chapter 27 america and the world, 1921–1945 america past and present eighth edition divine breen ...
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Chapter 27AMERICA AND THE WORLD,
1921–1945
America Past and PresentEighth Edition
Divine Breen Fredrickson Williams Gross Brand
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry
1920s: American diplomacy permeated by a sense of disillusionment
U.S. refused to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace
Retreat in Europe
U.S. quarreled with former allies over repayment of $10 billion in wartime loans
U.S. never joined the League of NationsU.S. refused recognition of Soviet Union
Cooperation in Latin America
Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substituted cooperation for military coercion
FDR’s "Good Neighbor" policy renounced past imperialism
U.S. continued political, economic domination of Latin America
Rivalry in Asia
1920: Japanese occupied Korea, parts of Manchuria
U.S. Open Door policy blocked Japanese dominance of China
Rivalry in Asia:Washington Conference of 1921
England agreed to U.S. naval equality Japan accepted as third largest naval
powerFour-Power Treaty: Established alliance
among U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France
Isolationism
Depression shifted focus to domestic affairs
Rise of militaristic regimes threatened war– Germany– Italy– Japan
The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality
Most Americans resolved against another meaningless war
1935: Senator Gerald Nye led passage of neutrality legislation – U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited– U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited
1937--Japan invaded ChinaFDR permitted sale of arms to China
War in Europe
FDR approved appeasement of Hitler1938: Hitler seized CzechoslovakiaFDR attempted to revise the neutrality
acts, to give edge to England, FranceJuly, 1939: FDR attacked neutrality actsSeptember, 1939: W.W.II began,
Roosevelt declared the acts in force
The Road to War
U.S. remained at peace 1939–1941Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for
Germany and JapanRoosevelt openly expressed favor for
Allies, moved cautiously to avoid outcry from isolationists
From Neutrality to Undeclared War
1939–1941: FDR sought help for England without actually entering the war
November, 1939: Belligerents may buy U.S. goods on "cash and carry" basis
1940: German occupation of FranceAmerica First forms to protest drift
toward warWhite Committee wanted to aid Britain
From Neutrality to Undeclared War: Increased Aid to England
U.S. greatly increased military spending and began a first-ever peacetime draft
U.S. ships transported war suppliesEventual consensus that a Nazi victory in
Europe would threaten western civilizationLend LeaseU.S. Navy told to shoot submarines on
sight
The Election of 1940
Showdown in the Pacific
1937: Japanese occupation of coastal China
U.S. limited exports to Japan of strategic materials– OIL, STEEL
1940: Japan allied with Germany, Italy Japanese invasion of Indochina
prompted U.S. to end all trade
Showdown in the Pacific:Pearl Harbor
1941: U.S.-Japanese negotiations Japan’s demands
– Free hand in China – Restoration of normal trade relations
U.S. demanded Japanese troops out of China
December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor attackedDecember 8: War declared
Effects
Dec. 8, 1941 – FDR addresses Congress– By that afternoon, Congress votes 388-1 to
declare war on Japan– Germany and Italy declare war days later
2,403 American deaths– 68 civilians– 1,178 wounded– 1,177 dead from USS Arizona alone
Why Would Japan Attack?
No steel or iron trade with U.S.Oil embargo part of trade restrictions
with JapanLimited oil supplies force Japan to
attack quickly
Turning the Tide Against the Axis
December, 1941: Axis on the offensive 1942–1943: U.S., England, Russia
fought to seize the initiative1944–1945: Offensive to crush Axis
Wartime Partnerships
U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill
Soviet Union unsatisfied with allianceSoviet Union often perceives itself alone
in conflictWartime tensions persist after victory
Checking Japan in the Pacific
Two-pronged drive against Japan– Douglas MacArthur led drive through New
Guinea to the Philippines– Chester Nimitz led navy westward from
Pearl Harbor to the Philippines
June, 1942: Victory at Midway launches advance into Japanese-held territories
World War II in the Pacific
Halting the German Blitz
November, 1942: U.S. invaded North Africa
May, 1943: U.S., England invaded Italy– Mussolini fell from power– Slow advance up the Italian peninsula
Summer, 1943: Battle of Stalingrad – Russia defeated Germans– Russia advanced into eastern Europe
Victory
June 6, 1944: Normandy InvasionApril 25, 1945: U.S., Russian
forces met at TorgauMay 7, 1945: Unconditional
German surrender
The Plans
German Bunker
Cross Recognizes Fallen Soldier
World War II in Europe and North Africa
Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific
June 21, 1945: U.S. captured Okinawa, complete control of Pacific, defeat of Japan only a matter of time
May–August: Intense air attacks on JapanManhattan Project offered way to crush
Japan without invasion– August 6: Atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima– August 9: Atom bomb destroyed Nagasaki
August 14: Japan surrenders
The Manhattan ProjectLed by Robert J. OppenheimerOver 600,000 Americans involved in secret
development of Atomic BombEven Truman didn’t know until he became
Pres.
The Ultimate Ultimatum
US warned Japan that it faced “prompt and utter destruction” unless surrendered, which it refused to do
Aug. 6, 1945- Enola Gay dropped atomic bomb named Little Boy over Hiroshima
Almost every building in city collapsed into dust
The shadow of the parapets are imprinted on the surface of the bridge, 2,890 feet (880 meters) south-south-west of the hypocenter. These shadows give a clue as to the exact location of the hypocenter.
3 days later Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki
By end of year- 200,000 ppl dead b/c of injuries and radiation
The smoke stacks of the sprawling Mitsubishi Steel and Armament Works. This plant was located about 2,500 feet (760 meters) downriver from ground zero.
The burns are in a pattern corresponding to the dark portions of the kimono she was wearing at the time of the explosion.
A strap of her bag saves part of her skin from the keloids or tumor-like growths of scar tissue.
Keloids form on the legs of a solider exposed to the radiation 2,950 feet (900 meters) from the hypocenter.
This solider's left side is affected by the thermal radiation. He was about 650 feet (200 meters) from the hypocenter at Hiroshima. Note the line where his cap protected his skin from the thermal effects.
Severe keloids, or scarring, caused by thermal radiation.
Charred remains of a person who was 800 yards from ground zero. This is a result of the thermal waves.
Hiroshima survivors have hypertrophic scar. Think, rubbery, overgrowth of protective skin tissue. Developed in people who had deep flash burns.
Wristwatch frozen in time the moment the bomb exploded on Hiroshima (8:16 a.m.)
Fire storm the covered city blocks.
Shadows burned into a wooden observation tower. This is outlined in chalk by investigators. An air-raid observer had hung up his sword and was taking off his jacket when the bomb exploded.
The Home Front
War ended depression Economy geared for military output
– Automobile factories converted to tank and airplane production
The Arsenal of Democracy
American factories turned out twice as many goods as German and Japanese factories
Scarce goods rationed Income of lowest-paid laborers
increased faster than the rich Income taxes started to affect many
more people and system of payroll deduction occurred
High-savings rate laid basis for postwar prosperity
A Nation on the Move
Wartime migration South and WestEarly marriages, increased birth ratesFamily-related social problems
– Housing shortages– More divorces– Neglected children
A Nation on the Move: Improving Conditions
Women’s income increased 50% African Americans
– Fair Employment Practices Commission to insure equal opportunities in war-related industry
– Surging migration from the rural South– Segregation and discrimination were still problems– Wartime experience laid groundwork for postwar
Civil Rights Movement
Mexican Americans took urban factory jobs
A Nation on the Move: Japanese Internment
120,000 Japanese moved from the West Coast to detention camps
1944: Supreme Court rejected appeal for release
1988: Congress voted indemnity of $1.2 billion for survivors
Japanese American Internment Camps
Win-the-War Politics
Dr. New Deal became Dr. Win-the-War1942: Republican-Southern Democrat
coalition controled Congress1944 election
– FDR dumped VP Henry Wallace because of criticism that he was too radical
– Truman was made VP to attract moderate– FDR won fourth term– Wallace made Secretary of Commerce
The Election of 1944
All Working for the War Effort1942- end of car production for private use
Retooled to produce tanks, planes, boats, command cars
One shipyard produced a Liberty ship (cargo carrier) in 4 days
1944- 18 million workers laboring in war industries, 3 times as many as in 1941– 6 million were women
Rosie the Riveter – image used to attract women to wartime work force
Rationing
= fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for military
Meant to distribute scarce items fairlyHouseholds received ration books w/
coupons to buy meat, shoes, sugar, gas, etc.
Other Efforts
War bonds = Govt. savings notes bought by Amers to help finance WWII
Victory gardens = home projects that raised vegetables
Dr. Seuss’ WWII Cartoons
Appeasement
War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy
Soviets did bulk of fighting against Germany– 300 SU divisions, only 58 U.S. and British
Soviets decided to control Eastern Europe to prevent another German attack
U.S. sought collective security arrangement including the United Nations
Yalta Conference February 1945– Agreement let Soviets control elections in Eastern
Europe– Soviets agreed to enter war against Japan 3
months after Germany surrendered April 12, 1945: death of FDR
The Transforming Power of War
U.S. the most powerful nation on earthUnprecedented economic prosperityFederal government a permanent force
in daily life