Chapter 26 – The West and the World

Text Describes Several Periods of European Expansion

• Crusades • ‘Old’ Imperialism

– Columbus– New World – India

• Explosion of World Trade/Opening of Foreign Markets 1815-1880

• New Imperialism 1880-1900 – Asia and Africa

• [This Chapter Focuses on the Last Two]

Part I. Explosion of World Trade

Why was there an Explosion of International Trade (headed by Europe) in the 19th Century?

• Better transportation– Steam ship/Tramp Liners

• Protectionism in Europe – Europeans Erected High tariffs, so traders looked to Foreign Markets – Think economic nationalism (Friedrich List) – Europeans trade more and more with India, Australia, China,

America

• Suez and Panama Canals• Telegraph cables under the sea

Panama Canal

Part II. Three Models of European Expansion in Late 19th Century

•Expansion into Sparsely Populated Lands

•Expansion into Densely Populated Lands- Forced Trade

•Expansion into Densely Populated Lands- Political Rule

First Model Expansion into Sparsely Populated Lands

• Countries– Australia – Americas

• Railroad Makes it Feasible to Live in these Lands – Refrigeration cars on railroads, for

example

Second Model- Expansion into Densely Populated Lands - Forced Trade

• Countries– China– Japan

China

• Traditionally isolated – Letter to a Barbarian King – Restrictions on European trade in China

• Only silver • Highly regulated trade • Creates an unfair balance of trade for European nations

• British and the Opium War – Chinese want Opium/ British smuggle it in – Chinese gov’t protests – creates a ‘free trade’ excuse for war– British whoop the Chinese

• Indian troops

– Humiliating Treaty of Nanking • Opium trade is legalized• Hong Kong is British trade headquarters

• Chinese Reaction– Turn deeper into cultural isolation

Japan• Isolated • ‘gunboat diplomacy’

– Commodore Matthew Perry

– Continuation of U.S. Manifest Destiny

• Japanese Reaction– Meiji Restoration

• Adopt at least most effective parts of Western culture

• Remember when I said they are going to beat up on Russia?

A Foreign Trading House in Yokohama

Japan and China were Forced Open, But Never Fully Controlled Directly

• U.S. Open-Door Policy

Third Model Expansion Into Densely Populated Lands- Political Control

• Countries– Most of Africa

– India

– Southeast Asia

– Parts of China

• Why a return to this model? – First, what do I mean, return?

• Old Imperialism meant direct rule

• However, after political revolutions (American, French) this model was largely abandoned for Sphere of Influence Style Economic Imperialism (1815-1880)

– South American liberation

– So why would the Old Imperialism model return to fashion in 1880s?

Why a return to Political Domination?• 1880-1900 • Main reasons for the change:

– Economic: • Indian cotton• South African Gold and Diamonds • made other areas desirable as way-stations and military outposts on the way

(See, Egypt, Suez Canal)• If you hold important diamond mines in South Africa, you need to have the

lands around to protect them. • What if there are diamond mines in… Botswana???

– New Technologies • Maxim and Quinine and the steam boat

– New Nationalism• Conservative Politicians can Use Imperialism to Distract Their Domestic

Mobs From Internal Problems• War with a guaranteed victory• The Jungle Book…. Craze of interest in Imperialism • People of all classes liked it…

Maxim Machine

Gun Quinine

• (Cont.)– Social Darwinism- provided a

justification• Spread Christianity

• Civilize barbaric cultures

– Keeping up with the Joneses

Egypt

• Set the Model for New Political Imperialism of the 1880s- 1900s

• Suez had become vitally important • Egyptian leadership tried to westernize

– Did, but at the expense of its peasants• Cash crop farming

– Borrowed money from Europeans to build railroads, telephone lines, etc.

– When it can’t pay the debt…???

• When Egyptians protested growing British control (rioting), this allowed the British to move their troops in to ‘restore order’. – They ‘restored order’ from 1880 to about 1956

Who Got What?

Britain Was the Dominant Imperialist

• In 1900 The British Navy Was Twice the Size of Any Other

• Think about the most popular sports in the world– Soccer– Rugby– Cricket

• India is the ‘Jewel in the British Crown” – Forced into a coherent political unit– Kinda like if Europe was conquered and forced under

one government

Imperialism Led to European Conflict

• What happens when two countries see an African or Asian nation as vital to their economic interests?

• Berlin Conference to Settle African Colonial Claims peacefully– No Africans invited– You must ‘meaningfully’ occupy an area to claim it– The rush is on

• Why would Italy and Germany be behind other countries when it came to New Imperialism– Kaiser Wilhem II – “I promise to win for Germany a place in the sun.”

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/China_imperialism_cartoon.jpg

Justifications For Imperialism…

• White Man’s Burden• Social Darwinism • Some Good Things Are Brought to Asia and

Africa– Technology, medicine, best parts of Western

intellectual tradition, science

• Salvation – Save the heathens

• ‘Free’ trade- Adam Smith’s Ideas

Rudyard Kipling’s White Man’s Burden• Take up the White Man's burden--

Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,And work another's gain.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/White_mans_burden_the_journal_detroit.JPG

…and Criticism of Imperialism

• Radical Socialist criticism – Helps only the bourgeois – Lenin held this idea and we are going to see that this is one of the

reasons that when Asian and African empires free themselves from New Imperialism, many are drawn to Communism (China, Vietnam)

• Against western Classical Liberal position (breaks the golden rule)– Remember, Many European Nations Have Just Fought for National

Independence

• Social Darwinism clashes with Christianity– “Blessed are the strong, for they shall conquer the weak?”

Colonial Reaction to Imperialism

• Chinese versus Japanese model • Japan will ultimately serve as a model to Asian anti-

Imperialists– They are often sent to Japan to study

• Europeans often train locals to run their bureaucracies– Puppet governments… – Dangerous, because this introduces natives to Western ideas. Why

dangerous? – Western ideas are largely contradictory to Imperialism

• Natural rights • Nationalism • Popular sovereignty • Romanticism

– This is the origin of independence leaders like Gandhi

Independence Movements• India

– Indian National Congress• Japan

– Meiji Restoration – Its own brand of Imperialism

• Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria • Defeats Russia in 1905• Puts it on a collision course over spheres of influence in Asia

• China – Slower to reform, but eventually did try

• Hundred Days of Reform – China’s inability to reform and deal with foreigners led to chaos

• Boxer Rebellion against foreigners– Eventually Manchu Dynasty is toppled and China is declared a Republic on

the eve of WWI

End of Day #2 Lecture

Case Studies in Imperialism

• The Belgian Congo – Belgium claimed this land, but was having

trouble turning a profit • Ironically, few of the colonies actually did

ultimately return a profit

– The most valuable good in Congo was rubber• Native Congolese were given quotas of rubber to

gather

• If they didn’t meet their quotas….

5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.)

It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

News About the Congo Eventually Leaked Out and Became a cause celèbre in about 1900

Leopold II

South Africa

• Originally colonized by the Dutch during Old Imperialism – Mediterranean climate– Very appealing colony– Key way-station on the pre-Suez route to Asia

• Dutch became known as Boers or Afrikaners

• British eventually wanted the colony as their imperial empire grew and they grabbed it as the Dutch Golden Age was ending (early 19th century)

First Boer War

• British colonists and Boers increasingly came into conflict over land, especially after Diamonds were discovered – De Beers

• From the name of the war, can you guess who won?

The Great Trek

• Boers have to move inland to find farmland outside of British areas

• This brings them into competition with local African tribes

Cecil Rhodes

•Successful British now own Northern and Southern coasts of Africa

•Cecil Rhodes

•Champion of white domination of Africa

•“I contend that we [English] are the finest race in the world and the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race.”

Hansen Name ___________AP Euro

New Imperialism (note-taking guide)

• The Text Describes Several Periods of Expansion – Crusades – ‘Old’ Imperialism

• Columbus• New World • India

– Explosion of World Trade/Opening of ________________________________________

– ___________________________ 1880-1900 • Asia and Africa

– [This Chapter Focuses on the Last Two] Part I. Explosion of World Trade• Why was there an Explosion of International Trade (headed by Europe)

in the 19th Century? – ________________________________

• Steam ship/Tramp Liners – _______________________ in Europe

• Europeans Erected __________, so traders looked to ___________________________

• Think __________________________ (Friedrich List) • Europeans trade more and more with __________,

___________________, China, America – ______________and Panama Canals– ___________________ under the sea

Part II. Three Models of Expansion in the 19th Century • First Model Expansion into Sparsely Populated Lands

– Countries• _________________• _________________

– ___________ Makes it ______________ to Live in these Lands • _____________________ on railroads, for example

• Second Model- Expansion into _____________ Lands - ____________– _____________

• Traditionally isolated – Letter to a Barbarian King - ________________

______________________________________• Restrictions on European trade in China

– ____________________– Highly regulated trade – Creates an ____________________________

for European nations

• British and ________________________ – Chinese want Opium/ ____________________– Chinese gov’t ___________ – creates a

‘__________’ excuse ______________– British _________ the Chinese

» ______________________– Humiliating Treaty of _____________

» Opium trade is legalized» ____________________ is British

trade headquarters • Chinese Reaction

– ____________________________________ – Japan

• Isolated • ‘____________________________’

– Commodore _______________________ – Continuation of U.S. ____________________

• Japanese Reaction– _______________Restoration

» Adopt at least ____________________ Western culture

» Remember when I said they are going to ________________________ ?

– Japan and China were Forced Open, But Never ______________ ___________________________

• U.S. _______________________________________• Third Model Expansion Into Densely Populated Lands- ___________

__________________________________– Countries

• _______________ , India, Southeast Asia, Parts of China– Why a return to this model?

• First, what do I mean, ____________? – Old Imperialism _______________________– However, after political revolutions (American,

French) this model was largely abandoned for _____ ____________________ Style Economic Imperialism (__________________)

» ______________________________• So why would the Old Imperialism model ________________

____________________________________?

• Why a Return to Direct Political Domination? – _____________________– Main reasons for the change:

• Economic: – __________________– South African ____________________– made other areas desirable as way-stations and

military outposts on the way (See, __________ _____________________________)

– If you hold important diamond mines in South Africa, you need to have the _________________ to protect them.

– What if there are ______________________… Botswana???

• New Technologies – ______________________________________

• New Nationalism– Conservative Politicians can Use Imperialism to

_________________________________ From Internal Problems

– War with a ______________________– ___________________________ …. Craze of

interest in Imperialism – People of _________________ liked it…

• Social Darwinism- provided a justification– _______________________– ________________________ cultures

• Keeping up __________________________ • Egypt

– Set the Model for New Political Imperialism of the 1880s- 1900s • ____________ had become vitally important • Egyptian leadership tried to _________________

– Did, but at the expense of _______________– _____________________ farming

• Borrowed money from Europeans to build railroads, telephone lines, etc.

– When it can’t pay the debt…??? __________ _________________________________

– When Egyptians protested growing British control (_________ ), this allowed the British to move their troops in to ‘_________’.

• They ‘restored order’ from _________ to about _______

• Who Got What? – The Sun Never _________ on the ____________________________

• _____________ Was the Dominant Imperialist– In 1900 The ______________ Was ____________ of Any Other– Think about the most popular sports in the world

• __________• __________• _________

– ___________ was the ‘____________________” • Forced into a coherent political unit• Kinda like if _________________________ and forced

under one government• Imperialism Led to European Conflict

– What happens when two countries see an African or Asian nation as ________________________________________?

– ________________ to Settle African Colonial Claims peacefully• No ___________________ invited• You must ______________________ an area to claim it• The _____________ was on

– Why would Italy and Germany be behind other countries when it came to New Imperialism? - ____________________________

• Kaiser Wilhem II • “I promise to win for Germany ___________________.”

• Justifications for Imperialism – White Man’s Burden- __________________________________– Social Darwinism – Some Good Things Were _______________________________

• Technology, medicine, best parts of Western intellectual tradition, science

– ________________________• Save the heathens

– ______________________ - Adam Smith’s Ideas • And Criticisms of Imperialism

– Radical Socialist criticism • Helps only __________________________ • Lenin held this idea and we are going to see that this is

one of the reasons that when Asian and African empires free themselves from New Imperialism, many ______ ____________________________ (_______, ________)

– Against western Classical Liberal position (breaks ________________)• Remember, Many European Nations Have ________for

_________________________________– Social Darwinism clashes with _________________

• “Blessed are _______, for they shall conquer _______?”