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Chapter 26 – 34 in class follow along lecture notes

Chp 26 – Origin of life: 1) When did earth form? 2) What is the order of evolution of life forms on earth?

3) What were their modes of nutrition and why?

4) What was the role of oxygen in shaping life on earth?

5) What is spontaneous generation – is this possible? When?

6) Explain the theory for origin of life – all parts.

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7) Why is RNA considered to be a better candidate for the first genetic material?

8) What are the 5 kingdom and 3 domain classification.

9) Why was the 5 kingdom classification replaced by the 3 domain classification? Chp 27 – Prokaryotes

1) What are the two kinds of prokaryotes?

2) What are the differences between archaea and bacteria?

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3) What are gram positive and gram negative bacteria – why do we care?

4) Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes (fvorite ques. On test) Structure/process Prokaryote Eukaryote

1) Structure

2) Processes

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5) What are the modes of nutrition in prokaryotes? How did they evolve? 6) What are nitrogen fixing bacteria? Explain their significance.

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Chapter 28 – Protista – Origin of Eukaryotes

1) Why did Kingdom Protista get broken down an reclassified?

2) How is protist structure different from prokaryotes?

3) Where are protists found – have they colonized land – why or why not?

4) How are eukaryotes unique?

5) What is the endosymbiosis theory – state the events that occurred in order. Draw pictures to show this.

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7) What is the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory?

8) What is by far the best way to ascertain relationships between organisms – based on this, the closest relatives of eukaryotes are –

9) What is the typical life cycle of protists?

10) What are the three types of protists based on nutrition – give examples of each.

11) The important classes of protists are (will be discussed in calss):

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12) What are these pictures showing – complete it. 13) Label these protist and their internal parts using your text:

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Chapter 28 – Plant Diversity 1 1) Where is ‘life’ moving to in this chapter?

2) What are the four main groups of land plants? What are the main differences between the four land plant groups

3) Describe the four great evolutionary episodes in the history of land plants (use figure 29.1). (Do activity: highlights of plant phylogeny on textbook CD/website)

4) The closest relative of all land plants is believed to be:

5) Describe eight characteristics that distinguish land plants from charophycean algae, their closest relative that lived in water. Explain how these features facilitated the evolution of life on land. (Do Activity – Terrestrial adaptation of land plants). Are there any additional reasons that plants exploited to move onto land and colonize it?

6) Describe a likely hypothesis for the origin of alternation of generations in plants. What is it? How is the alternation of generation in plants different from the sexual cycles in humans?

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Label this picture

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Bryophytes – mosses (Do activity – moss life cycle) 9) What is the common name for Bryophyta?

10) Describe the structure of the sporophyte and gametophyte stages of bryophytes. Draw and label them.

11) What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of Bryophytes – what dos this mean in terms of the evolution of land plants? Label this picture using your text.

12) What are archegonia – where are they found in moss?

13) What are antheridia – where are they found in the moss?

14) What is the sporangium – where does it grow from and what does it produce?

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15) The products of meiosis in mosses are called: . They further undergo mitosis to produce .

16) Identify all the diploid and haploid stages in the life cycle of the moss.

17) Explain why most bryophytes grow close to the ground and need to be near water.

18) The visible green moss structure seen by you represents which stage in the life cycle? Describe the stemlike and leaflike structures that occur in mosses. The Origin of Vascular Plant

20) What are vascular bundles – why are they important for plant evolution? List and distinguish between the groups of modern vascular plants. Explain how they are different from bryophytes and why they are higher on the evolution scale?

21) Describe the adaptations of vascular plants, including modifications of the life cycle and modifications of the sporophyte, that have contributed to their success on land.

Pteridophytes: Seedless Vascular Plants (Do Case study: Life cycle of a fern plant)

23) Explain why seedless vascular plants are most commonly found in damp habitats

24) The fern plant you see commonly represents which stage in the life cycle of pteridophytes?

25) What does the sporophyte stage in the fern plant produce and through which process?

26) What happens when the spores fall to the ground?

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28) What structures do the gametophyte contain?

29) How dos the male gamete reach the female gamete?

30) Distinguish between homosporous and heterosporous conditions.

31) Label this picture: What are the stages of alternation of generation in fern – describe it. 32) Describe the major life cycle differences between mosses and ferns.

22) Explain how coal is formed and note during which geologic period the most extensive coal beds were produced

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Chapter 30 – Plant Diversity 2 - Evolution of the seed plant Gymnosperms (Do activity – Pine Life cycle)

1) Describe the three most important reproductive adaptations of seed plants for life on land.

2) Describe the overall changes to alternation of generation in gymnosperms, the size and location of the gametophyte/sporophyte, development of naked seed – using these pictures:

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3) Relate the climate changes of the Mesozoic era to the success of gymnosperms during that time.

4) Where are the male gametophytes on a pine tree? What do they produce and through which process?

5) What is the term given for transfer of pollen to the ovulate/female cone? How does the pollen reach the ovulate cone?

6) What does the pollen grain do when it reaches the ovulate cone? How long can it take for the pollen tube to grow?

7) What is going on in the ovulate cone as the pollen tube is growing?

8) How are meiosis and mitosis involved in the female cone?

9) What happens when the pollen tube growth is completed?

10) The zygote formed by the union of sperm and egg leads to the production of the seed and the eventually: (stage in life cycle)

11) How is the fern life cycle different from the pine life cycle?

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Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) – (Do activity – Angiosperm life cycle) 12) What is a carpel and what is its function?

13) What is the stamen and what is it function?

14) Identify the following floral structures and describe a function for each:

16) Define "fruit" in botanical terms and explain how fruits are modified in ways that help disperse seeds.

17) How is the egg formed in the female gametophyte? What is the embryo sac? Are the cells in the embryo sac haploid or diploid before fertilization?

18) How is pollen formed in the male gametophyte?

19) How does the pollen reach the stigma? What are the agents that deliver it?

20) How does the sperm reach the egg?

a. sepals b. stigma c. petals d. filament e. style f. anther g. ovary

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22) Explain the process and function of double fertilization. (Do Activity – chapter 38 Seed and fruit development). This is a very important concept.

23) What is the endosperm – what does it develop into?

24) What is the ovary and what does it develop into?

25) How is the angiosperm sporophyte and gametophyte ideally suited for life on land? (Revisit Chapter 29 Activity – Terrestrial adaptation of land plants

26) Explain how animals may have influenced the evolution of terrestrial plants and vice versa. What is this type of evolution called?

27) What is golden rice – do the activity chp 30- Making decisions about DNA technology.

28) Distinguish between monocots and dicots. Give examples. Do they have vascular bundles? Get

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28) Compare and contrast the bryophyte, pteridophyte, gymnosperm, and angiosperm life cycles.

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300 What is the table below showing?

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Chp 31 - Fungi

1) List the characteristics that distinguish fungi from organisms in the other four kingdoms.

2) Explain how fungi acquire their nutrients. (do activity chp 31 fungi reproduction and nutrition)

3) What are mycorrhizae – important!

4) Describe the basic body plan of a fungus. Identify the haploid , diploid, and …. Other multinucleate stages.

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5) Describe the processes of plasmogamy and karyogamy. (do activity – fungi life cycle)

6) Label this:

7) Describe what you see in this picture:

8) The common mushroom you eat represents which stage of the life cycle of the fungus?

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6) Describe the beneficial roles of fungi in ecosystems. Explain how fungi can also be dangerous and costly to humans.

7) Describe the common ancestor of fungi and animals. A fungi is closer to animals than plants – is this correct, if so why?

Chp 32 – Introduction to animals:

1) What domain are we in now? What Kingdom?

2) List the characteristics that define animals and distinguish them from other organisms.

3) Explain how and when the first animals likely evolved – find a picture of what that protist ancestor must have looked like. How is an animal different from a single ball of cells like the choanoflagellates?

4) Which branch/grade in the animal kingdom has no true tissues? What does it have then instead of ‘true tissue’? (Complete chp 32 Activity: Traditional Animal Phylogenetic Tree). This is a great CD/textbook activity that will really help you learn the vocab that follows.

5) What are the grades that have true tissues called?

6) Symmetry in body plan can be of two types. What are they and give examples. Why is bilateral symmetry advantageous over radial symmetry? Draw these here:

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7) What are the dorsal and ventral sides of your body? How about anterior and posterior sides?

8) Define the term cephalization – which grade of animals show it and why?

9) What are the 3 germ layers – what tissues derive from these germ layers in the adult? (Complete chp 47 Activity: Sea Urchin Development video and frog development video before answrin the next set of questions)

10) Distinguish between diploblastic and triploblatsic animal grades. Give examples for each.

11) Distinguish among the acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate grades. Give exmples for each.

12) Distinguish between spiral and radial cleavage; determinant and indeterminate cleavage; and schizocoelous and enterocoelous development.

13) Compare the developmental differences between protostomes and deuterostomes, including a. patterns of cleavage b. fates of the blastopore c. coelom formation

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14) Compare the phylogenetic tree based on grades in body plans with the emerging view of animal phylogeny based mainly on molecular biology.

15) Describe the evidence that suggests animals may have first evolved about a billion years ago.

16) What is the Cambrian explosion and what is its significance? Describe the nature of its fossil organisms.

17) Explain and compare the three main hypotheses for what caused the Cambrian diversification of animals.

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Complete without using any help! Test yourself online: Go to this website and see if you understand all the vocab from this chapter. Cornell Univ. Intro to Animal Diversity Vocab Review

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Chapter 33: Invertebrate diversity Parazoa 1) Label a diagram of a sponge, identify the parts of a sponge – describe how a sponge gets its

nutrition and releases wastes, …… use the comparative anatomy/physiology chart – see diversity unit page for this.

Radiata 2) List and define the characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria that distinguish it from the other animal phyla ex: symmetry, nematocysts/cnidcytes, and …. 3) Describe the two basic body plans (polyp and medusa) in Cnidaria and their role in Cnidarian life

cycles. (Click here for online jellyfish animation). How does a jellyfish get nutrition; what is its nervous system like – does it have muscles to help it move?

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Lophotrochozoa 4) Distinguish between the following pairs: acoelomates and coelomates, protostomes and deuterostomes. What are most invertebrates – choose one from the options? 5) What does the term ‘platyhelminth’ mean? List the characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes that distinguish it from the other animal phyla. 6) What are the four classes of Platyhelminthes and give examples of each. 7) What are planaria – what happens when you cut up a Planaria into two? Also, a Planaria is very, very flat – how does this help it survive? How does it eat food? What kind of nervous system does the Planaria have? Finally what are ‘flame cells’ and how do they help the Planaria? (Look at Planaria on youtube here) 8) What is an intermediary host and how does a platyhelminthes worm use it during its life cycle? Explain this using an example of one fluke that parasitizes humans .

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9) Describe the anatomy and life cycle of a tapeworm (Look at an animation of a 4yard long tapeworm!). How can it survive without a mouth, digestive system, or an excretory system? 10) Define parthenogenesis and describe alternative forms of rotifer reproduction.

11) What are some examples of organisms that belong to the phylum Nemertea? Mollusca 12) What are mollusks? List the 4 classes of mollusks. List the characteristics that distinguish the phylum Mollusca from the other animal phyla. Give examples for the four classes of mollusks. 13) What is the siphon in the mollusks? What is its function? 14) What is torsion – explain what happens as a result of it to the gastropod snails? 15) How is the foot modified in gastropods and cephalopods? (Do an online squid dissection and clam dissection)

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Annelida (do an online earthworm dissection) 16) List the important characteristics that distinguish the phylum Annelida from the other animal phyla. 17) Distinguish among the classes of Annelida and give examples of each. 18) Describe the adaptive advantage of a coelom and segmentation in annelids. Nematoda 19) List two characteristics of the phylum Nematoda that distinguish it from other wormlike animals. Give examples of both parasitic and free-living species of nematodes. Arthropoda (do an online cockroach dissection- this is a video!) 20) What does the term Arthropoda mean? List the characteristics of arthropods that distinguish them from the other animal phyla.

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21) Describe advantages and disadvantages of an exoskeleton. 22) Distinguish between hemocoel and coelom. 23) Distinguish among the classes of Arthropoda and give examples of each. Deuterostomia – Echinodermata (do an online starfish dissection) 24) List the characteristics of echinoderms that distinguish them from other animal phyla.

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25) Distinguish among the five classes of echinoderms and give examples of each. 26) Explain why the phylum Chordata is included in a chapter on invertebrates. 27) Describe the evolutionary relationships between echinoderms and chordates.

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Chapter 34: Invertebrate Chordates and the Origin of Vertebrates (Do Activities – all three for this chapter!)

1) Distinguish between the two subgroups of deuterostomes.

2) Describe the four unique characteristics of chordate – very, very important!.

3) Distinguish between the three subphyla of the phylum Chordata and give examples of each.

4) Describe the two-stage hypothesis for the evolution of vertebrates from invertebrates.

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5) Describe the specialized characteristics found in the subphylum Vertebrata and explain how

each is beneficial to survival.

6) Define and distinguish between gnathostomes, tetrapods, and amniotes. Jawless Vertebrates

7) Distinguish between agnathans and fishes. Fishes and Amphibians

9) Describe the function and evolution of jaws.

10) Describe and distinguish between the classes Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, noting the main traits of each group.

11) Identify and describe the main subgroups of the class Osteichthyes.

12) Describe the early evolution of amphibians.

13) Describe the common traits of amphibians and distinguish among the three orders of living amphibians.

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Amniotes 14) Describe an amniotic egg and explain its significance in the evolution of reptiles, birds, and

mammals.

15) List the distinguishing characteristics of members of the class Reptilia and explain any special adaptations to the terrestrial environment.

16) List the distinguishing characteristics of members of the class Aves and explain any special adaptations for flight.

17) Summarize the evidence supporting the fact that birds evolved from reptilian ancestors.

18) Describe the main features of mammals.

19) Describe the evolution of mammals.

20) Distinguish among monotreme, marsupial, and placental mammals.

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Primates and the Evolution of Homo sapiens

28) Describe the general characteristics of primates. Note the particular features associated with an arboreal existence.

29) Distinguish between hominoid and hominid.

30) Name three of the most prominent misconceptions about human evolution.

31) Describe the evolutionary changes that occurred in the course of human evolution from about 35 million to 5 million years ago.

32) Describe the evolution of the major features of humans.

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MY DIVERSITY BOOKLET PAGE Domain: Eukarya; Kingdom: Animalia; Phylum: Mollusca Grades: (see chp 32; do online activity) Eumetazoa, Bilateria, Triploblastic, Protostomia Anatomy and physiology: pix from textbook website)

Class: Polycophora Class: Gastropoda Class: Bivalvia Class: Cephalopoda Chiton

Garden Snail

(Distinguishing features) Stomach is foot, shows torsion – twisting which causes organs to become reduced/lost and anus to come over the head (yuck!)

(Interesting features)

Notes on anatomy and physiology of mollusks: copy and paste from comparative anatomy chart that follows on pg 13 Digestive system: Needs Moisture -Radula -scrapes food -Complete digestive tract or alimentary canal -Anus is separate now (allows ingestion of additional food before elimination) -Extracellular digestion followed by absorption Excretion: Metanephridia- has internal openings in tubules that flare out to make a funnel shaped nephrostome. Nephrostome has cilia to make coelomic fluid move into tubule. Fluid is filtered and urine passes out through nephridiopore. Metanephridia have a dense network of capillaries surrounding it- solutes are reabsorbed into the blood. Produce dilute urine. Nervous system: -Cephalization (Paired ganglia) -Nerve cords (ventral) -sense organs Respiratory/Circulatory System: Gills in aquatic organisms- Gills need ventilation, the flow of water over it. Molluscs use cilia on gills to ventilate. - Thickened Artery is the heart -It pumps fluid -Hemolymph -blood and body fluid cannot be distinguished -open circulatory system -Heart relaxes- draws fluid in -Body movements squeeze hemolymph through body -Squids and octopuses have closed circulatory system Reproductive system: -Sexual -Hermaphordite

Include pix that show different systems

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