chapter 26
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Chapter 26. The Futile Search for a New Stability: Europe Between the Wars, 1919 - 1939. Timeline. Germany 1920s. Deutschmark 1923. Wait Line Berlin Bakery 1923. Blue Angel (Marlene Dietrich) 1930. An Uncertain Peace: The Search for Security. Weaknesses of the League of Nations - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
An Uncertain Peace: The Search for SecurityWeaknesses of the League of NationsThe French Policy of Coercion (1919 – 1924)
Desire for strict enforcement the Treaty of VersaillesAllied Reparations Commission, April 1921 $33 billionPaid in annual installments of billion gold marksGermany unable to pay in 1922 -- Hyperinflation!
• 3.25 x 106 percent per month 1923 = prices double every two days• (Hungary post WWII: 4.19 x 1016 % per month = double every 15 hrs)
French occupation of the Ruhr ValleyGerman mark fall to 4.2 trillion to $1, end of November 1923 (60 marks per $1 1921)
• 1924: New currency: 1 Rentenmark = 3 trillion old marks
The Hopeful Years (1924 – 1929)Dawes Plan, 1924: Reparations + $ loanTreaty of Locarno, 1925 guarantee Ger. western bordersKellog-Briand Pact: renunciation of war -- 63 countriesCoexistence with Soviet Union
100,000 Marks = $1
10 Million Mark
50 Million Mark
100 Million Mark500 Million Mark
Breadline Nov. 1923
The Great Depression
Problems in domestic economies
International financial crisis
Crash of the American stock market, October 1929
Affects European markets
Unemployment
Social Repercussions
Powerlessness of Governments
The Democratic StatesGreat Britain
Labour Party failed to solve problems
Coalition claimed credit for prosperity
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946): Keynesian Economics• Keynes says the government should create jobs
• Obama: Stimulus Package!!!
FranceWas the strongest power in Europe
Could not solved financial problems
Popular Front
The United StatesHerbert Hoover, (1929-1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt, (1933-1945)• New Deal
• Public works projects
• World War II ends the depression
European States and the World: Colonial Empires
Rising tide of unrest in Asia and AfricaThe Middle East
Division of Ottoman EmpireTurkey
• Colonel Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)
IndiaMohandas Gandhi (1869 – 1948) and Civil Disobedience
AfricaBritain and France awarded German coloniesProtest movements
Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States
TotalitarianismBy 1939 only France and Great Britain are democracies
The modern totalitarian state -- origins in WWI centralization of the state control
• Active commitment of citizens Individual serves the state
• Mass propaganda techniques -- cultural control• High speed communication -- Radio, Movies (News Reels)
• Led by single leader and single party
• Different forms in different countries
Fascist ItalyImpact of World War I
Italians angry over failure to receive territory after World War I (Trieste + South Tyrol, but not Fiume, Dalmatia)
Birth of FascismBenito Mussolini (1883-1945) -- former socialist
• Unsuccessful Elem. Teacher
Fascio di Combattimento (League of Combat), 1919• Latin fasces (It. fascio): “bundle” or “union” -- bundle of
sticks = symbol of “strength through unity” in Roman EmpireGrowth of the Socialist party
• Political stalemate + industrial & agricultural strikes
Squadristi, armed Fascists -- “the Black Shirts”Fascist movement gains support from industrialists (+ middle classes, upper classes, etc.)
• Formula: Anticommunism, Anti-strike, NationalismMarch on Rome, 1922 -- calculated bluff worksMussolini appointed prime minister, October 29, 1922
Mussolini and the Italian Fascist StateFascist GovernmentAll parties outlawed, 1926 – Fascist dictatorship established -- Il Duce “The Leader”Mussolini’s view of a Fascist state
“All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.”
Young Fascists -- indoctrination!!!Family is the pillar of the state -- women encouraged to have many children & not workNever achieves the degree of totalitarianism like Germany or Soviet Union
Armed Forces, Monarchy still independent
Lateran Accords, February 1929Agreement w/ Church: Mutual recognition -- Italy & Vatican City
7th Anniversary
of Fascism:
Mussolini addresses
Black Shirts
In Rome
Election Poster
“Children Belong
To The State!”Young Fascist Movement
Hitler and Nazi GermanyWeimar Germany
No leadersPaul von Hindenberg elected president, 1925Great Depression
The Emergence of Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler (1889-1945)Vienna
• Lanz von Liebenfels -- Anti-Semetic & pro-”Aryan” former monk. Ostara radical pro-Aryan publication
Munich
The Rise of the NazisGerman Workers’ PartyNational Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 1921Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm Troops (aka Brown Shirts)
Hitler, Joseph Göebbels, Münich 1923
Julius Streicher & Nazi Club 1922
Adolph
Hitler
1923
Storm Troopers (SS) Munich, 1923
Hitler and Nazi Germany (cont)The Nazi Seizure of Power
Munich Beer Hall Putsch, November 1923Hitler imprisoned
• Mein Kampf, (My Struggle)• Lebensraum (living space)
Reorganization of the partyNew strategies Nazi party largest in the Reichstag after 1932 electionSupport from right-wing elitesBecomes chancellor, January 30, 1933Reichstag fire, February 27, 1933Successes in 1933 electionEnabling Act, March 23, 1933Gleichschaltung, coordination of all institutions under Nazi controlPresident Paul von Hindenburg dies, August 2, 1934
Site of Beerhall Putsch Planning
Prison 1924
Founding of Party, Munich, 1925
Saluting Hitler & Hindenburg
“Freedom from Misery,
Freedom from Jews!”
1933 Election
“End it Now!”Goebbels Addressing
German Film
Academy, 1934
The Volkswagon
(“People’s Car)
Hitler’s Project
1938Autobahn, 1938
Book Burning May 1933SA Occupies Workers’ Bank, Arrest Employees
“Death to Marxism” 1926
1933: Hitler, Hindenburg, Goering“Hitler Over Germany” 1933
The Nazi State (1933-1939)Parliamentary republic dismantled
Mass demonstrations and spectacles to create collective fellowship
Constant rivalry gives Hitler power
Economics and the drop in unemployment
Heinrich Himmler and the SS
Churches, schools, and universities brought under Nazi control
Hitler Jugend (Hitler Youth) and Bund deutscher Mädel (League of German Maidens)
Influence of Nazi ideas on working women
Aryan Racial StateNuremberg laws, September 1935
Kristallnacht, November 9-10, 1938
Restrictions on Jews
Nuremburg, 1938
Nuremburg, 1937, Hitler Youth Day
Nuremburg Rally 1934Hitler Youth, Nuremburg 1936Hitler Youth, 1933Nuremburg, 1936Munich Putsch Flag Ceremony
Berlin 1936
Long Jump Record!Japan’s Naoto Tajima (bronze), American Jesse Owens (gold) & Germany's Luz Long (silver)
Boycott Jewish StoresKristallnacht 10 Nov. 1938 -- Looted Jewish Shops
Kristallnacht:
Burning
Synagogue
Buchenwald: Some of the 30,000
Jews arrested around KristallnachtOld Jews forced to scrub the streets
The Soviet UnionNew Economic Policy (NEP)
Modified capitalism
Union of Socialist Republics established, 1922Revived economy
Lenin suffers strokes, (1922-1924)
DivisionLeon Trotsky -- War Minister, Charismatic
Joseph Stalin -- In background• General Party Secretary
• Used position to build up power base -- appointments
Trotsky ousted 1927 -- exile & assassination 1940
The Stalinist Era, (1929-1939)
First Five Year Plan, 1928Emphasis on industry
Real wages declined -- 43% from 1928-40
Use of propaganda -- Stakhanov Cult & Cult of Personality
Rapid collectivization of agricultureFamine of 1932-1933; 10 million peasants died
Deliberate policy to starve Ukrainians, Kulaks
Political ControlStalin’s dictatorship established, 1929
Political purge, 1936-1938; 8 million arrested• Gulag Archipelago
Stalin Cult 1951
Women on a Collective Farm 1930Lunch during harvest on a Ukrainian Collective, 1936Gulag Arctic SiberiaYoung Communists, May Day Parade
With Honor,
We will Fulfill
and Fulfill again
Stalin’s New
Five-Year Plan!
Cult of the
PersonalityFormer Gulag, Pevec, Siberia
Worker &
Kolkhoz
(Collective)
Woman
1937 Let’s Get to Work! 1920
Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe
Conservative Authoritarian GovernmentsEastern Europe
Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia adopted parliamentary systemsRomania and Bulgaria gained new parliamentary constitutionsGreece became a republicHungary parliamentary in form; controlled by landed aristocrats
• Adm. Miklós Horthy -- Regent of Hungary1920-1944
ProblemsLittle or no tradition of liberalism and parliamentary formRural and agrarian societyEthnic conflicts
Dictatorship in the Iberian PeninsulaGeneral Miguel Primo de Rivera and the End of Parliamentary Government (1923)The Spanish Civil War
The Popular FrontGeneral Francisco Franco (1892 – 1975)Foreign intervention
• Italy, Germany, USSR -- also Lincoln Brigade (U.S.)
Franco emerges victorious (March 28, 1939)
The Franco RegimeTraditional, conservative, dictatorship
PortugalAntonio Salazar (1889 – 1970)
Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Leisure
The Roaring Twenties
Berlin, the entertainment center of Europe
Josephine Baker (1906-1975)
Jazz Age
Radio and Movies: Mass forms of Communication & Entertainment
RadioNellie Melba, June 16, 1920BBC, 1926
MoviesQuo Vadis; Birth of a Nation
Stars became subjects of adorationMarlene Dietrich
Used for political purposesNazis encourage cheap radiosTriumph of the Will, 1934
Mass Leisure
Sports
Tourism
Organized Mass Leisure in Italy and Germany
Dopolavoro in Italy (“After Work”)
Kraft durch Freude in Germany (“Strength Through Joy”)
Cultural & Intellectual Trends in the Interwar Years
Prewar avant-garde culture becomes acceptable
Political, economic, and social insecurities
Radical changes in women’s styles
Theodor van de VeldeIdeal Marriage: Its Physiology and Technique
Nightmares and New Visions: Art and MusicAbstract painting; fascination with the absurd
Dadaism• Tristan Tzara (1896-1945)
Surrealism• Salvador Dali (1904-1989)
Functionalism in Modern ArchitectureBauhaus School in Germany
Precedent: Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright & Chicago School
Man
Ray
Dadaism
Marcel Duchamps
The Bride Stripped
Bare by the Bachelors
Man
Ray
Man Ray
Rayogram
Man Ray: TearsMan Ray: Tears
Man Ray
Male
Figure Study
Man Ray
“Cello”
(Kiki of
Montarnasse)
Duchamps
Fontaine
Moholy-Nagy
Jealousy
1927
Nagy: Shadows on Set of Opera Madama Butterfly 1931
Nagy
Stairway,
Seaside
Pavilion
1936
Budapest Retirement House
Budapest
Stairway,
Retirement
Home
Budapest: 1931 House
Budapest
Heart of
Jesus
Church
Dessau
Atelier
(Artists’
Studio)
Van der Rohe
Lakepoint
Towers
1968 (1920)
V.d.R Farnsworth House, Plano, IL
V.d.R. Chairs
Lászlo Moholy-Nagy
Photogram
1922
Moholy-Nagy
Dolls
1926
Bauhaus
Meis Van der Rohe: Lakeshore Apartments
Cultural & Intellectual Trends (cont)
A Popular AudienceKurt Weill, The Threepenny Opera
Art in Totalitarian RegimesArt in service of the state
A New Style in MusicIgor Stravinsky -- beginnings of moder music
Arnold Schönberg (1874 – 1951) -- atonal music
Literature & Physics Between the WarsThe Search for the Unconscious
James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses
Hermann Hesse (1877-1962)
Impact of Freud
Carl Jung (1856-1961)
The “Heroic Age of Physics”Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), atom could be split
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976), “uncertainty principle”
Discussion QuestionsHow would you define fascism? How was fascism different from traditional authoritarianism?What were the strengths and weaknesses of Weimar democracy? Compare and contrast Stalin’s Soviet Union and Hitler’s Germany. What did the two states have in common? What anxieties were reflected in the cultural and intellectual trends of the interwar period?