chapter 26 the cold war begins section 4 eisenhowers policies
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 26The Cold War Begins
Section 4
Eisenhower’s Policies
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Election of 1952
• Democrat – Adlai Stevenson
• Republican – Dwight Eisenhower
• Eisenhower was a national hero after commanding the D-Day invasion.
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“New Look”
• Eisenhower felt the way to win the Cold War was through a strong military and strong economy.
• Believed the use of atomic weapons was necessary.
• Believed we needed a “New Look” in our defense policy.
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Massive Retaliation
• He wanted to prevent war from happening.
• A policy of massive retaliation was used to threaten the use of nuclear weapons on any Communist state that tried to gain territory by force.
• Result:– Military spending down– Nuclear arsenal spending up
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New Technology
• B-52 Bomber could fly across continents and drop nuclear bombs anywhere in the world.
• Intercontinental ballistic missiles (icbm) and submarines capable of launching nuclear missiles were also created.
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ICBM
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Nuclear Submarine
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The Sputnik Crisis
• October 4, 1957 – Soviets launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.
• Americans felt we were falling behind in missile technology.
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The Sputnik Crisis
• The next year, Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and also passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA).
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Brinksmanship
• Eisenhower’s willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain peace worried some.
• Critics argued, brinksmanship, the willingness to ho to war to force the other side to back down, was too dangerous.
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The Korean War Ends
• Eisenhower threatened the use of nuclear weapons.
• Although there was no victor, it did stop the spread of Communism.
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The Taiwan Crisis
• 1954 – China threatened to take over two islands from the Nationalists.
• Eisenhower threatened the use of nuclear weapons if China tried to invade Taiwan.
• China retreated.
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The Suez Crisis
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The Suez Crisis
• Eisenhower wanted to prevent Arab countries from aligning with the Soviet Union.
• To gain support, U.S. offered to help finance a dam on the Nile River for Egypt.
• Congress forced withdrawal of the offer.
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The Suez Crisis
• Egyptians took control of the Canal to pay for a dam.
• British & French responded by invading the Suez Canal.
• Soviets threatened rocket attacks.
• Through strong American pressure British & French called off their invasion.
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Fighting Communism Covertly
• Eisenhower used covert, or hidden, operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
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Containment in Developing Nations
• CIA operations took place in developing nations, or those nations with mostly agricultural economies.
• Two examples of covert operations that achieved objectives took place in Iran and Guatemala in the 1950s
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Uprising in Hungary
• Covert ops didn’t always work.
• After Stalin died, Nikita Khrushchev became the new leader of the Soviet Union in 1956.
• He delivered a secret speech to Soviet leaders, which was broadcast by the CIA to Eastern Europe.
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Uprising in Hungary
• Eastern Europeans staged riots, and an uprising occurred in Hungary.
• Soviet tanks entered Budapest, and stopped the rebellion.
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Continuing Tensions
• Eisenhower and Khrushchev agreed to a summit in Paris in order to improve relations.
• Khrushchev stopped the summit after the Soviets shot down an American spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers.
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End of Chapter 26
Next: TEST