted hand-tying Teller Amendment—» Proviso proclaimed thatwhen U.S.A.hadoverthrownSpanish misrule, itwould giveCubans freedom

» Declaration caused imperialistic Europeans tosmileskeptically

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IV.Dewey'sMayDayVictoryatManila

• American people wenttowarlightheartedly• Declaration ofwar, February25,1898

• Beforedeclaration,whileNavySecretaryJohnLongawayfromoffice,AssistantSecretaryRooseveltacted:

– Cabled Commodore GeorgeDewey todescend upon Spain'sPhilippines ineventofwar

– President McKinley confirmed Roosevelt's instructions– Deweycarried outorders magnificently onMay1,1898 (seeMap27.2)

Map 27-2 p613

IV.Dewey'sMayDayVictoryatManila(cont.)

– OnAugust13,1898,long-awaitedAmericantroopsarrived:• AllowedDeweytocompleteactionsagainstSpanish• AssistedbyEmilioAguinaldoandFilipinoinsurgents• ManilaepisoderenewedU.S.focusonHawaii:

– Joint resolution ofannexation rushed through Congress– Approved byMcKinley on July7,1898

– Granted Hawaiian residents U.S.citizenship– Hawaii received full territorial status in1900

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V.TheConfused InvasionofCuba

• InvasionofCuba:• SpanishgovernmentorderedfleettoCuba• PanicseizedeasternseaboardofUnitedStates• Spanish“armada” landedinSantiagoharbor,Cuba:

– Where itwas blockaded bypowerful American fleet– General William R.Shafter sent toassist

• RoughRiders,partofinvadingarmy,chargedontostageofhistory

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V.TheConfused InvasionofCuba(cont.)

– RoughRiders:• Volunteers,mostlywesterncowboysandotherhardycharacters

• CommandedbyColonelLeonardWood• Organizedmainlybyglory-chasingTheodoreRoosevelt• OnJuly1atElCaneyandKettleHill,ColonelRooseveltandhishorselessRoughRiderscharged

• Shafter'smenhavinglandednearSantiagonowspelleddoomforbadlyoutgunnedSpanishfleet

• AfternavalbattleonJuly3,Spanishsurrendered(seeMap27.3)

Map 27-3 p615

V.TheConfused InvasionofCuba(cont.)

– SpainonAugust12,1898,signedarmistice– IfSpaniardshadheldonalittlelongerinCuba,Americanarmymighthavemeltedaway:• Malaria,typhoidfever,dysentery,andyellowfeverbecamesoseverethathundredsofAmericansincapacitated–“anarmyofconvalescents”

• Othersufferedfromeatingfetidcannedmeat• Alltold,nearlyfourhundredmendiedfromfighting• morethan5,000diedfrombacteriaandothercauses

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VI.America'sCourse(Curse?)ofEmpire

– 1898SpanishandAmericannegotiatorsmetinParis:• CubafreedfromitsSpanishoverlords• AmericanssecuredPacificislandofGuam• SpaincededPuertoRicotoUnitedStatesaspaymentforwarcosts:

– Ironically, last remnantofSpain's NewWorld empire became first territory everannexed toUnited Stateswithout expresspromise ofeventual statehood

– Puerto Rican interactions with U.S.A.(see“Makers ofAmerica: ThePuerto Ricans”)

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VI.America'sCourse (Curse?) ofEmpire(cont.)

– KnottiestofallwaswhattodowithPhilippines:• Containedethnicallydiversepopulationofsevenmillion

• McKinleyfearedFilipinosnotreadyforindependenceandthatanotherimperialpowermighttakeislands

• McKinleyincreasinglythoughtaboutoptionof:» Acquire all thePhilippines» Thenperhaps giveFilipinos freedom later

• ProtestantmissionariessoughttomakeconvertsfromSpanishCatholicism

• WallStreetclamoredforpossibleprofitsinPhilippines

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– McKinleydecidedoutrightannexationofislands:• QuestionofwhattodoaboutManilasinceitwastakenafterarmisticesigned

• DeadlockbrokenbyU.S.A.agreeingtopaySpain$20millionforPhilippineIslands—lastgreatSpanishhaulfromNewWorld

• SigningofpactofParistouchedoffoneofmostimpassionedforeign-policydebatesinAmericanhistory


• Debateabout American national identity?– Unlikeearliercontiguouscontinentalexpansion,

• Philippinesadistanttropicalarea• ThicklypopulatedbyAsiansofadifferentculture,tongue,andgovernmentinstitutions

• Debateoverannexation?– Opponents: would dishonor andultimately destroy America'svenerable commitments toself-determination andanticolonialism

– Proponents: would continue glorious history ofexpansion thathadpushed American civilization toPacificandbeyond


– Anti-Imperialist League:• SprangintobeingtofightMcKinley'sexpansionistmoves:

• IncludedmanyprominentAmericans,incl.presidentsofHarvardandStanford,andMarkTwain

• LaborleaderSamuelGompersandAndrewCarnegie

– Anti-imperialistsraisedmanyobjections:• Filipinosthirstedforfreedom:

– Toannex them would violate “consent of thegoverned”--Declaration of Independence andConstitution

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• Despotismabroadmightbegetdespotismathome• Imperialismcostlyandunlikelytoturnaprofit• WouldpropelUnitedStatesintopoliticalandmilitarycauldronofEastAsia

– Imperialistsrespondedwithappealstopatriotism,“civilizingmission,” andpossibletradeprofits

– Despiteheatedprotests,SenateapprovedParistreatywithjustonevotetospareonFeb.6,1899

– U.S.A.nowofficiallyanempire

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VII.PerplexitiesinPuertoRicoandCuba

• StatusofPuerto Rico anomalous—– Neitherastatenoraterritory– Littleprospectofeventualindependence– ForakerAct(1900)accordedPuertoRicoalimiteddegree ofpopulargovernment

– CongressgrantedU.S.citizenshipin1917,• Withheldfullself-rule

– AnnexationofPuertoRicoposedthornylegalproblem

VII.PerplexitiesinPuertoRicoandCuba(cont.)

– InsularCases(startin1901):• PuertoRicans(andFilipinos)subjecttoAmericanrule,butdidnotenjoyallAmericanrights

– CubaunderU.S.leadershipwroughtmiraclesinmanyareasofCubanlife,esp.publichealth

– UnderTellerAmendment,UnitedStateswithdrew fromCubain1902

– CubansrequiredtoincludePlattAmendmentintotheir1901constitution

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VII.PerplexitiesinPuertoRicoandCuba(cont.)

• Platt Amendment:• ServedMcKinley'sultimatepurposeofbringingCubaunderAmericancontrol:

– “Plattism” survives as term ofderision inmodern-day Cuba

• Cubansforcedtoagree:– Not toconclude treaties thatmight compromise independence– Not to takeon debtbeyond resources (asU.S.A.determined)

– ThatUnited Statesmight intervene with troops to restoreorder when U.S.A.saw fit

– Tosell or lease coaling ornaval stations; ultimately twoandthenonly one (Guantánamo) totheir powerful “benefactor”

VII.PerplexitiesinPuertoRicoCuba(cont.)

– UnitedStatesabrogatedamendmentin1934– UnitedStatesstilloccupies28,000-acreCubanbeachheadatGuantanamounderanagreementthatcanberevokedonlybyconsentofbothparties(seeChap.33)

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VIII.NewHorizonsinTwoHemispheres

– Spanish-AmericanWarkindofcolossalcoming-outparty:• Warshort(113days)andcasualtieslow• WarsosuccessfulthatSecretaryofStateJohnHaycalledita“splendidlittlewar”

• Americanprestigerosesharply:– Europeans grudgingly accorded Republic more respect

• Britain,France,RussiaandothergreatpowersupgradedlegationsinWashington,D.C.

VIII.NewHorizonsinTwoHemispheres (cont.)

• ExhilaratingnewmartialspiritthrilledAmerica• JohnPhilipSousa,popularmilitarymarchingbandmusic

• MostAmericansdidnotstartwarwithconsciouslyimperialisticmotives

• SecretaryofWarElihuRootestablishedgeneralstaffforarmyandfoundedWarCollegeinWashington

• Oneofmost beneficial results wasfurtherclosing of“bloody chasm” between NorthandSouth

VIII.NewHorizonsinTwoHemispheres (cont.)

• Newlyimperial nation notyetprepared topayfull billfornew status

• BytakingPhilippines, United Statesbecame afull-fledged FarEasternpower:– Distantislandslaterbecamea“heelofAchilles,”indefensiblehostagetoJapan'sexpansion

• Americans assumedcommitments theyprovedunwilling todefendwith appropriate navalandmilitary outlays

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IX.“LittleBrownBrothers”inthePhilippines

– DisappointedFilipinos:• AssumedwouldbegrantedfreedomafterSpanish-AmericanWar

• HoweverU.S.A.:– Excluded Filipinos frompeacenegotiations with Spain– Made clear its intention tostay inPhilippines indefinitely

• BitternesstowardAmericantroopseruptedonFebruary4,1899,underEmilioAguinaldo

• UnitedStatesdeployed126,000troops10,000milesawaytofightnativesusingguerrillatacticsinjungle

• NowFilipinosviewedasdangerousenemy

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IX.“LittleBrownBrothers” inthePhilippines (cont.)

– Shiftcontributedtomounting“racewar”:• Bothsidesperpetratedatrocities:

– “Water cure” forcedwaterdown victims throats until theyyielded information or died

– Americans built reconcentration camps– Americans brokebackofFilipino insurrection in 1901withcaptureofAguinaldo

• Brutalwarclaimed4,234Americandeadandasmanyas600,000Filipinos

– WilliamTaftbecamegovernorin1901:helatercalledFilipinoshis“littlebrownbrothers”

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IX.“LittleBrownBrothers” inthePhilippines (cont.)

– McKinley's“benevolentassimilation” proceededslowly:• Washingtonspentmillionstoimprovethecountry,butitwasill-received

• FilipinoshatedcompulsoryAmericanizationandpinedforliberty

• FinallygrantedfreedomonFourthofJuly,1946andmanymigratedtoU.S.A.(see“MakersofAmerica:TheFilipinos”)

X.HingingtheOpenDoorinChina

• AfterChina's defeatbyJapanin1894-1895– ImperialisticEuropeanpowers—RussiaandGermany—movedin

– GrowinggroupofAmericansviewedvivisectionofChinawithalarm:• Churchesworriedaboutmissionarystrongholds• MerchantsfearedEuropeanswouldmonopolizeChina'smarkets

• ThereweredemandsthatWashingtondosomething:– SecretaryofStateJohn Haydecided onadramaticmove

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X.HingingtheOpenDoorinChina (cont.)

– OpenDoornote:dispatchedbyHayin1899toallgreatpowers• Urgedthemtoannouncethatintheirleaseholdsorspheresofinfluence,theywouldrespect:

– Certain Chinese rights– Idealof fair trade

– Hayhadnot bothered toconsult Chinese

• PhraseOpenDoor– Quickly caughtAmerican public's fancy– Caused muchsquirming in leading capitals ofworld:

» Though allgreatpowers saveRussia, with its designs onManchuria, eventually agreed to it

X.HingingtheOpenDoorinChina(cont.)

• PatrioticChinesedidnotcaretobeusedasadoormatbyWesternpowers

– In1900 agroup, the“Boxers,” broke loose with cry“Kill ForeignDevils” inBoxer Rebellion:

» Murdered more than200 foreigners and1,000s ofChineseChristians

» Besieged foreign diplomatic community in capitalBeijing (Peking)» Multinational rescue forceof18,000 soldiers arrived andquelledrebellion

» Included several thousand American troops dispatched fromPhilippines toprotectU.S.rights under 1844TreatyofWanghia(seeChap. 18)and tokeepOpen Doorpropped open

X.HingingtheOpenDoorinChina(cont.)

– ResultsofBoxerRebellion:• Chineseassessedanindemnityof$333million:

– American share was $24.5million– Since thatwas more thannecessary, U.S.A.remitted $18million foreducation ofChinese students inU.S.A.

– Initiative to further westernization ofAsia

• SecretaryHayreleasedanothersetofnotesin1900:– Henceforth OpenDoor would embrace territorial integrity ofChina, inaddition tocommercial integrity

– Incorporated into Nine-Power Treatyof1922; later violated byJapan's takeoverofManchuria in1931 (see Chap.31)

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XI.ImperialismorBryanismin1900?

– McKinleyrenominatedbyRepublicansin1900because:• Wonwarandacquiredrichrealestate• Safeguardedgoldstandard• Broughtpromisedprosperity• Theodore(“Teddy”)Roosevelt(TR)selectedasvicepresidentialcandidate

– WilliamJenningsBryanodds-onchoiceofDemocrats,meetinginKansasCity:• PlatformproclaimedparamountissueasRepublicanoverseasimperialism

XI.ImperialismorBryanismin1900?

– Campaign:• McKinleyagaincampaignedsafelyfromfrontporch• Brianagaintooktostumpincycloniccampaign• Rooseveltout-BryanedBryan,touringcountrywithrevolver-shootingcowboys:

– Hedenounced all dastards who would haul down Old Glory

– Electionresults:– McKinley triumphed bymuchwider margin than1896: 7,218,491 to6,356,734 popular votes

– 292 to155electoral votes

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XI.ImperialismorBryanismin1900?(cont.)

– VictoryforRepublicans:• Notamandatefororagainstimperialism• Iftherewasamandate,itwasfortwoPs:

– Prosperity andprotectionism

• NewYorkbosseslookedforwardtowatchingnettlesomeRoosevelt“taketheveil”asvicepresident

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XII.TR:BrandisheroftheBigStick

– McKinleymurderedinSeptember1901byderangedanarchistinBuffalo,N.Y.

– Rooseveltassumedpresidencyatage42,youngestpresidentthusfar:• RoughRiderwithhigh-voltageenergy• Preachedvirilevirtues• Denouncedpacifistic“flubdubs” and“mollycoddles”• Ardentchampionofmilitaryandnavalpreparedness• Petproverb,“Speaksoftlyandcarryabigstick,[and]youwillgofar”

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XII.TR:BrandisheroftheBigStick(cont.)

– Lovedpeopleandmingledwithallranks:• FromCatholiccardinalstoprofessionalprizefighters

– “TR” commandedidolatrouspersonalfollowing– Believedpresidentshouldleadboldly– Hadnorealrespectfordelicatechecksandbalancesamongthreebranchesofgovernment

– President,hefelt,maytakeanyactioningeneralinterestnotspecificallyforbiddenbyConstitution

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XIII.BuildingthePanamaCanal

– Rooseveltappliedhisenergytoforeignaffairs:• Spanish-AmericanwarreinvigoratedinterestinacanalacrossCentralAmericanisthmus

• BattleshipOregon,stationedonPacificCoast,tookweekstosteamaroundSouthAmericatojoinU.S.fleetinCubanwaters

• AcanalwouldmakeiteasiertodefendPuertoRico,Hawaii,andPhilippines

• AlsofacilitateoperationsofU.S.merchantmarine• Initialobstacleslegalratherthangeographical:

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XIII.BuildingthePanamaCanal(cont.)

– Under Clayton-Bulwer Treatywith Britain in1850, U.S.A.could not secure exclusivecontrol over isthmian route

– Focused on rising Germany, Britain yielded toU.S.A.– Consented toHay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901):

» GaveUnited States freehand tobuild acanal» Conceded right to fortify itaswell

• Whereshouldcanalbebuilt?– American experts favored route acrossNicaragua– Agents ofold FrenchCanal Companyeager tosalvage costlyfailure atS-shaped Panama

– Philippe Bunau-Varilla ofNew PanamaCompany droppedprice from$109 million to$40million

– Congress (1902)decided onPanama route


– Columbiarejectedofferof$10millionandannualpaymentof$250,000forzoneacrossPanama

– Rooseveltrailedagainstthosewhofrustratedhisambitions

– ImpatientPanamaniansripeforanotherrevolt:• Countedonprosperitytofollowconstructionofcanal• FearedUnitedStateswouldturntoNicaraguanroute


• Bunau-Varilladisturbedbyprospectoflosingcompany's$40million

• SohehelpedincitearebelliononNovember3,1903• U.S.navalforcesthenpreventedColombiantroopsfromcrossingisthmustoquelluprising

• RooseveltmovedrapidlytomakePanamaavirtualoutpostofUnitedStates

– Threedays afterinsurrection, heextended recognition

– Fifteen days laterBunau-Varilla signed Hay-Bunau-VarillaTreaty inWashington

» Priceofcanal left same» Zonewidened fromsix to tenmiles

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– Frenchcompanypocketed $40million fromU.S.Treasury

• TRdidnotactivelyplottotearPanamafromColumbia:– Conspirators knew ofhis angrily expressed views– Counted on himtousebig stick tohold Columbia atbay

– His involvement did leave impression hehadbeenparty tointrigue

– Thus so-called rapeofPanama markeduglydownward lurchinU.S.relations with LatinAmerica


• Constructionbeganin1901:– Daunting difficulties from labor troubles to landslides tolethaltropical diseases

– Colonel William C.Gorgas:» Quiet anddetermined exterminator ofyellow feverinHavana

» Ultimately made CanalZone “assafeasahealth resort”– Atcostof$400million, autocratic WestPoint engineer, ColonelGeorgeWashington Goethals, ultimately brought project tocompletion in1914, just asWorld War I started

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XIV.TR'sPerversionofMonroe'sDoctrine

– LatinAmericandebtdefaultspromptedRoosevelttogetinvolved:• VenezuelaandDominicanRepublicchronicallyinarrearstoEuropeancreditors

• GermanybombardeddelinquentVenezuelain1903• RooseveltfearedGermansorBritishmightremaininLatinAmerica,inviolationofMonroeDoctrine

• RooseveltCorollarytoMonroeDoctrine:brazenpolicyof“preventiveintervention”

XIV.TR'sPerversionofMonroe'sDoctrine(cont.)

• AnnouncedthatineventoffinancialtroublesinLatinAmerica,U.S.A.would:

– Takeovercustomhouses– Payoffdebts– KeepEuropeans onother side ofAtlantic

• NooutsiderscouldpusharoundLatinAmericans,exceptUncleSam,PolicemanofCaribbean

– Becameeffective in1905 when U.S.A.tookover tariffcollection inDominican Republic

• TR'srewritingofMonroeDoctrinedidmoretopromote“BadNeighbor” policy:

XIV.TR'sPerversionofMonroe'sDoctrine(cont.)

• Usedtojustifywholesaleinterventionsandrepeatedlandingsofmarines

– Turned Caribbean intoa“Yankee lake”

• ToLatinAmericans,itseemedlikeacloakbehindwhichU.S.soughttostranglethem

• ShadowofbigstickfellonCubain1906:– Revolutionary disorders brought appeal fromCubanpresident; U.S.Marines landed, tobewithdrawn in 1909

– SeenbyLatinAmericans ascreeping power ofColossus ofNorth

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XV.RooseveltontheWorld Stage

• Roosevelt chargedinto international affairs:– OutbreakofwarbetweenRussiaandJapan(1904):• Russiawantedaccesstoice-freeportsofChina'sManchuria,particularlyPortArthur

• ToJapan,ManchuriaandKoreaintsaristhandswerepistolspointedatJapan'sstrategicheart

• Japaneserespondedin1904withdevastatingsurprisepounceonRussianfleetatPortArthur

• AdministeredhumiliatingseriesofbeatingstoineptRussians

XV.RooseveltontheWorld Stage(cont.)

• FirstseriousmilitarysetbacktoamajorEuropeanpowerbyanon-EuropeanforcesinceTurkishinvasionsof1500s

• TokyosecretlysoughtU.S.helptosponsorpeacenegotiations

• Roosevelthappytooblige:– AtPortsmouth, NewHampshire, 1906, TRguided warring partiestosettlement that satisfied neither side and left Japanese, whofelt theywon war, resentful:

» Japan forced todrop itsdemands foracash indemnity andRussian evacuation ofSakhalin Island

• TRreceivedNobelPeacePrize(1906)forhisnegotiationsbetweenRussiaandJapan

XV.RooseveltontheWorld Stage(cont.)

• PriceofhisdiplomaticgloryhighforU.S.foreignrelations

• U.S.relationswithRussiasouredwhentheyaccusedTRofrobbingthemofmilitaryvictory

– Revelations of savagemassacres ofRussian Jews furtherpoisoned American feelings against Russia

• Japanfeltcheatedoutofitsduecompensation• Bothnewlypowerful,JapanandAmericabecamerivalsinAsia,asfearandjealousybetweenthemgrew(seeThinkingGloballysection)

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XVI.JapaneseLaborersinCalifornia

– PacificCoastfelteffectsofRusso-JapaneseWar:• JapaneseimmigrantspouredintoCalifornia• Only3%ofstate'spopulation,whiteCaliforniansstillrantedaboutnew“yellowperil”

• Showdowncamein1906:– SanFrancisco's school boardordered segregation ofChinese,Japanese, andKorean students in special school to freemorespace forwhites

– Started international crisis as Japan regarded action as insult– War talk sizzled onbothsides ofPacific

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Map 27-4 p631

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XVI.JapaneseLaborersinCalifornia (cont.)

• RooseveltinvitedmayorandboardofeducationtoWhiteHouseandeventuallybrokereddeal:

– Californians repealed school order– Tokyoagreed tostop flow of laborers toAmerican mainland bywithholding passports

– Becameknown as“Gentlemen's Agreement” (1907-1908)

• TRdidnotwantJapantothinkU.S.A.fearedJapan• Roosevelt'sdramaticschemetosendentirebattleshipfleetonhighlyvisiblevoyagearoundworld:

– Latein 1907, sixteen sparkling-white, smoke-belching battleshipsstarted fromVirginia

– Commander declared hewas ready for“a feast,a frolic, ora fight”

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XVI.JapaneseLaborersinCalifornia (cont.)

– GreatWhite Fleet received tumultuous welcomes inLatinAmerica, Hawaii, NewZealand, andAustralia

– Overwhelming reception in Japanhigh point of trip» Tens of thousands of schoolchildren, waving tinyAmerican flags, sang “TheStar-Spangled Banner”

– U.S.A.signed Root-Takahira agreement with Japan in1908:» Pledged both powers to respect eachother's territorialpossessions inPacific

» And touphold Open Door in China– Formoment, two powers found ameans topeace

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chapter 27 lecture - oakparkusd.org€¦ · chapter 27 empire and expansion, 1890–1909 ... •...

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