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CHAPTER 26THE NATION DIVIDES:

THE VIETNAM WAR AND

SOCIAL CONFLICT

1964 –1971

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“I have a dream…”

Martin Luther King, Jr., 1963

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TIMELINE1962 Students for a Democratic Society write the Port Huron Statement1964 Johnson reelected

Civil Rights ActWilderness Act“Freedom Summer” Cassius Clay becomes Muhammad Ali

1965 Selman, Alabama marchGriswold v. ConnecticutU.S. combat troops in Vietnam

1966 Clean Waters ActMiranda v. ArizonaThe first black mayor elected in Cleveland

1967 Riots in black urban areas of Los Angeles, Detroit, Newark

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TIMELINE continued1968 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

The Tet OffensiveThe Pueblo seized by North KoreaHair on BroadwayAmerican Indian MovementErlich’s The Population BombPresident Johnson announces plans not to run for reelectionNixon wins Presidency

1969 Gays at Stonewall Bar fight police raid1970 April 22, the first “Earth Day”

Environmental Protection Agency establishedU.S. invades Cambodia, increased protests

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TIMELINE continued1971 All in the Family premieres

Ellsberg’s Pentagon Papers

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THE NATION DIVIDES Overview

Lyndon Johnson and the Apex of Liberalism

Into War in VietnamThe MovementThe Conservative Response

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LYNDON JOHNSON AND THE APEX OF LIBERALISM

The New PresidentThe Great Society: Fighting Poverty and

DiscriminationThe Great Society: Improving the Quality of

LifeThe Liberal Warren Court

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The New PresidentFrom Texas poverty, to powerful Senator, to

Vice President, Johnson assumes Presidency at Kennedy’s death

Retains Kennedy cabinet and advisersWins reelection in 1964 over conservative

GoldwaterA liberal President with a large mandate and

a liberal Congress

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The Great Society: Fighting Poverty

Johnson’s “War on Poverty”Aid to Families with Dependent ChildrenRaise in Social Security paymentsHead StartElementary and Secondary Education ActThe Job CorpsVolunteers in Service to America

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The Great Society: Fighting Discrimination

The Civil Rights Act of 1964Selma, AlabamaVoting Rights Act

Mississippi’s black voters increases from 7% to 60% in 2 years

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The Great Society: Improving the Quality of LifeMedicare: medical needs for Americans over 65Medicaid: health care for the indigentSurgeon General’s warning on cigarettesNadar and the CorvairThe Environment

Clean Air Act and the Clean Waters ActWild and Scenic Rivers Act and the Wilderness Act

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The Liberal Warren CourtGideon v. Wainwright: right to legal counselEscabedo v. Illionis: right to counsel during

interrogationMiranda v. Arizona: required police to read the

arrested their rightsGriswold v. Connecticut: contraception devices

private choiceLoving v. Virginia: overturns restrictions on

interracial marriage

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INTO WAR IN VIETNAMThe Vietnamese Revolution and

the United StatesJohnson’s WarAmericans in Southeast Asia1968: The Turning Point

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The Vietnamese Revolution and the United States

September 2, 1945: Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam independent of French colonialism

American and Britain support France in its war with the Vietminh

Geneva Accords divide Vietnam temporarily and elections are to be held within 2 years to reunify the country

After the French pull out, U.S. in effort to stave off communism in the south, creates new government headed by Diem.

The National Liberation Front (U.S. labeled Vietcong) Diem assassinated

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Johnson’s WarSecretary of Defense Robert

McNamaraThe Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionMarch 8, 1965: American troops

enter VietnamA guerrilla style war and bombing

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Americans in Southeast AsiaU.S. optimism and miscalculations U.S. troops typically poor, and minorities with less

education than those with those able to obtain deferments

NLF committed and tenacious fightersAlthough the supporting U.S. troops have superior

technology, ambushes and small skirmishes frustrate the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces

March 16, 1968: My Lai

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U.S. Troop and Casualty Levels in Vietnam

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1968: The Turning PointJanuary 30, 1968: The Tet OffensiveNorth Korea seizes U.S. intelligence ship,

PuebloBritish financial collapse and withdrawal

from the Suez CanalMarch 1968: dollars traded for goldMarch 31, 1968: Johnson end to U.S.

escalation of war and negotiations in Paris

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THE MOVEMENTFrom Civil Rights to Black PowerThe New Left and the Struggle Against the WarCultural Rebellion and the CountercultureWomen’s LiberationThe Many Fronts of Liberation

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From Civil Rights to Black Power

White organizers, Schwerner and Goodman, along with black co-worker, Chaney are murdered by KKK

1964’s “Freedom Summer”Malcolm X and the Nation of IslamThe Black Panthers and the summer riots“Black is Beautiful”, black prideBlacks in the political arena

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The New Left and the Struggle Against the WarStudents for a Democratic Society and the

Port Huron StatementFree Speech Movement at BerkeleyThe Fulbright hearings on the warDraft resistanceViolent reactions

Black militants, white radicals, Weather Underground (The Weathermen)

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Cultural Rebellion and the Counterculture

An alternative society disavowing materialism, competition, conformity. Hippies, “mind-expanding” drugs, the

search for new spirituality

The sexual revolutionThe Pill, Roe v. Wade

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Women’s Liberation1966: National Organization for

Women founded1968: Feminists protest at the Miss

America contest“something more than my husband and

my children and my house” Betty Frieden

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The Many Fronts of LiberationChicanos

Cesar Chávez and the farm worker’s unionPuerto Ricans

The Young LordsNative Americans

American Indian Movement Alcatraz, Wounded Knee

Gays and LesbiansStonewall Bar; Gay Liberation Front

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THE CONSERVATIVE RESPONSE

BacklashesThe Turmoil of 1968 at HomeThe Nixon AdministrationEscalating and Deescalating in Vietnam

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BacklashesReactions to minorities militancy,

challenges to traditional gender roles, fear of illicit drugs and their effects, resentment of affluent student protestors, and minority benefits of the Great Society.

Reflected in politics: Nixon, Reagan, George Wallace and on TV with Archie Bunker

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The Turmoil of 1968 at HomeApril 4, 1968: Johnson announces his plans

not to seek reelectionMartin Luther King, Jr. assassinatedRobert Kennedy assassinatedBlack neighborhoods break out in riotViolence at the Democratic Convention in

Chicago

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The Nixon AdministrationLiberal policies on the environment:

DDT bannedThe Environmental Protection AgencyAmendments to the Clean Air and Water ActsThe Endangered Species Act

Anti-war protests plagued the administrationNixon’s “Enemies List”

The Pentagon Papers and the Plumbers

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Escalating and Deescalating in Vietnam

Nixon and national security advisor Kissinger focus on disengagement in Vietnam in order to deal with the Soviet Union and China

Gradual withdrawal from Vietnam accompanied by secret bombings and invasion of Cambodia and Laos

Anti-war protests intensifyKent State: April 30, 1970

U.S. Troops in Vietnam lose moralePeace Accords signed in Paris in 1973